Brain abscess caused by Actinomyces turicensis in a non-immunocompromised adult patient: a case report and systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Actinomyces turicensis is rarely responsible of clinically relevant infections in human. Infection is often misdiagnosed as malignancy, tuberculosis, or nocardiosis, therefore delaying the correct identification and treatment. Here we report a case of a 55-year-old immunocompetent adult with brain abscess caused by A. turicensis. A systematic review of A. turicensis infections was performed. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, Clinicaltrials.gov and Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health (CADTH) were searched for all relevant literature. RESULTS: Search identified 47 eligible records, for a total of 67 patients. A. turicensis infection was most frequently reported in the anogenital area (n = 21), causing acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) including Fournier's gangrene (n = 12), pulmonary infections (n = 8), gynecological infections (n = 6), cervicofacial district infections (n = 5), intrabdominal or breast infections (n = 8), urinary tract infections (n = 3), vertebral column infections (n = 2) central nervous system infections (n = 2), endocarditis (n = 1). Infections were mostly presenting as abscesses (n = 36), with or without concomitant bacteremia (n = 7). Fever and local signs of inflammation were present in over 60% of the cases. Treatment usually involved surgical drainage followed by antibiotic therapy (n = 51). Antimicrobial treatments most frequently included amoxicillin (+clavulanate), ampicillin/sulbactam, metronidazole or cephalosporins. Eighty-nine percent of the patients underwent a full recovery. Two fatal cases were reported. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, we hereby present the first case of a brain abscess caused by A. turicensis and P. mirabilis. Brain involvement by A. turicensis is rare and may result from hematogenous spread or by dissemination of a contiguous infection. The infection might be difficult to diagnose and therefore treatment may be delayed. Nevertheless, the pathogen is often readily treatable. Diagnosis of actinomycosis is challenging and requires prompt microbiological identification. Surgical excision and drainage and antibiotic treatment usually allow for full recovery.

Closing the Gap in Proteomic Identification of Histoplasma capsulatum: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Histoplasmosis is a globally distributed systemic infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum). This fungus can cause a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and the diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis is often a challenge for clinicians. Although microscopy and culture remain the gold standard diagnostic tests for Histoplasma identification, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a method of microbial identification suitable for the confirmation of dimorphic fungi. However, to our knowledge, there are no entries for H. capsulatum spectra in most commercial databases. In this review, we describe the case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient living with HIV admitted to our university hospital that we failed to identify by the MALDI-TOF method due to the limited reference spectrum of the instrument database. Furthermore, we highlight the utility of molecular approaches, such as conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, as alternative confirmatory tests to MALDI-TOF technology for identifying H. capsulatum from positive cultures. An overview of current evidence and limitations of MALDI-TOF-based characterization of H. capsulatum is also presented.

Laboratory Automation in Microbiology: Impact on Turnaround Time of Microbiological Samples in COVID Time.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory Automation (LA) is an innovative technology that is currently available for microbiology laboratories. LA can be a game changer by revolutionizing laboratory workflows through efficiency improvement and is also effective in the organization and standardization of procedures, enabling staff requalification. It can provide an important return on investment (time spent redefining the workflow as well as direct costs of instrumentation) in the medium to long term. METHODS: Here, we present our experience with the WASPLab® system introduced in our lab during the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the impact due to the system by comparing the TAT recorded on our samples before, during, and after LA introduction (from 2019 to 2021). We focused our attention on blood cultures (BCs) and biological fluid samples (BLs). RESULTS: TAT recorded over time showed a significant decrease: from 97 h to 53.5 h (Δ43.5 h) for BCs and from 73 h to 58 h (Δ20 h) for BLs. Despite the introduction of the WASPLab® system, we have not been able to reduce the number of technical personnel units dedicated to the microbiology lab, but WASPLab® has allowed us to direct some of the staff resources toward other laboratory activities, including those required by the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: LA can significantly enhance laboratory performance and, due to the significant reduction in reporting time, can have an effective impact on clinical choices and therefore on patient outcomes. Therefore, the initial costs of LA adoption must be considered worthwhile.

Ceftazidime/Avibactam-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae Isolates in a Tertiary Italian Hospital: Identification of a New Mutation of the Carbapenemase Type 3 (KPC-3) Gene Conferring Ceftazidime/Avibactam Resistance.

Several Klebsiella pneumoniae carpabenemase (KPC) gene mutations are associated with ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ-AVI) resistance. Here, we describe four Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae CAZ-AVI-resistant clinical isolates, collected at the University Hospital of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, from July 2019 to February 2020. These resistant strains were characterized as KPC-3, having the transition from cytosine to thymine (CAC-TAC) at nucleotide position 814, with histidine that replaces tyrosine (H272Y). In addition, two different types of KPC gene mutations were detected. The first one, common to three strains, was the D179Y (G532T), associated with CAZ-AVI resistance. The second mutation, found only in one strain, is a new mutation of the KPC-3 gene: a transversion from thymine to adenine (CTG-CAG) at nucleotide position 553. This mutation causes a KPC variant in which glutamine replaces leucine (Q168L). None of the isolates were detected by a rapid immunochromatographic assay for detection of carbapenemase (NG Biotech, Guipry, France) and were unable to grow on a selective chromogenic medium Carba SMART (bioMerieux, Firenze, Italy). Thus, they escaped common tests used for the prompt detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae KPC-producing.

Co-infections observed in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients using a rapid diagnostic test.

Rapid diagnostic tests are tools of paramount impact both for improving patient care and in antimicrobial management programs. Particularly in the case of respiratory infections, it is of great importance to quickly confirm/exclude the involvement of pathogens, be they bacteria or viruses, while obtaining information about the presence/absence of a genetic target of resistance to modulate antibiotic therapy. In this paper, we present our experiences with the use of the Biofire® FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel Plus (FAPP; bioMérieux; Marcy l'Etoile, France) to assess coinfection in COVID-19 patients. A total of 152 respiratory samples from consecutive patients were examined, and 93 (61%) were found to be FAPP positive, with the detection of bacteria and/or viruses. The patients were 93 males and 59 females with an average age of 65 years who were admitted to our hospital due to moderate/severe acute respiratory symptoms. Among the positive samples were 52 from sputum (SPU) and 41 from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The most representative species was S. aureus (most isolates were mecA positive; 30/44, 62%), followed by gram-negative pathogens such as P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii. Evidence of a virus was rare. Cultures performed from BAL and SPU samples gave poor results. Most of the discrepant negative cultures were those in which FAPP detected pathogens with a microbial count ≤ 105 CFU/mL. H. influenzae was one of the most common pathogens lost by the conventional method. Despite the potential limitations of FAPP, which detects a defined number of pathogens, its advantages of rapid detection combined with predictive information regarding the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens through the detection of some relevant markers of resistance could be very useful for establishing empirical targeted therapy for the treatment of patients with respiratory failure. In the COVID era, we understand the importance of using antibiotics wisely to curb the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance.

Changes in renal function and occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants or warfarin.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOAC) have a slower decline in renal function than those taking warfarin. Moreover, a warfarin-related nephropathy has been described. AIM: We assessed variation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with AF taking warfarin compared with NOAC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled consecutive patients taking oral anticoagulation for AF undergoing PCI. The primary endpoint was variation in eGFR and serum creatinine levels within 48-72 h after PCI. The secondary endpoint was occurrence of CIN, defined as a ≥ 25% relative increase, or a ≥ 0.5 mg/dl absolute increase, in serum creatinine levels within 48-72 h. RESULTS: We enrolled 420 patients (mean age: 75.0 ±5.5 years, 272 (64.7%) male), 124 (29.5%) treated with NOAC and 296 (70.5%) with warfarin. NOAC patients showed a reduced decline in renal function (eGFR change: -2.8 ±7.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 vs. -4.5 ±6.5 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively, p = 0.02) and a smaller increase in serum creatinine levels (0.026 ±0.112 vs. 0.055 ±0.132, p = 0.032) after PCI compared with warfarin. In the multivariate linear regression model independent predictors of eGFR changes were diabetes, baseline eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and warfarin use. Occurrence of CIN did not differ between NOAC and warfarin patients (13 (10.5%) vs. 46 (15.5%), p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AF taking NOAC have a reduced decline in renal function after PCI compared with warfarin. The NOAC may be a reasonable option for patients with a high risk of developing CIN.

An in-depth analysis of nosocomial bloodstream infections due to Gram-negative bacilli: clinical features, microbiological characteristics and predictors of mortality in a 1 year, prospective study in a large tertiary care Italian hospital.

BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections (BSI) due to Gram negative bacilli (GNB) represent a major concern among nosocomial infections, since they are noticeably associated with a high mortality rates, increase of healthcare costs and prolongation of hospital stay. METHODS: Over a 12-month period (2014-2015) all the adult patients admitted to a university-based Italian hospital were monitored for development of BSIs due to GNB. Multiple logistics regression models were performed to assess the impact of patients' risk factors on the in-hospital and 14-day mortality. RESULTS: During the study period 208 patients were diagnosed with at least a BSI due to a Gram negative species for an incidence rate of 12.8 cases/1,000 admissions (95%CI: 11.2-14.7). Multivariate analyses showed that multiple organ dysfunctions along with immune deficit and inadequate therapy in the first 48hrs were associated with a higher risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: A thorough evaluation of both immune status and organ dysfunction at the onset of septic events, along with adequate antimicrobial therapy appear to be the most reliable factors in predicting the outcome in these infections. SOFA score can be efficaciously substituted to the single organ dysfunctions analysis in predicting mortality after these events.

Rapid and cost-effective identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in patients with Gram-negative bacteremia directly from blood-culture fluid.

Rapid pathogen identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in bacteremia cases or sepsis could improve patient prognosis. Thus, it is important to provide timely reports, which make it possible for clinicians to set up appropriate antibiotic therapy during the early stages of bloodstream infection (BSI). This study evaluates an in-house microbiological protocol for early ID as well as AST on Gram negative bacteria directly from positive monomicrobial and polymicrobial blood cultures (BCs). A total of 102 non-duplicated positive BCs from patients with Gram-negative bacteremia were tested. Both IDs and ASTs were performed from bacterial pellets extracted directly from BCs using our protocol, which was applied through the combined use of a MALDI-TOF MS and Vitek2 automated system. The results of our study showed a 100% agreement in bacterial ID and 98.25% categorical agreement in AST when compared to those obtained by routine conventional methods. We recorded only a 0.76% minor error (mE), 0.76% major error (ME) and a 0.20% very major error (VME). Moreover, the turnaround time (TAT) regarding the final AST report was significantly shortened (ΔTAT = 8-20 h, p < 0.00001). This in-house protocol is rapid, easy to perform and cost effective and could be successfully introduced into any clinical microbiology laboratory. A final same-day report of ID and AST improves patient management, by early and appropriate antimicrobial treatment and could potentially optimize antimicrobial stewardship programs.

Temporal Trends in Adverse Events After Everolimus-Eluting Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold Versus Everolimus-Eluting Metallic Stent Implantation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Bioresorbable coronary stents have been introduced into clinical practice to improve the outcomes of patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. The everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) is the most studied of these stent platforms; however, recent trials comparing BVS with everolimus-eluting metallic stents (EES) raised concerns about BVS safety. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of BVS versus EES in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, scientific sessions abstracts, and relevant Web sites for randomized trials with a follow-up of ≥2 years investigating percutaneous coronary interventions with BVS versus EES. The primary outcomes of our analysis were definite/probable stent thrombosis (ST) and target lesion failure (TLF; device-oriented composite end point of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, or ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization [TLR]). Secondary outcomes were target vessel myocardial infarction, TLR, and cardiac death. We calculated the risk estimates for main outcomes according to a fixed-effect model. RESULTS: We included 7 trials comprising data for 5583 patients randomized to receive either a BVS (n=3261) or an EES (n=2322). Median follow-up was 24 months (range, 24-36 months). Patients treated with BVS had a higher risk of definite/probable ST compared with patients treated with EES (odds ratio, 3.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.97-5.62; P<0.00001). In particular, patients with BVS had a higher risk of subacute, late, and very late ST, whereas the risk of acute ST was similar. Patients treated with BVS compared with EES had a higher risk at 2 years of TLF (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.90; P=0.003), driven mainly by an increased risk of target vessel myocardial infarction (odds ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-2.28; P=0.0001; I2=0%) and of TLR (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.62; P=0.05). Of importance, the risk of TLF and TLR for patients with BVS was higher between 1 and 2 years, whereas there was no difference in the first year. Risk of cardiac death was similar between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis of randomized trials with a follow-up of ≥2 years demonstrated a higher risk of ST and of TLF in patients treated with BVS compared with EES. Of note, BVS had a higher risk of subacute, late, and very late ST, whereas the risk of TLF and TLR was higher between 1 and 2 years.

Clinical outcome and correlates of coronary microvascular obstruction in latecomers after acute myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Microvascular obstruction (MVO) is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, data about incidence, clinical outcome and correlates of MVO in latecomers after STEMI are still lacking. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients that were latecomers after STEMI (symptoms onset >12h) undergoing PCI. We performed an angiographic analysis to assess the occurrence of MVO [defined as TIMI flow grade ≤2 or 3 with a myocardial blush grade <2]. Moreover, we performed a clinical and echocardiographic follow-up to assess the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction and rehospitalization for heart failure, and to evaluate left ventricle remodelling. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients were enrolled [mean age 67.58±11.72years, 57 (73%) male; mean time of symptom onset 23.14±16.06h] with a mean follow-up time of 29.7±14.1months. MVO occurred in 39 (50%) patients. Patients with MVO had a higher rate of MACE [18 (46%) vs. 3 (8%), p<0.001] and LV remodelling [25 (64%) vs. 6 (15%), p<0.001] compared with patients without MVO. By multivariable Cox regression MVO and left anterior descending artery were independent predictors of MACE. CONCLUSIONS: Latecomers after STEMI have a high risk to develop MVO that is related to an adverse prognosis. Appropriate management and follow-up strategies should be implemented in such high-risk patients group.

Permanent polymer of drug eluting stents increases eosinophil cationic protein levels following percutaneous coronary intervention independently of C-reactive protein.

AIM: To assess eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels at three time points according to different stent types. METHODS: 54 patients (age 64 ± 10 years, male 78%), undergoing Bare Metal Stent (BMS) (n = 11), mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR)-inhibitor DES (n = 27) and mTOR-inhibitor bioabsorbable DES (BES) (n = 16) implantation for stable angina (SA) or non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS), were prospectively enrolled. ECP and CRP serum levels were assessed before revascularization, at 1-month and at 1-year after the procedure. Moreover, 21 patients found to have inducible ischemia or angina symptoms at 6 month-stress test underwent 1-year follow-up (FU) angiography. RESULTS: Baseline and 1-month ECP levels were similar among the 3 groups, whilst 1-year ECP was significantly higher in m-TOR-DES [8.61 (6.55-19.77) µg/ml] compared with m-TOR-BES [2.03 (1.78-5.53) µg/ml] and BMS-treated patients [2.23 (1.45-8.95) µg/ml] (p = 0.02), without significant difference between BES and BMS. CRP was similar among the 3 groups at all time points. 1-year ECP significantly correlated with late loss in patients undergoing FU angiography (r = 0.64, p = 0.002), while CRP did not (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Our finding suggests that mTOR-DES stent type is associated with an increase of ECP levels at 1-year, possibly reflecting a persistent eosinophil activation triggered by permanent polymer.

Microvascular obstruction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognostic significance.

The primary goal in reopening an infarct-related artery is the restoration of myocardial tissue-level perfusion. In a variable proportion of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, however, microcirculatory impairment may persist after epicardial coronary artery recanalization. This phenomenon is known as microvascular obstruction (MVO). Ischemic injury, reperfusion injury, and distal embolization along with the individual response to each of these mechanisms are variably involved in the pathogenesis of MVO in the single patient. Importantly, MVO is associated with a worse prognosis both at short- and long-term follow-up. MVO can be assessed in the cath-lab by simple angiographic indexes, such as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade score and Myocardial Blush Grade, or by invasive measures of coronary flow pattern. Imaging techniques, such as myocardial contrast echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance, and ST-segment resolution on standard electrocardiogram are used in the days following reperfusion with the patient in the coronary care unit. In this article, we review the available data regarding pathogenesis, diagnosis and the prognostic significance of MVO after primary percurtaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, with a brief highlighting on the crucial role of its prevention and its early detection.

Very late stent thrombosis complicating a previously lost and partially crushed stent: demonstration by optical coherence tomography.

Stent thrombosis (ST) is the most dramatic complication of coronary stenting. Mechanisms of ST are multiple, including procedural and patient-related factors. A considerable burden of metal inside the coronary has been associated with ST as suggested by the higher rate of ST in case of multiple overlapping or complex two stents procedure in bifurcation lesions. However, occasional stent loss and failure to retrieve it may be a substrate of ST, especially if multiple layers of stent struts are incompletely crushed. Here, we describe a case of very late ST on a partially crushed stent previously lost inside the coronary circulation, using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for guidance during the procedure.

Excimer laser coronary angioplasty with manual thrombus aspiration for a case of very late stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting stent.

Very late stent thrombosis occurring after drug-eluting stent implantation is a rare complication. However, it is often associated with poor outcome. Manual thrombectomy has been shown to lower the rate of distal embolization in the case of ST-elevation myocardial infarction of native coronary arteries. However, the presence of abundant thrombus material may lead to manual thrombus aspiration failure. Here, we describe the case of a patient with acute myocardial infarction due to stent thrombosis of a sirolimus-eluting stent occurring 50 months after stent deployment showing abundant thrombus material, which led to manual thrombus aspiration failure and was then successfully treated by excimer laser coronary angioplasty. In these cases, excimer laser coronary angioplasty may be useful due to its ability to dissolve thrombus.

[Clinical value of inflammatory biomarkers after stent implantation]. / Il valore clinico dei marker infiammatori nella reazione infiammatoria dopo impianto di stent coronarico.

The introduction of coronary stents into clinical practice has revolutionized the treatment of coronary artery disease. However, in-stent restenosis (ISR) and stent thrombosis represent the main adverse reactions following stent implantation. Along with procedural and technical factors, individual susceptibility, in particular the inflammatory response, play an important role in the development of these complications. C-reactive protein, one of the most extensively studied inflammatory biomarkers, was found to predict the risk of ISR but not of stent thrombosis in bare-metal stent (BMS)-treated patients. On the contrary, C-reactive protein failed to predict the occurrence of ISR in drug-eluting stent (DES)-treated patients, but it appeared to predict the risk of stent thrombosis. Important differences in the pathophysiological mechanisms of adverse reactions to BMS and DES account for the differences in the prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers. Moreover, DES polymers are responsible for late hypersensitivity allergic reactions that may lead to late ISR and stent thrombosis. Notably, a correct employment of inflammatory biomarkers may become a useful tool for identification and management of high-risk patients. In this review, the evolving role of inflammatory biomarkers in predicting adverse reactions after stent implantation is discussed, underlying therapeutic and clinical consequences for the management of patients receiving a BMS or a DES.

Angiographic patterns of myocardial reperfusion after primary angioplasty and ventricular remodeling.

BACKGROUND: No reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention is a dynamic process and its reversibility may affect left ventricular (LV) remodeling. We aimed at assessing in-hospital evolution of angiographic no reflow, predictors of its reversibility, and its impact on LV function at follow-up (FU). METHODS: Fifty-three consecutive patients (age, 60±10 years; male sex, 79%) presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention within 12 h of symptom onset were enrolled. No reflow was defined as a final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow of 2 or final TIMI flow of 3 with myocardial blush grade (MBG) of less than 2. The evolution of angiographic no reflow was assessed by repeat in-hospital coronary angiography. Patients with no reflow found to have an improvement of TIMI and/or MBG leading to a final TIMI 3 and MBG of greater than or equal to 2 were classified as reversible no reflow; the remaining patients were classified as sustained no reflow. Variables predicting the patterns of no reflow, recorded on admission, were assessed among clinical, angiographic and laboratory data. FU echocardiographic data (at 6 months) were compared with those obtained in-hospital according to no reflow evolution. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (68%) exhibited myocardial reperfusion; 17 patients (32%) showed no reflow. Among these, six patients (age, 58±10 years; male sex, 83%) showed sustained no reflow, whereas 11 patients (age, 55±8 years; male sex, 82%) showed reversible no reflow. Patients with sustained no reflow had longer time to percutaneous coronary intervention (261±80 min) compared with those with myocardial reperfusion (216±94 min) or reversible no reflow (237±76 min; P=0.008 and 0.05, respectively). Moreover, patients with sustained no reflow had a higher peak troponin-T levels (14.5 ng/ml; range, 7.5-20.2 ng/ml) compared with those presenting with myocardial reperfusion (3.9 ng/ml; range, 3.3-9.1 ng/ml) and reversible no reflow (7.7 ng/ml; range, 3.6-29.9 ng/ml; P=0.03 and 0.07, respectively). At multivariate ordinal logistic regression, time pre-PCI retained its statistical significant association with angiographic no reflow evolution (odds ratio=2.54; 95% confidence interval: 1.45-6.53; P=0.04), with troponin T levels showing a borderline statistical significance (odds ratio=3.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-6.23; P=0.09). Finally, in patients with sustained no reflow only both end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes significantly increased at FU (P<0.001 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Sustained no reflow is associated with a longer ischemic time and predicts worse LV remodeling. No reflow, however, shows an in-hospital reversibility calling for therapeutic interventions when its prevention fails.