Involvement of TRPV1 and AQP2 in hypertonic stress by xylitol in odontoblast cells.

AIM: To examine the responses of mouse odontoblast-lineage cell line (OLC) cultures to xylitol-induced hypertonic stress. METHODOLOGY: OLCs were treated with xylitol, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, arabinose and lyxose. Cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium assay. The expression of transient receptor potential vanilloids (TRPV) 1, 3 and 4 was detected using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The expression of aquaporin (AQP) 2 was detected using immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis. The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) under xylitol-induced hypertonic stress was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) for AQP-2 was used to inhibition assay. RESULTS: Xylitol-induced hypertonic stress did not decrease OLC viability, unlike the other sugars tested. OLCs expressed TRPV1, 3 and 4 as well as AQP2. Xylitol inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 expression after 3 h of hypertonic stress. TRPV1 mRNA expression was upregulated by xylitol. Costimulation with HgCl2 (AQP inhibitor) and Ruthenium red (TRPV1 inhibitor) decreased cell viability with xylitol stimulation. OLCs treated with siRNA against TRPV1 exhibited decreased cell viability with xylitol stimulation. CONCLUSION: OLCs have high-cell viability under xylitol-induced hypertonic stress, which may be associated with TRPV1 and AQP2 expressions.

Identification of a novel carotenoid, 2'-isopentenylsaproxanthin, by Jejuia pallidilutea strain 11shimoA1 and its increased production under alkaline condition.

Carotenoids are a class of naturally occurring pigment, carrying out important biological functions in photosynthesis and involved in environmental responses including nutrition in organisms. Saproxanthin and myxol, which have monocyclic carotenoids with a γ-carotene skeleton, have been reported to show a stronger antioxidant activity than those with ß-carotene and zeaxanthin. In this research, a yellow-orange bacterium of strain 11shimoA1 (JCM19538) was isolated from a seaweed collected at Nabeta Bay (Shizuoka, Japan). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 11shimoA1 revealed more than 99.99 % similarity with those of Jejuia pallidilutea strains in the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain 11shimoA1 synthesized two types of carotenoids. One of them was (3R, 3'R)-zeaxanthin with dicyclic structure and another was identified as (3R, 2'S)-2'-isopentenylsaproxanthin, a novel monocyclic carotenoid with pentenyl residue at C-2' position of saproxanthin, using FAB-MS, (1)H NMR, and CD analyses. Culturing strain 11shimoA1 in an alkaline medium at pH 9.2 resulted in a markedly increased in production of 2'-isopentenylsaproxanthin per dry cell weight, but a decreased in zeaxanthin production as compared to their respective production levels in medium with pH 7.0. These carotenoids are likely to play some roles in the adaptation of the bacterium to the environmental conditions.

Visualization of angiographical arteriovenous shunting in perisylvian glioblastomas.

BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous shunting visualized by angiography is one of the major features of glioblastomas, and the visualization is dependent on the presence of extensive shunting. Extensive arteriovenous shunting is associated with the risk of poorly controlled intraoperative bleeding. When a tumor with extensive arteriovenous shunting is located in close proximity to the eloquent regions of the brain, a meticulous surgical procedure is necessary. In the present study, the site-oriented visualization of angiographical arteriovenous shunting was evaluated from the perspective of surgical treatment, with a particular focus on the perisylvian region that is in close proximity to motor and language regions (dominant hemisphere), as well as large arteries and veins. METHODS: Twenty-six consecutive patients underwent a resection of glioblastoma between February 2007 and September 2012. All patients were presurgically examined using digital subtraction angiography. The patients were subdivided into the following two groups based on the location of the tumor: 1) perisylvian glioblastoma (18 patients) and 2) non-perisylvian glioblastoma (eight patients). Angiography to detect the arteriovenous shunting was performed. In addition, the number of intratumoral vessels, tumor proliferative activity (MIB-1 labeling index), and volume of intraoperative bleeding were evaluated and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Angiographical arteriovenous shunting was definitively visualized in 13 of 18 (72 %) perisylvian glioblastomas, in contrast to only one of eight (13 %) non-perisylvian glioblastomas (p = 0.007). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to the number of intratumoral vessels, MIB-1 labeling index, and volume of intraoperative bleeding. However, massive intraoperative bleeding of > 2,000 mL occurred in one perisylvian glioblastoma patient. CONCLUSIONS: Glioblastomas in the perisylvian region tend to be associated with extensive arteriovenous shunting that can be definitively visualized by performing an angiography. Because arteriovenous shunting carries the risk of intraoperative bleeding, perisylvian glioblastomas-particularly in the dominant hemisphere-should be resected with a meticulous surgical procedure and strategy.

Migratory patterns of exotic brown trout Salmo trutta in south-western Hokkaido, Japan, on the basis of otolith Sr:Ca ratios and acoustic telemetry.

Acoustic telemetry and microchemical analysis of otolith strontium-calcium ratios were used to evaluate how exotic brown trout Salmo trutta have responded to Japanese riverine environments of south-western Hokkaido by observing their migratory patterns. The existence of anadromous S. trutta was also verified. Most S. trutta caught in rivers for otolith analysis were freshwater residents (95·6%), whereas those caught in the sea were mainly smolts (91·3%), which had just migrated from rivers during spring. Anadromous S. trutta (n = 6) were captured in rivers and in the sea, confirming the existence of mature pre- and post-spawning fish. According to telemetry results, both mature and immature S. trutta used the river in winter, and their estimated sea-run timings showed individual differences. Through the combination of these two methods, migratory patterns on various spatio-temporal scales were observed. This first documentation of the presence of both male and female anadromous S. trutta in the same region within Japan indicated the risk of further colonization of exotic S. trutta via oceanic migration.

NFKBIL1 confers resistance to experimental autoimmune arthritis through the regulation of dendritic cell functions.

We and others have reported that human NF-κB inhibitor-like-1 (NFKBIL1) was a putative susceptible gene for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its precise role in the pathogenesis of RA is still largely unknown. In this study, we generated transgenic mice expressing human NFKBIL1 (NFKBIL1-Tg) and examined whether NFKBIL1 plays some role(s) in the development of autoimmune arthritis. In both a collagen-induced arthritis model and a collagen antibody-induced arthritis model, NFKBIL1-Tg mice showed resistance to arthritis compared to control mice, indicating that the gene product of NFKBIL1 was involved in the control of thusly induced arthritis. Total spleen cells of NFKBIL1-Tg mouse showed decreased proliferation to mitogenic stimuli, consistent with its resistance to arthritis. Unexpectedly, purified T cells of NFKBIL1-Tg mouse showed increased proliferation and cytokine production. This apparent discrepancy was accounted for by the impaired functions of antigen-presenting cells of NFKBIL1-Tg mouse; both T/B cell-depleted spleen cells and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells of the Tg mouse induced less prominent proliferation and IL-2 production of T cells. Furthermore, dendritic cells (DCs) derived from NFKBIL1-Tg mouse showed lower expression of co-stimulatory molecules and decreased production of inflammatory cytokines when they were activated by lipopolysaccharide. Taken together, these results indicated that NFKBIL1 affected the pathogenesis of RA at least in part through the regulation of DC functions.

Riverine environmental characteristics and seasonal habitat use by adult Sakhalin taimen Hucho perryi.

The study identified seasonal habitat use by endangered adult Sakhalin taimen Hucho perryi and the environmental characteristics of their habitat (water depth, amount of riparian forest and sinuosity). Fifteen adult H. perryi with acoustic tags were tracked by towing an acoustic receiver with a canoe in the Bekanbeushi River system in eastern Hokkaido Island, Japan, during each month from late April to late November 2008. Individuals mainly used midstream (shallower than downstream) habitats in all seasons. These locations were generally characterized by relatively dense riparian forests and high sinuosity, indicating the presence of pools. In spring, individuals used habitats with less riparian forest cover compared to mean value of the river channel. From spring to autumn, adult H. perryi selected limnologically complex habitats with meandering channels. From summer to autumn, individuals selected habitats with more riparian forest cover. The inverse relationship between H. perryi detection and riparian forest area in spring was a result of seasonal defoliation in deciduous riparian forests.

Phase II study of S-1 plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: S-1, a novel oral fluoropyrimidine, is well tolerated in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The response rate of S-1 for colorectal cancer is high, ranging from 35% to 40%. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of S-1 combined with oral leucovorin (LV) to enhance antitumor activity in chemotherapy-naive patients with mCRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: S-1 was given orally twice daily for two consecutive weeks at a daily dose of 80-120 mg, followed by a 2-week rest period, within a 4-week cycle. LV was given orally twice a day at a daily dose of 50 mg, simultaneously with S-1. RESULTS: Of the 56 patients with previously untreated mCRC, 32 (57%) had partial responses. The median follow-up period was 27.2 months. The median time to progression was 6.7 months (95% confidence interval 5.4-7.9). The median survival time was 24.3 months. There was no treatment-related death or grade 4 toxicity. The most common grade 3 toxic effects were diarrhea (32%), anorexia (21%), stomatitis (20%), and neutropenia (14%). CONCLUSION: S-1 combined with LV therapy demonstrated promising efficacy and acceptable safety in chemotherapy-naive patients with mCRC without the concurrent use of irinotecan, oxaliplatin, or molecular-targeted drugs.

Radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching activity of extracts from Indian seaweeds.

Free radicals and singlet oxygen are responsible for oxidative stress related diseases and many natural compounds are known to have antioxidant properties. In this study, extracts from brown and red seaweeds of Indian origin were evaluated for their ability to scavenge different radicals and quench singlet oxygen. The crude extract in methanol and its fractions in different solvents were evaluated for their activity. The methanol extract and its fractions from brown seaweed exhibited higher 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity with more than 90% scavenging in butanol and ethyl acetate fractions and correlated with polyphenol content. There was a significant difference (p≤0.001) in hydroxyl radical scavenging activity between different fractions of the same seaweed. Among the crude extracts, extract from Gracilaria corticata showed the highest (14.0%) activity. Crude extract from brown seaweeds showed higher peroxyl radical scavenging activity compared to red seaweeds. In fractions from brown seaweed extracts, highest activity was observed in ethyl acetate fraction (>88%) followed by hexane fraction (>40 %). Ethyl acetate fraction from crude extract showed higher inhibitory activity against hemoglobin induced linoleic acid oxidation. Singlet oxygen quenching activity of the crude extract from brown seaweed was lower (<13%) compared to red seaweeds (16.4-20.5%).

The common mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in judo: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although high prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL) in judokas has been reported, there has been very little research concerning events preceding the injury. OBJECTIVE: To determine the common situations and mechanisms of ACL injury in judo. METHODS: A total of 43 cases of ACL injuries that had occurred during judo competition or practice were investigated, using questionnaires with interviews conducted by a single certified athletic trainer who has 20 years of judo experience to obtain information regarding the situation and mechanism in which the ACL injury occurred. RESULTS: The number of ACL injuries when the participant's grip style was different from the style of the opponent (ie, kenka-yotsu style) (28 cases) was significantly greater than when the participant's grip style was the same as that of the opponent (ie, ai-yotsu style) (15 cases; p<0.001). The number of ACL injuries was significantly higher when the participant was attacked by the opponent than when counterattacked or when attempting the attack (p<0.001). In addition, being attacked with osoto-gari was revealed as the leading cause of ACL injury incidence among the participants (16.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Grip style may be associated with ACL injury occurrence in judo. In addition, direct contact due to the opponent's attack may be a common mechanism for ACL injuries in judo.

The influence of obesity and metabolic risk variables on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in healthy adolescents.

Measurement of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is recognized as a simple and practical method for assessing arterial stiffness. We determined whether the baPWV of adolescents is affected by obesity and its associated metabolic risk variables. A cross-sectional sample of 754 apparently healthy adolescents (383 men and 371 women), aged 15-17 years, was recruited for this study. baPWV was measured by a simple automatic oscillometric technique. Adiposity measures, blood pressure, serum lipoproteins, fasting glucose and insulin were evaluated. The baPWV of the adolescents was significantly higher in men than in women and increased with age in both genders. After being statistically adjusted for age and gender, baPWV was significantly correlated with body mass index, percent body fat, waist-to-height ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, mean arterial pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), atherogenic index, glucose, insulin, and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In the multivariate regression analysis, mean arterial pressure, atherogenic index, HOMA-IR, systolic blood pressure and age were found to be significant determinants of baPWV (P<0.001). An increasing number of clustered risk variables, including high values (>gender-specific top quartiles) of waist-to-height ratio, mean arterial pressure, atherogenic index and HOMA-IR showed a graded association with baPWV (P<0.001 for trend). These results suggest that obesity and its associated metabolic abnormalities are important factors in the increased baPWV of adolescents and that baPWV may be useful in investigating early arterial wall changes in this population.

Effects of trans and conjugated LC N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid composition and abdominal fat weight in rats.

Trans and conjugated fatty acids may exhibit either beneficial or detrimental bioactive effects depending on their metabolic properties. This study was conducted to elucidate if isomerization and conjugation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) demonstrate more favorable bioactivity on lipid metabolism compared to unmodified EPA and DHA. The effects of dietary intake of trans and conjugated forms of EPA and DHA on lipid metabolism were evaluated in animal trials and compared to a control group fed soybean oil. None of the experimental diets showed significant differences from the control in terms of body weight; however, the white adipose tissue weight of rodents fed trans DHA, conjugated EPA (CEPA), and conjugated DHA (CDHA) was significantly lower than the control. Triacylglycerol levels in plasma were significantly decreased in groups fed trans DHA (17.2 mg/dL) and CDHA (31.9 mg/dL) relative to the control (51.3 mg/dL). The total cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower than the control (68.0 mg/dL) in all experimental groups (47.3 to 53.7 mg/dL) except CEPA (58.3 mg/dL). Fatty acid compositions of lipids extracted from rodent livers were influenced by the dietary fatty acid profiles, with all groups showing higher concentrations of stearic acid and lower levels of linoleic acid compared to the control. Rodents fed trans DHA did not have detectable levels of these fatty acid isomers in their livers, suggesting either quick metabolism or a difficulty with bio-absorption.

[Indication and timing of surgical intervention for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis dependent patients].

Surgical intervention on cardiovascular disorders in patients with hemodialysis dependent renal failure improves their life expectancy, but carries high surgical mortality. Decision on the indication of surgery as well as on its timing has crucial impact on surgical outcome. We retrospectively analyzed the data of 21 hemodialysis dependent patients who had undergone cardiovascular surgery in our institution from May 2001 to May 2005 to elucidate the appropriate indication and timing of surgical intervention. The study revealed early mortality (< 30 days) of 4.8% and 5 year survival rate of 83.5%. Risk factors for poor prognosis were older age, and longer hemodialysis history. Despite the opinions advocating early surgery in these patients, we adopted a surgical strategy to wait until patients' condition is optimized. Low surgical mortality and high long-term survival of our surgical series indicated appropriateness of our strategy on the timing of surgery. However, extremely low long-term mortality rate raised the concern that our surgical indication might have been too conservative.

Heat treatment of scallop adductor muscle using superheated steam.

Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) adductor muscles were heated using superheated steam (150 and 200 degrees C), boiling (98 degrees C), and normal steaming (95 degrees C). The amounts of amino acids, water-soluble peptides, and nucleotides, expressed as extractive nitrogen in scallop products, are very important elements of quality and taste. After 15-min heating of scallop muscles with normal steaming and boiling, respective losses of 50% and 64% of the extractive nitrogen were observed. However, most extractive nitrogen (> 86%) remained in the scallop muscles treated with superheated steam at 150 and 200 degrees C. Protective effects of superheated steam against elution loss of nitrogen compounds were also observed in amino acid analyses of the heated products. The scallop-muscle surface temperature during treatment with superheated steam increased more quickly than that with normal steaming and boiling. The rapid water loss and the surface protein denaturation engendered formation of a 30-mum-thick film covering the surface, which prevented extractive nitrogen loss from internal tissues. Superheated steam treatment at 200 degrees C caused browning, surface shrinkage, and 47% weight loss. In marked contrast, the appearance and the weight loss of sample treated at 150 degrees C were almost the same as those of normal steaming and boiling-treated samples. These results suggested that superheated steaming at 150 degrees C is an optimal heat treatment of scallop adductor muscles.

Combination effect of herring roe lipids and proteins on plasma lipids and abdominal fat weight of mouse.

Dietary effects of herring roe lipids (HR-L) and proteins (HR-P) on plasma lipids and abdominal fat pad weight were determined. The main lipid class of HR-L was phospholipids (74%) and the main fatty acids were palmitic acid (16:0, 25.8%), DHA (22:6n-3, 21.6%), EPA (20:5n-3, 14.4%), and oleic acid (18:1n-9, 13.2%). A little increase in total cholesterol level was observed in plasma lipids of mouse fed with HR-L, although HR-L contained 9% cholesterol. This would be due to the lowering effect of EPA and DHA contained in HR-L on plasma cholesterol. Replacement of a part of dietary protein (5%) to HR-P reduced abdominal fat pad weight, but not significantly. On the other hand, combination of HR-P and HR-L significantly reduced the fat pad weight of the mouse as compared with the control. A significant effect of HR-P + HR-L was also observed in the reducing plasma lipid levels.

Troglitazone and 9cis,11trans,13trans-conjugated linolenic acid: comparison of their antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects on different colon cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported that troglitazone, a synthetic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and bitter gourd seed oil rich in 9cis,11trans,13trans-conjugated linolenic acid (9c,11t,13t-CLN) prevent colon carcinogenesis. To evaluate the chemotherapeutic effect and potency of these compounds on colon cancer cells, we investigated their antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects using different human colon cancer cell lines. METHODS: The antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of troglitazone and 9c,11t,13t-CLN were evaluated and compared using HT-29, DLD-1 and Caco-2 cells at different stages of enterocytic differentiation. RESULTS: Troglitazone and 9c,11t,13t-CLN decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in three colon cancer cell lines. The susceptibility of HT-29, which expresses PPARgamma at high levels, to troglitazone and 9c,11t,13t-CLN was higher than that of Caco-2 cells with low levels of PPARgamma. CONCLUSION: Troglitazone and 9c,11t,13t-CLN exhibited more effective chemotherapeutic effects on HT-29 cells than on Caco-2 cells.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor contributes to the development of acute dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in Toll-like receptor 4 knockout mice.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which recognizes lipopolysaccharides, plays an important role in the innate immune response. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR4 in the development of experimental colitis with regard to the biological actions of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) using TLR4 null ((-/-)) mice. TLR4(-/-) mice were given 2% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in drinking water to induce colitis, which was clinically and histologically as severe as that seen in wild-type (WT) mice. The level of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in colon tissues was increased in WT mice but unchanged in TLR4(-/-) mice. The level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in colon tissues was increased by DSS administration in both TLR4(-/-) and WT mice. The expression of MIF was up-regulated in the colons of TLR4(-/-) mice with acute DSS-induced colitis. An anti-MIF antibody significantly suppressed colitis and elevation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in TLR4(-/-) mice. The current results obtained from TLR4(-/-) mice provide evidence that MIF plays a critical role in the development of acute DSS-induced colitis.

How to improve repetition ability in patients with Wernicke's aphasia: the effect of a disguised task.

Dissociation "automatico-voluntaire" is a symptom observed in aphasic patients. We elucidated the difference between voluntary and involuntary speech output in a quantitative manner using the same task materials in nine patients with Wernicke's aphasia. All the patients exhibited better ability and less paraphasias in a repetition task elicited in a disguised condition than in an ordinary repetition condition. This result indicates that the output difficulty in Wernicke's aphasia might be a disability of volitional control over the language system.