Assessing the quantity of neuropeptide Y in the serum of patients referred to Baqiyatallah Hospital with covid-19 concerning inflammatory factors following steroid therapy.

PURPOSE: With the extensive presence of Covid-19, it is imperative to find compounds that can obstruct the virus's inflammatory activity and perhaps even stop the inflammatory phase from occurring. Several neuropeptides act as immune system regulators, which nerve terminals release as co-transmitters. It has been suggested that Neuropeptide Y (NPY) may be involved in inflammatory diseases through its ability to regulate the function of inflammatory cells. Consequently, the present study was designed to examine the changes in this neuropeptide in the serum of patients with Covid-19 disease, particularly following anti-inflammatory treatment, and its relationship with other inflammatory factors such as TNF-α. METHODS: The demographic information, vital and clinical signs (blood oxygen saturation level, blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature), laboratory factors such as blood factors, inflammation, and blood electrolytes, as well as the use of steroids, were collected before and after steroid treatment the patient files. As part of the study, serum samples from patients were used to measure levels of NPY and TNF-α inflammatory factors using an ELISA kit. Additionally, the correlation between NPY values, other inflammatory factors, and other variables was examined before and after treatment. RESULTS: NPY, TNF-α, c-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels were significantly reduced after steroid treatment. But the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) factor level increased after treatment compared to the initial evaluation. Lymphocytes and neutrophils also changed after drug treatment. Results indicated a high correlation between NPY and TNF-α. In addition to TNF-α, NPY, creatinine, and BUN presented a direct and significant relationship. ESR and BUN factors showed a positive and significant correlation regarding the length of hospitalization. However, the correlation between NPY and TNF-α with hospitalization length was insignificant. CONCLUSION: Since the current study had a significant association between NPY and TNF-α, the regulating function of this peptide in Covid-19 inflammatory processes may be validated. Enough that it is crucial to consider NPY as a marker and its antagonist as a potential Covid-19 therapy. Also, the considerable reduction in NPY levels after steroid therapy to lower inflammatory variables supports the regulatory function of this peptide in inflammatory processes.

Comparison of Native Hydatid Cyst Fluid (HCF), Lyophilized HCF, Antigen B (AgB) and Lyophilized AgB (LAgB) Originated from Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto for Sero-Diagnosis of Active, Transitional and Inactive Human Liver Cystic Echinococcosis.

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larval stage or metacestode of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Due to treatment protocols for different liver cysts, diagnosis of cyst stages is very important. Different antigens have been used for CE diagnosis. However, each one is more sensitive and effective for the diagnosis of specific CE stages is not known well. We aimed to compare Native Hydatid Cyst Fluid (HCF), Lyophilized Hydatid Cyst Fluid (LHCF), antigen B (AgB) and Lyophilized antigen B (LAgB) originated from E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) genotype, for sero- diagnosis of active, transitional and inactive human liver CE using ELISA technique. Methods: The HCF was collected aseptically from liver CE cysts of sheep slaughtered from 2018 to 2019 in Shiraz slaughterhouse, Southern, Iran. The cysts were characterized by PCR and sequencing for genotype specification. Four types of antigens were used: HCF, LHCF, AgB and LAgB originated from E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) genotype. Thirty-three serum samples from active, transitional, and inactive human cysts were collected. Overall, 48 samples from other parasitic diseases and 60 samples from healthy subjects as negative controls were checked using four antigens by ELISA method. Results: The best diagnostic sensitivity with 96.97% was observed by anti-LHCF IgG ELISA test. The best specificity with 95.37% was observed in ELISA test using LAgB. Conclusion: Simultaneous test of sera with anti-LHCF IgG ELISA and anti-LAgB IgG ELISA would be the best in the diagnosis of human liver cystic echinococcosis.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Visiting a Referral Hospital in Tehran Province, Iran.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are still considered a public health problem of mankind, particularly in immunocompromised patients. We aimed to determine the prevalence of IPIs with an emphasis on immunocompromised patients in a referral hospital in Tehran Province, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 442 fecal specimens were collected randomly from patients, referred to Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran Province, Iran from May to September 2020. The collected specimens were examined using wet-mount, trichrome and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, formalin-ether concentration, and agar plate culture. Results: The prevalence of IPIs was found 17.0% (95% CI: 13.6-20.8%). The prevalence of protozoan parasites (16.3%; 95% CI: 13.0-20.1%) was significantly higher than helminthic parasites (0.7%; 95% CI: 0.1-2.0%). Blastocystis spp., Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba coli were the most common intestinal protozoan with a prevalence of 12.2%, 1.6%, and 1.4%, respectively. E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Cryptosporidium spp., Chilomastix mesnili as protozoan species and Hymenolepis nana, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, and Ascaris lumbricoides as helminthic species were the other detected parasites. Multiple logistic regression revealed a significant association of IPIs infections with stool consistency and the status of immune system. Conclusion: The prevalence of IPIs among the patients who are immunocompromised was significantly higher than immunocompetent patients (P< 0.05). Periodic stool examinations for screening of IPIs should be included as a part of routine medical check-up in these patients.

Evaluation of the Ability of Antigen B Originated from Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto and E. canadensis for the Diagnosis of Confirmed Human Cystic Echinococcosis Using ELISA.

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide. Application of species-specific antigen for serodiagnosis of human CE has not been utilized, so far. In this regard, AgB originated from Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) and E. canadensis (G6/G7) CE cysts, confirmed by molecular biology and sequencing was used for evaluation of their ability in the diagnosis of confirmed human CE. Methods: The hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) of E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis species were separately, used for preparation of AgB during 2017-2018 in Shiraz and Tehran, Iran. A total of 45 sera samples from confirmed CE patients, 102 sera from healthy people as negative control and 44 sera from other parasitic diseases, were used for measurement of the diagnostic ability of antigen B originated from E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis species of CE, alone or in 50%:50% mixture using ELISA method. Results: Overall, 38 (84.4%) out of 45 confirmed human CE were positive by ELISA using AgB originated from E. granulosus sensu stricto. This items for AgB originated from E. canadensis was 39 (86.6) out of 45 serum samples. A total of 39 out of 45 samples (86.6%) showed positivity by a mixture of antigen B originating from both species. The specificity of the above tests was calculated as 93.15%, 96.58%, and 93.84%, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the diversity of the cyst species in human population, application of AgB from prevalent species alone or in combination with other species is suggested.

Sero-Epidemiological Study of Human Hydatidosis in Semnan and Sorkheh, Semnan Province, Iran.

Background: To determine the seroprevalence of human cystic echinococcosis/hydatidosis which is one of the most important zoonotic diseases by ELISA using native antigen B in Semnan and Sorkheh, Semnan province, Iran, where no significant information about human infection exists. Methods: Overall, 957 human serum samples were randomly prepared from Semnan, Sorkheh, and its 13 surrounding villages in different seasons from 2017 to 2018. Antigen B was prepared from native hydatid cyst fluid of domestic sheep. All serum samples were evaluated by ELISA while the suspected cases were rechecked. The cut-off was calculated as the X ¯ ±2SD. Results: Overall, 48(5%) out of 957 (422 males and 535 females) were positive for hydatidosis. The seropositivity based on sex showed 20(2.1%) out of 422 in males and 28(2.9%) out of 535 in females. The distribution of seropositive samples based on residence area showed 41 (4.3) out of 882 in urban and 7 (0.7) out of 75 in rural areas. The highest seroprevalence cases was among housewives (2.1%) followed by employers (1.5%). Based on education, source of drinking water, and age groups the highest seropositivity was observed in high school and less, in the plumping water consumers, and 50 to 59 yr old age group, respectively. There was a significant difference between seropositivity with occupation, literacy, and age group (P<0.05). Semnan with 4% seropositivity had the highest prevalence followed by Sorkheh, county. Conclusion: High prevalence of the disease in this area emphasizes the importance of increasing people's awareness about hydatidosis.

Molecular and serological detection and of Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants of southwest Iran and the potential risks for consumers.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases with serious health risks for humans, especially for immunodeficient patients, and can lead to abortion in pregnant women worldwide. The oral uptake of sporulated oocysts and/or consumption of undercooked/raw meat of animals infected with Toxoplasma gondii can infect other animals and humans. Heart, liver, and meat tissues of 150 sheep and 150 goats from a slaughterhouse in Ahvaz, Iran, were collected during autumn 2018 and analyzed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect parasitic DNA in the animal tissues. Moreover, antibodies against T. gondii of 150 sera samples were detected as the targets by in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (in-house ELISA). A total of 26 (17.3%), 33 (22%), and 48 (32%) of liver, meat, and heart samples in sheep, and a total of 24 (16%), 26 (17.3%), and 36 (24%) of liver, meat, and heart samples in goats, respectively, showed positive PCR results. Besides, the ELISA evaluation of sera samples from 150 sheep and 150 goats resulted in 26 (13.3%) and 16 (10.6%) positive cases, respectively. A significant difference was also found between PCR-positive heart samples and ELISA-positive sera samples of both animal species (p < 0.05), but no significant difference existed between PCR-positive liver samples and ELISA-positive sera samples of both species (p > 0.05). The results of this study confirm the presence of T. gondii in sheep and goats' consumable organs, highlighting the need to avoid consuming raw or uncooked organs of these animal species to prevent human infection with T. gondii.

Genetic Diversity of Hepatic/Non-Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis in Baqiyatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide zoonotic helminthic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. The infection is particularly important in terms of economic and medico-veterinary aspects in endemic areas including Iran. Considering the possibility of organ-tropism in E. granulosus strains, the present study was aimed to identify the genotypes of E. granulosus in different organs involved in patients, undergone surgery in Baqiyatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2005-2015. METHODS: Overall, 29 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPT) from patients with histologically confirmed CE including liver (N: 14) lungs (N: 6) abdomen (N: 2), pancreas (N: 2) and each of spleen, gallbladder and, muscles (N: 1) plus unknown organs (N: 2) were used and genetically characterized using polymerase chain reaction, followed by partial sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene subunit 1(cox1) and analyzed. RESULTS: Nineteen out of 29 isolates including liver (N: 6) lungs (N: 4) abdomen (N: 2), pancreas (N: 2) and each of spleen, gallbladder, and muscle (N: 1), unknown organs (N: 2) obtained from paraffin-embedded blocks of human CE created an acceptable sequence in two directions. All 19 isolates regardless of the organ involved were recognized as E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1). CONCLUSION: The sequence alignments of the isolates displayed two profiles. All sequenced samples showed E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1) with no organ-related genotype.

Comparative Morphologic and Morphometric Study on the Developmental Aspects of In Vitro and In Vivo Reared Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto Using Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)/Nomarski and Phase Contrast Microscopy.

BACKGROUND: Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution. The present study focused on comparative morphologic and morphometric observations on the developmental aspects of whole body, more special the reproductive structures of in vitro reared adult worms (RAW) and in vivo reared adult worms in definitive host (AWIDH) using differential interference contrast (DIC)/Nomarski, phase contrast and routine optical microscopy. METHODS: A total number of 10 in vitro and 10 in vivo reared adult worms of E. granulosus sensu stricto, G1 strain were selected. The worms were processed by Formaldehyde-Alcohol-Azocarmine-Lactophenol (FAAL). The details of morphological factors and reproductive structures of each worm including 25 biometrical parameters were studied by routine optical, phase contrast and Nomarski microscopy. The details of the samples were photographed, measured and analyzed. The fine structures of the parasite including the details of cirrus sac and developmental stages in different strobila were more obvious observing by Nomarski microscopy. RESULTS: The morphometric characters in the RAW and AWIDH showed that length of immature proglottid, length of mature proglottid, length of suckers are larger in RAW than AWIDH worms with statistical difference. Characters in E. granulosus of RAW and AWIDH showed that total number of segments, number of mature segments and the total number of testes were greater in RAW than AWIDH worms; while only the number of mature segments was statistically different is two groups. CONCLUSION: Application of DIC/Nomarski and phase contrast microscopy together with morphometric criteria are useful means for comparing the developmental aspects of in vitro and in vivo reared adults of E. granulosus.

BALB/c Mice Immunity to Hydatidosis Induced by In-vitro Reared Echinococcus granulosus Adult Worm Antigens.

BACKGROUND: Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Several native and recombinant antigens, derived from different stages of E. granulosus life cycle, have been used for vaccine trials. In vitro reared adult worms are good candidates for vaccination as they do not produce fertile egg/s and do not have any risk of contamination for researchers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate different antigens derived from in vitro reared E. granulosus adult worms for the immunization of BALB/c mice against secondary hydatidosis. METHODS: Viable protoscoleces (PCSs) of sheep hydatid cyst were cultivated in S.10E.H media. Excretory secretory (E/S) and crude antigens were prepared from reared adult worms. A total of fifty BALB/c mice, each 8-weeks-old, were divided into 5 groups of 10 mice. Three groups were subcutaneously immunized with crude, E/S and immunodominant antigens on days 1 and 28. The fourth group received only PBS and the fifth group had no injection. Three weeks following the second immunization, all groups were challenged, intraperitoneal, with viable PSCs. After the autopsy of the mice and opening their abdominal wall, cysts were counted and measured followed by histopathological observations. RESULTS: The highest protective immunity (98.7%) against hydatidosis was induced by crude antigen, followed by E/S and immunodominant antigens. CONCLUSION: Antigens (crude antigens in particular) derived from in vitro reared E. granulosus adult worms, and their different protein components are suitable candidates for the vaccination of intermediate hosts against hydatidosis.

Population-Based Seroprevalence of Malaria in Hormozgan Province, Southeastern Iran: A Low Transmission Area.

The seroepidemiological condition of malaria in three main districts of Hormozgan Province, a low transmission area in southeast of Iran, was investigated. Methods. Sera samples (803) were collected from healthy volunteers from the three main districts (Bandar Lengeh in the west, Bandar Abbas in the center, and Bandar Jask in the east) of Hormozgan Province. A questionnaire was used to record the sociodemographic features of the participants during sample collecting. An in-house ELISA test, using crude antigens obtained from cell culture of Plasmodium falciparum, was adapted and used to detect anti-malaria antibodies in the sera. Results. The overall seroprevalence of malaria was 8.7% (70 out of 803 samples). A significant correlation was found between seropositivity and place of residence, where the highest rate of seropositivity was seen in Bandar Lengeh (west of the province). The highest seroprevalence of malaria (13.2%) was seen in the age group of 11-20 years and also in low educated individuals. Correlation between seropositivity and gender, age, and educational levels of the participants was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Findings of this study indicate that the rate of seropositivity to malaria in this area is not high and this might be linked to the success of malaria control programs during the last decades in the region.

Molecular and Microscopic-Based Characterization of Plasmodium spp. in Fars and Hormozgan Provinces, South of Iran.

Despite malaria control programs in recent years, malaria transmission has not been eliminated in Iran. Molecular techniques including PCR, which has proved more sensitive and specific than microscopic examination methods, help to detect infection in low levels of parasitemia and mixed infections. Main our objectives were setting up nested PCR for detection of malaria and evaluating PCR based on plasmodia DNA from blood smears in Fars province, the comparison of this method with traditional microscopy and also evaluate the data in comparison with its neighboring province, Hormozgan. A total of 149 malaria positive samples including 116, 19, and 14 samples from Shiraz, Jask, and Lengeh ports were utilized in this study, respectively. Blood slides were prepared for microscopic observation. DNA from thin smears was extracted and nested PCR was analyzed using rPLU5 and rPLU6 for genus specification, rFAL1, rFAL2, and rVIV1, rVIV2 for P. falciparum and P. vivax detection, respectively. The results showed that 126 (84.6%), 16 (10.7%), and 7 (4.7%) out of 149 cases were positive for P. vivax, P. falciparum, and mixed infections, respectively, by microscopy. The PCR indicated that 95 (63.7%), 15 (10.1%), and 22 (14.8%) cases were infected with P. vivax, P. falciparum, and mixed mentioned species, respectively, and 17 (11.4%) cases were uninfected. Our results confirmed the considerable sensitivity of nested PCR for detection of the mixed infections. Simultaneous application of PCR even based on microscopy slides can facilitate access to the highest level of confidence in malaria researches.

Still and Moving Image Evidences for Mating of Echinococcus granulosus Reared in Culture Media.

BACKGROUND: Echinococcus granulosus cultivation is very important for improvement of different aspect of medical and veterinary researches. Despite many advances in this case, there is a missing link for in vitro life cycle of adult worms and it is fertilization. Regarding the researchers' observations, self-fertilization can be done in worms living in dog intestine, but despite all sorts of experimental techniques, this phenomenon has never been observed in reared worms in culture media. Furthermore, cross fertilization has not been observed in vitro and even in parasites with dog intestinal origin; although it theoretically is possible. During a follow-up of cultivated adult worms, evidences of behaviors similar to self-mating (Type 2) and cross-mating were observed in our lab which will be presented here. METHODS: Protoscoleces were aseptically removed from sheep hydatid cysts, washed twice with PBS and then cultivated in S.10E.H culture medium. The stages of parasite growth were observed using an inverted microscope for two months and all stages and behaviors were microscopically photographed. Different movies have also been made from these behavioral features. RESULTS: After around 55 days post cultivation, some evidences of behaviors similar to self-mating (Type 2) and cross-mating were observed in some of the mature adult worms. However, fertile eggs in these parasites have never been observed. CONCLUSION: Regarding the above observations, these parasites show tendency to unsuccessful self-mating/fertilization (type 2) which failure could be due to anatomical position and physiological maturation. Also lack of suitable conditions for self-fertilization causes the worms try to do unsuccessful cross- mating/fertilization in culture media.

Genetic polymorphisms of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in the Middle East.

Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto is a cosmopolitan parasite causing cystic echinococcosis in humans and livestock. Recent molecular phylogeographic studies suggested the rapid dispersal of the parasite by the anthropogenic movement of domestic animal hosts. In the present study, genetic polymorphism of E. granulosus s. s. in the Middle East, where the domestication started, was investigated to validate the dispersal history of the parasite. Thirty-five and 26 hydatid cysts were collected from Iran and Jordan, respectively, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene was sequenced. Chinese and Peruvian specimens were also analyzed for comparison. Haplotype network analysis demonstrated the existence of a common haplotype EG01 in all populations. Although EG01 and its one-step neighbors were the majority in all regions, most of the neighboring haplotypes were unique in each locality. Haplotype diversity was high but nucleotide diversity was low in Iran, Jordan and China. Both diversities were lowest and only a few haplotypes were found in Peru. Neutrality indices were significantly negative in Iran, Jordan and China, and positive but not significant in Peru. Pairwise fixation index was significant for all pairwise comparisons, indicating genetic differentiation among populations. These results suggest a evolutionary history of E. granulosus s. s. in which a genetic subgroup including EG01 was selected at the dawn of domestication, and then it was rapidly dispersed worldwide through the diffusion of stock raising. To approach the origin of the ancestral strain, extensive sampling is needed in many endemic regions. To evaluate the hypothetical evolutionary scenario, further study is needed to analyze specimens from diverse host species in wider regions.

Comparison of the usefulness of hydatid cyst fluid, native antigen B and recombinant antigen B8/1 for serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis.

For serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE), the usefulness of three native antigens, a hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) obtained from infected sheep in China, two types of antigen B prepared from each HCF obtained in Iran and China, and one recombinant antigen B8/1 (RAgB), were evaluated by ELISA using a total of 155 serum samples from Iran, Turkey, China and Japan. Both the Iranian native antigen B and RAgB had high sensitivity, but RAgB showed an excellent specificity in comparison with native antigens because none of the serum samples of healthy people from Iran and Japan became positive with this antigen except one case of taeniasis. The taeniasis case exceptionally showing cross reactivity with all antigens was considered to be co-infected with Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia saginata. The recombinant antigen showing a high diagnostic odds ratio in comparison with other evaluated antigens might be recommended for diagnosis of CE in different CE-endemic areas.

Immune responses to antigens of in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms in Balb/c mice.

BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), also known as echinococcosis/hydatidosis, is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. It enhances both humoral and cellular (Th1 and Th2) responses in infected host. Different antigens of the worm may favor the Th1 or Th2 immune responses in CE patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the humoral and cellular immune responses of Balb/c mice against the crude and excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens of in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms. METHODS: A total of 20 Balb/c mice divided into 5 groups of 4 mice each. Three groups of mice (n=4) were immunized with crude, E/S and an immunodominant antigen of in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms on day 1 and 28. The fourth and the fifth groups were negative control groups and received PBS plus adjuvant, or nothing, respectively. Two weeks after the second injection, the mice were killed and their blood was collected for determining antibody responses, and their spleens were employed for proliferation assay. Total IgG was measured by indirect ELISA. Spleen cells of immunized mice were cultivated and exposed to different antigens of adult worms including E/S and crude antigens. Levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4 and IL-10 were measured in the recovered cell culture supernatants by capture ELISA. RESULTS: Total IgG assay showed the highest level of antibody produced in mice immunized with crude antigens. Proliferation assay showed a statistically significant production of cytokines in the mice immunized with crude antigens (p<0.05). The highest levels of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-4 were produced in mice immunized with crude antigen of the in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms followed by E/S antigens. Immunodomonant antigen induced the lowest levels of cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10) in immunized mice. CONCLUSION: Significant levels of Th1 related cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) were produced in Balb/c mice immunized with crude antigen of the in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms.

The first workshop towards the control of cestode zoonoses in Asia and Africa.

The first workshop towards the control of cestode zoonoses in Asia and Africa was held in Asahikawa Medical University, Japan on 15 and 16 Feb 2011. This meeting was fully supported by the Asian Science and Technology Strategic Cooperation Promotion Programs sponsored by the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education Japan (MEXT) for 3 years from 2010 to Akira Ito. A total of 24 researchers from 9 countries joined together and discussed the present situation and problems towards the control of cestode zoonoses. As the meeting was simultaneously for the establishment of joint international, either bilateral or multilateral collaboration projects, the main purposes were directed to 1) how to detect taeniasis/cysticercosis infected patients, 2) how to differentiate Taenia solium from two other human Taenia species, T. saginata and T. asiatica, 3) how to evaluate T. asiatica based on the evidence of hybrid and hybrid-derived adult tapeworms from Thailand and China, 4) how to evaluate T. solium and T. hyaenae and other Taenia species from the wild animals in Ethiopia, and 5) how to detect echinococcosis patients and 6) how to differentiate Echinococcus species worldwide. Such important topics are summarized in this meeting report.