Family function and eating behaviours among Hispanic/Latino youth: results from the Hispanic Community Children's Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth).

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate mechanisms across family function, home environment and eating behaviours within sociocultural context among Hispanic youth. DESIGN: Two models tested via path analysis (youth fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption; empty energy consumption) using data from the Study of Latino Youth (2011-2013). SETTING: Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; Bronx, NY; San Diego, CA. PARTICIPANTS: Youth (8-16-year-olds), n 1466. RESULTS: Youth ate 2·4 servings of FV per d and received 27 % of total energy from empty energies. Perceiving higher acculturative stress was indirectly associated with lower FV consumption via a pathway of low family function and family support for FV (ß = -0·013, P < 0·001) and via lower family closeness and family support (ß = -0·004, P = 0·004). Being >12-year-olds was indirectly associated with lower FV consumption via lower family closeness and family support (ß = -0·006, P < 0·001). Household food security was indirectly associated with greater FV consumption via family closeness and family support (ß = 0·005, P = 0·003). In contrast, perceiving higher acculturative stress was indirectly associated with higher empty energy consumption (via family closeness and family support: ß = 0·003, P = 0·028 and via low family function and low family support: ß = 0·008, P = 0·05). Being older was associated with higher consumption of empty energies via family closeness (related to family support: ß = 0·04, P = 0·016; parenting strategies for eating: ß = 0·002, P = 0·049). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest pathways of influence across demographic and sociocultural context, family dynamics and home environment. The directionality of these associations needs confirmation using longitudinal data.

Deficiencia de vitamina A en niños preescolares: un problema reemergente en Costa Rica? / Vitamin A deficiency among preschool children: a re-emerging problem in Costa Rica?

Based on the 1996 National Nutrition Survey, this study shows the prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among 567 Costa Rican urban and rural 12-83 months old-children. In overall, the prevalence of VAD (plasma retinol < or = 20 micrograms/dl) was 8.8 per cent. No difference was found even when data were analyzed by area and gender. Around 30 per cent of preschool children were at risk of VAD (plasma retinol between 20.1-30 micrograms/dl). The proportion of children at risk for retinol deficiency was significantly higher in rural area in comparison with urban area (38.9 per cent and 28.0 per cent respectively, p < 0.05). Lineal regression analysis showed that plasma retinol levels were negatively related to the number of family members and positively related to mother's schooling. Our results suggest a possible impairment in vitamin A status of preschool children.

Comparison of serum concentration and dietary intake of alpha-tocopherol in a sample of urban and rural Costa Rican adolescents

Results from several studies have suggested that vitamin E intake could inhibit the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate Costa Rican adolescents' serum alpha-tocopherol levels and their correlation with Body Mass Index (BMI) and the dietary intake of vitamin E and saturated and polyunsaturated fat. Ninety-five healthy, non-smoking adolescents and non-vitamin supplement users (aged 13-18) from urban and rural areas in San José, Costa Rica, were included in this study. Serum levels of lipid adjusted alpha-tocopherol were significantly higher in rural adolescents compared with urban youngsters (4.192 mumol/mmol +/- 0.831 and 3.486 mumol/mmol +/- 0.996, respectively). Likewise, reported mean daily 1000 kcal adjusted-vitamin E intake was higher in rural adolescents than in urban youngsters (9.2 +/- 3.7 mg. 16.0 +/- 8.7 mg). An important correlation was observed between intake of energy from saturated fat and adjusted-alpha-tocopherol serum levels (r = 0.430). Contrariwise, they correlated poorly with dietary alpha-tocopherol (r = 0.273), suggesting that serum is not a good biomarket of intake for alpha-tocopherol. Additionally, our results showed a negative relationship between BMI and adjusted-serum vitamin E levels (beta = 0.189; CI 95 per cent -0.153, -0.013). The analysis of vitamin E intake showed that over 25 per cent of adolescents have inadequate intake of the nutrient. This study suggests that nutritionists and pediatricians should encourage alpha-tocopherol intake and monitor the food sources of the nutrient and the adolescents' body weight as part of the strategies aimed at developing a healthy lifestyle.

Dietary calcium intake by a group of 13 18-year-old Costa Rican teenagers.

Calcium intake is one of the most important predictors of the amount of bone mass gained during growth. Therefore, this study was designed to estimate the dietary calcium intake of Costa Rican urban and rural adolescents ages 13-18 years old. Calcium dietary intake was determined using prospective 3-d diet records. Two-thirds (or 66.7%) or less of the Adequate Intake (AI) was used as the criterion for inadequate calcium intake as suggested by several authors. Reported mean daily calcium intake was 573 mg +/- 290. On average 82% of the adolescents did not meet two-thirds of the Al for calcium. A higher percentage of rural than urban youngsters reported inadequate calcium intake (92% and 75% respectively, p = 0.000). Likewise a higher percentage of girls (91%) than boys (77%) reported marginal calcium intake. This study shows evidence that nutritional interventions and educational strategies are urgent for increasing calcium consumption among adolescents in order to reduce the future burden of osteoporosis in old age.

Fruits and vegetables consumption among Costa Rican adolescents.

Scientific evidence indicates that lower levels of fruit and vegetables consumption are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, an increase of these foods' consumption may substantially improve public health. The purpose of this study was to examine the consumption of fruits and vegetables in 214 urban and rural adolescents in relation to the 5-A-DAY recommendation. Mean daily servings of fruits (1.7 servings) were not far from the minimum recommendation of 2 daily fruit servings. This mean decreased to 1.21 servings when banana was not counted. Mean vegetable intake (1.1 servings, including legumes) was well below the minimum recommendation of 3 vegetable servings per day. Urban adolescents and females consumed significantly (p = 0.000) fewer fruits and vegetables servings than did rural youngsters and males. However when pulses were not counted the mean daily servings of vegetables were higher in urban adolescents (p = 0.029). Only 16 from 214 adolescents (6%) consumed five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day. This proportion decreased dramatically to 2% (p = 0.000) when pulses and banana were not counted. Examination of the factors associated with low intake of fruit and vegetables could be beneficial to develop effective interventions targeted to increase their consumption among adolescents.

Dietary intake as a cardiovascular risk factor in Costa Rican adolescents.

PURPOSE: To evaluate Costa Rican adolescents' dietary intake as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. METHODS: Dietary intake was determined using 3-day food records; nutrient content of fast foods prepared in school cafeteria was calculated by the weighted records. RESULTS: Around 30% of adolescents exceed the American Heart Association dietary recommendation for total fat and saturated fat. About 50% reported a cholesterol intake higher than 100 mg/1000 kcal. On average, 45% of adolescents do not meet the dietary fiber recommendation of 10 g/1000 kcal, the 66% of the recommended daily allowance for vitamins E and B(6), or around 25% for folic acid. A higher proportion of urban adolescents do not satisfy the established dietary recommendation to prevent CVD. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid further increases in the Costa Rican CVD mortality rate, it is necessary to develop primary prevention programs, oriented to modify adolescent's nutrition habits. Schools have the potential to carry out such programs, as at least 60% of all adolescents in Costa Rica are enrolled in high schools.

Marginal vitamin and mineral intake of Costa Rican adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Although a great deal of attention is given to macronutrient and energy intake in the diet, elements essential to dietary metabolic balance include important micronutrients. Very little information exists on vitamin and mineral intake during adolescence, especially in developing countries. METHODS: The micronutrient intake of urban and rural adolescents aged 12-19 years from the Costa Rican capital city, San José, was evaluated. Prospective 3-day diet records including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day were used for dietary data. We evaluated the micronutrient intake to determine the nutrient adequacy ratio. RESULTS: Approximately 30% of adolescents did not meet the 70% level of the daily recommended intake (DRI) for vitamin Bl2. Additionally, 40% of the Costa Rican youngsters presented a vitamin A, E, and iron intake of between 30 and 69% of the DRI or recommended daily dose (RDA) for these nutrients. Likewise, approximately 15% of adolescents did not meet 30% of the DRI or RDA indicators for these nutrients. The micronutrients most at risk for inadequate intake were zinc, calcium, magnesium, and folate: more than 25% of the adolescents did not meet 50% of DRI or RDA indications for these micronutrients. Contrariwise, vitamin C, vitamin B6, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin were the nutrients less at risk for inadequate intake. Fast foods prepared in school cafeterias provided approximately 15-30% of the DRI for vitamins B1, B2, B6, Bl2, and niacin, approximately 18% of the RDA for iron, and over 40% of the RDA for vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional interventions and educational strategies are needed to promote the adoption of healthful eating habits among adolescents.

Effect of storage temperatures on growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157: H7 inoculated in foods from a neotropical environment.

Escherichia coli O157: H7 has emerged as a new pathogen and is found worldwide. We studied the effect of several storage temperatures on the survival of this bacterium in common foods from a neotropical environment (Costa Rica) because at least seven clinical cases have been reported from the country, and no epidemiological link or probable food association has been described. High (10(6)-10(8) CFU/ml) and low (10(4)-10(6) CFU/ml) populations of E. coli were inoculated (three replications) in ground meat, chopped cabbage, chicken giblets and pasteurized milk and incubated at 0, 6 and 12 degrees C for 24, 48 and 72 h. Vegetables and milk were also stored at 22 degrees C for the same periods. The E. coli O157: H7 enumeration was done according to the methodology described in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Populations of E. coli O157: H7 showed either an increasing or decreasing trend, according to temperature, time or food base. Our data indicate that E. coli O157: H7 is capable of surviving and growing in meat, cabbage, milk and chicken giblets; food items commonly consumed by Costa Ricans.

Total dietary fiber in urban and rural Costa Rican adolescents' diets.

Dietary fiber has important health benefits in adolescence, especially in promoting normal laxation and reducing the future risk of some chronic diseases. The purpose of this survey was to examine the dietary fiber intake among Costa Rican adolescents. Prospective 3-d diet records were used for dietary fiber data collection. The "age + 5 rule" was used as criterion for adequate fiber intake. Mean daily reported fiber intake was 23.8 +/- 12.6 grams. Mean fiber intake was higher in rural areas than in urban areas either for direct intake data or for values adjusted per 1,000 Kcal (13.6 +/- 7.7 and 8.2 +/- 2.9 respectively, p < 0.001). On the contrary, no differences were found among males and females when mean fiber intake was adjusted per 1,000 kcal. On average, only 45% of the total adolescents studied showed an adequate fiber intake. This percentage was higher in rural areas than urban areas. Adolescents who met the "age + 5 rule" have healthier diets than those with inadequate fiber intake. This study suggests that nutritionists working with adolescents should focus their efforts on promoting the consumption of fiber-rich foods, especially legumes, fruit and vegetables, in order to reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases during adulthood.

Serum lipids and lipoprotein levels in Costa Rican 13-18 year-old teenagers.

Adverse levels of serum lipids tend to persist over time into adolescence and young adulthood, underlying the progression of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Therefore, the lipid profile of Costa Rican adolescents and its relationship with dietary intake, physical activity and Body Mass Index (BMI) was evaluated in a total of 322 adolescents ages 13-18 years from urban and rural areas of San José, Costa Rica. Levels of Total Cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) were significantly higher in urban adolescents than in rural youngsters. No differences were found between LDL-C (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) and triglyceride levels among urban and rural adolescents. TC, HDL-C and LDL-C levels were higher in females than in males. The mean LDL/HDL ratio was 2.3 with no differences between gender and area. Over 20% of adolescents showed borderline TC levels (4.42-5.17 mmol/L) and 10% borderline LDL-C levels (2.86-3.35 mmol/L). The proportion of females with borderline TC and LDL-C was higher than the proportion of males. No differences were found between areas. Around 50% of adolescents showed borderline HDL-C levels (0.91-1.17 mmol/L) and over 55% presented borderline triglyceride level (1.02-1.46 mmol/L). The prevalence of borderline and high triglyceride levels (> or = 1.47 mmol/L) between urban and rural adolescents was similar. However the prevalence of high triglyceride levels was higher in females (22%) than in males (14%). An independent positive relationship was found between LDL-C, triglyceride, the cardiovascular fitness score and BMI. Likewise a negative relationship was found between cardiovascular fitness, BMI, gender and HDL-C. This study suggests that primary prevention programs are required to decrease the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Costa Rican adolescents.

Growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in meat, poultry and vegetables mixed with different concentrations of mayonnaise.

In the last 20 years Escherichia coli O157: H7 has emerged as a new pathogen, causing worldwide disease, death and economic loss. Different studies have revealed important survival characteristics of this pathogen, although there are divergent criteria about its ability to survive in various mayonnaise formulations. We studied the effect of different mayonnaise concentrations (0%, 18%, 37% and 56%) (weight/weight) over the survival of the bacterium in common foods from a neotropical environment (Costa Rica). High [10(7)-10(8) Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml] and low E. coli populations (10(4)-10(6) CFU/ml) were inoculated, (three replicates) in meat, chopped cabbage and poultry, and mixed with commercial mayonnaise to obtain the concentrations specified. They were incubated at 12 degrees C for 24, 48 and 72 hr. The E. coli O157: H7 enumeration was done according to a standard methodology. Populations of E. coli O157: H7 showed an increasing trend during the first incubation period (48 hr), in all the preparations, regardless of the fat concentration used. Our data indicate that E. coli O157: H7 is capable of surviving and growing in meat, cabbage and poultry mixed with mayonnaise, independently of its concentration.