Mechanisms of Bleomycin-induced Lung Fibrosis: A Review of Therapeutic Targets and Approaches.

Pulmonary toxicity is a serious side effect of some specific anticancer drugs. Bleomycin is a well-known anticancer drug that triggers severe reactions in the lungs. It is an approved drug that may be prescribed for the treatment of testicular cancers, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancers, and cervical cancer. A large number of experimental studies and clinical findings show that bleomycin can concentrate in lung tissue, leading to massive oxidative stress, alveolar epithelial cell death, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and finally the infiltration of immune cells. Chronic release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules by immune cells and fibroblasts leads to pneumonitis and fibrosis. Both fibrosis and pneumonitis are serious concerns for patients who receive bleomycin and may lead to death. Therefore, the management of lung toxicity following cancer therapy with bleomycin is a critical issue. This review explains the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pulmonary injury following treatment with bleomycin. Furthermore, we review therapeutic targets and possible promising strategies for ameliorating bleomycin-induced lung injury.

Advances in microscopy characterization techniques for lipid nanocarriers in drug delivery: a comprehensive review.

This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the significance of lipid nanocarriers in drug delivery and the crucial role of characterization techniques. It explores various types of lipid nanocarriers and their applications, emphasizing the importance of microscopy-based characterization methods such as light microscopy, confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The paper also delves into sample preparation, quantitative analysis, challenges, and future directions in the field. The review concludes by underlining the pivotal role of microscopy-based characterization in advancing lipid nanocarrier research and drug delivery technologies.

A chemometric approach based on response surface methodology for optimization of antibiotic and organic dyes removal from water samples.

In this study, the Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized and employed as an adsorbent for the removal of tetracycline (TC), crystal violet (CV), and methylene blue (MB) from water samples. The influential parameters in the removal process were identified and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Characterization of the product was performed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD and SEM analysis revealed the successful synthesis of the Fe3O4/rGO/Ag nanocomposite. EDX analysis elucidated the accuracy and clarity of the chemical composition of the magnetic nanocomposite structure. Additionally, the separation of the nano-adsorbent from the solution can be achieved using a magnetic field. Maximum removal of analytes was obtained at pH of 6, amount of nanocomposite 0.014 g, ultrasonic time of 8 min and concentration of 21 mg L-1. Under optimal conditions, the removal efficiencies for TC, CV, and MB were 91.33, 95.82, and 98.19%, respectively. Also, it was observed that after each adsorption-desorption cycle, Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite had good stability to remove TC, CV, and MB. Achieving nearly 98% removal efficiency in optimal conditions showed that Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite is an effective adsorbent for removing TC, CV, and MB from wastewater samples.