Slide tracheoplasty as a rescue technique after unsuccessful patch tracheoplasty.

Long-segment tracheal stenosis with complete tracheal rings is a severe and life-threatening problem in small children. Slide tracheoplasty has largely become the treatment of choice for these patients. Its use after the failure of other techniques has not been previously reported. We describe a 3-year-old child who underwent a rescue slide tracheoplasty for re-stenosis after initial patch tracheoplasty for long-segment tracheal stenosis and pulmonary artery sling.

Tracheoinnominate fistula in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient: successful management with an endovascular stent.

Tracheoinnominate fistula is a rare but often fatal complication occurring in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) patients with long-term tracheostomy. We report a 16-year-old boy with DMD who developed a fistula causing massive haemorrhage 26 months after tracheostomy. Due to the high risk of perioperative complications, a minimally invasive technique with placement of an endovascular stent grafting the innominate artery was performed. The patient was successfully managed and recovered uneventfully. We believe that endovascular repair of tracheoinnominate fistula by stent grafting may be the treatment of choice in severely compromised patients and that clinicians who treat tracheostomised DMD patients should be familiar with this management strategy.

Endoscopic treatment of upper airway and digestive tract lesions caused by caustic agents.

We present our experience in the endoscopic management of upper aerodigestive tract lesions caused by caustic agents. Between 1985 and 2000, 112 patients with upper airway and digestive tract lesions due to caustic agents were treated at the Airways Endoscopic Surgery Unit of Padua Hospital: 44 were male and 68 were female, and the median age was 42.6 years. A retrospective statistical analysis of our case series was made to evaluate the factors that most influenced the severity of injuries and the outcome of treatment. All of the patients underwent videoendoscopic assessment. In 79 cases, the patients came under our observation in the acute phase, whereas 33 presented a picture of chronic lesions. Acute lesions were classified into 3 grades. All acute grade 1 lesions healed spontaneously. In the 32 patients with grade 2 lesions, endoscopic treatment based on removal of necrotic tissue, dilations, and cleansing of abnormal fibrin adhesions resolved the disease in 30 cases (94%). Nine patients (43%) with acute grade 3 lesions developed severe chronic lesions that required subsequent treatments. Rigid endoscopy with diode laser-assisted radial lysis was performed in 32 patients with chronic cicatricial lesions and was successful in 30 cases (94%). We reiterate the need for a standardized multidisciplinary protocol for treating lesions caused by caustic agents and emphasize the essential role of airway and digestive canal videoendoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of both the acute lesions and chronic cicatricial sequelae.