Clinical practice guidelines for diagnostic and treatment of the chronic heart failure.

Chronic heart failure continues to be one of the main causes of impairment in the functioning and quality of life of people who suffer from it, as well as one of the main causes of mortality in our country and around the world. Mexico has a high prevalence of risk factors for developing heart failure, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity, which makes it essential to have an evidence-based document that provides recommendations to health professionals involved in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. This document establishes the clinical practice guide (CPG) prepared at the initiative of the Mexican Society of Cardiology (SMC) in collaboration with the Iberic American Agency for the Development and Evaluation of Health Technologies, with the purpose of establishing recommendations based on the best available evidence and agreed upon by an interdisciplinary group of experts. This document complies with international quality standards, such as those described by the US Institute of Medicine (IOM), the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), the Intercollegiate Network for Scottish Guideline Development (SIGN) and the Guidelines International Network (G-I-N). The Guideline Development Group was integrated in a multi-collaborative and interdisciplinary manner with the support of methodologists with experience in systematic literature reviews and the development of CPG. A modified Delphi panel methodology was developed and conducted to achieve an adequate level of consensus in each of the recommendations contained in this CPG. We hope that this document contributes to better clinical decision making and becomes a reference point for clinicians who manage patients with chronic heart failure in all their clinical stages and in this way, we improve the quality of clinical care, improve their quality of life and reducing its complications.

La insuficiencia cardiaca crónica sigue siendo unas de las principales causas de afectación en el funcionamiento y en la calidad de vida de las personas que la presentan, así como una de las primeras causas de mortalidad en nuestro país y en todo el mundo. México tiene una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo para desarrollar insuficiencia cardiaca, tales como hipertensión arterial, diabetes y obesidad, lo que hace imprescindible contar con un documento basado en la evidencia que brinde recomendaciones a los profesionales de la salud involucrados en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de estos pacientes. Este documento establece la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) elaborada por iniciativa de la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología (SMC) en colaboración con la Agencia Iberoamericana de Desarrollo y Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud, con la finalidad de establecer recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible y consensuadas por un grupo interdisciplinario y multicolaborativo de expertos. Cumple con estándares internacionales de calidad, como los descritos por el Institute of Medicine de los Estados Unidos de América (IOM), el National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) del Reino Unido, la Intercollegiate Network for Scottish Guideline Development (SIGN) de Escocia y la Guidelines International Network (G-I-N). El grupo de desarrollo de la guía se integró de manera interdisciplinaria con el apoyo de metodólogos con experiencia en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y en el desarrollo de GPC. Se llevó a cabo y se condujo metodología de panel Delphi modificado para lograr un nivel de consenso adecuado en cada una de las recomendaciones contenidas en esta GPC. Esperamos que este documento contribuya para la mejor toma de decisiones clínicas y se convierta en un punto de referencia para los clínicos que manejan pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca crónica en todas sus etapas clínicas, y de esta manera logremos mejorar la calidad en la atención clínica, aumentar la calidad de vida de los pacientes y disminuir las complicaciones de la enfermedad.

Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la otitis media aguda en niños.

BACKGROUND: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most prevalent acute conditions in the pediatric population worldwide. This work aimed to elaborate a Clinical Practice Guideline with clinical recommendations systematically developed to assist decision-making of specialists, patients, caregivers, and public policymakers involved in managing patients with AOM in children. METHODS: This document was developed by the College of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology and Head, and Neck Surgery of Mexico (COPEME) in compliance with international standards. The SIGN quality of evidence classification was used. On behalf of the COPEME, the Guideline Development Group (GDG) was integrated, including otolaryngologists, infectologists, pediatricians, general practitioners, and methodologists with experience in systematic literature reviews and the development of clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: A consensus was reached on 18 clinical questions, covering what was previously established by the GDG in the scope document of the guidelines. Scientific evidence answering each of these clinical questions was identified and critically evaluated. The GDG agreed on the final wording of the clinical recommendations using the modified Delphi panel technique. Specialists and patient representatives conducted an external validation. CONCLUSIONS: This Clinical Practice Guideline presents clinical recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of AOM to assist shared decision-making among physicians, patients, and caregivers and improve the quality of clinical care.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La otitis media aguda (OMA) es uno de los padecimientos agudos más prevalentes en la población pediátrica a escala global. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar una guía de práctica clínica con recomendaciones para asistir la toma de decisiones de médicos especialistas, pacientes, cuidadores de pacientes y elaboradores de políticas públicas involucrados en el manejo de la OMA en niños. MÉTODOS: El documento ha sido desarrollado por parte del Colegio de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello Pediátricas de México (COPEME) en cumplimiento con los estándares internacionales. Se empleó la clasificación de calidad de la evidencia de SIGN. En representación del COPEME, se integró el Grupo de Desarrollo de la Guía (GDG), que incluyó otorrinolaringólogos, infectólogos, pediatras, médicos generales y metodólogos con experiencia en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica. RESULTADOS: Se consensuaron 18 preguntas clínicas que abarcaron lo establecido previamente por el GDG en el documento de alcances de la Guía. Se identificó la evidencia científica que responde a cada una de estas preguntas clínicas y se evaluó críticamente. El GDG acordó la redacción final de las recomendaciones clínicas mediante la técnica Delphi de panel. Se llevó a cabo una validación externa por colegas especialistas y representantes de pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: En esta Guía de Práctica Clínica se presentan recomendaciones clínicas para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el manejo de la OMA, con el fin de asistir la toma de decisiones compartidas entre médicos, pacientes y cuidadores con la intención de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de la atención clínica.

Guía de práctica clínica mexicana para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dislipidemias y enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica.

ANTECEDENTES: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa mundial de mortalidad y México no es la excepción. Los datos epidemiológicos obtenidos en 1990 mostraron que los padecimientos cardiovasculares representaron el 19.8% de todas las causas de muerte en nuestro país; esta cifra se incrementó de manera significativa a un 25.5% para 2015. Diversas encuestas nacionales sugieren que más del 60% de la población adulta tiene al menos un factor de riesgo para padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares (obesidad o sobrepeso, hipertensión, tabaquismo, diabetes, dislipidemias). Por otro lado, datos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud han relacionado el proceso de aterosclerosis como la primer causa de muerte prematura, reduciendo la expectativa de vida de manera sensible, lo que tiene una enorme repercusión social. OBJETIVO: Este documento constituye la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) elaborada por iniciativa de la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología en colaboración con la Sociedad Mexicana de Nutrición y Endocrinología, A.C., Asociación Nacional de Cardiólogos de México, A.C., Asociación Mexicana para la Prevención de la Aterosclerosis y sus Complicaciones, A.C., Comité Normativo Nacional de Medicina General, A.C., Colegio Nacional de Medicina Geriátrica, A.C., Colegio de Medicina Interna de México, A.C., Sociedad Mexicana de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular y Endovenosa, A.C., Instituto Mexicano de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, A.C. y la Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.; con el apoyo metodológico de la Agencia Iberoamericana de Desarrollo y Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud, con la finalidad de establecer recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible y consensuadas por un grupo interdisciplinario de expertos. El objetivo de este documento es el de brindar recomendaciones basadas en evidencia para ayudar a los tomadores de decisión en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dislipidemias en nuestro país. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Este documento cumple con estándares internacionales de calidad, como los descritos por el Instituto de Medicina de EE.UU., el Instituto de Excelencia Clínica de Gran Bretaña, la Red Colegiada para el Desarrollo de Guías de Escocia y la Red Internacional de Guías de Práctica Clínica. Se integró un grupo multidisciplinario de expertos clínicos y metodólogos con experiencia en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica. Se consensuó un documento de alcances, se establecieron las preguntas clínicas relevantes, se identificó de manera exhaustiva la mejor evidencia disponible evaluada críticamente en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y se desarrollaron las recomendaciones clínicas. Se utilizó la metodología de Panel Delphi modificado para lograr un nivel de consenso adecuado en cada una de las recomendaciones contenidas en esta GPC. RESULTADOS: Se consensuaron 23 preguntas clínicas que dieron origen a sus respectivas recomendaciones clínicas. CONCLUSIONES: Esperamos que este documento contribuya a la mejor toma de decisiones clínicas y se convierta en un punto de referencia para los clínicos y pacientes en el manejo de las dislipidemias y esto contribuya a disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad derivada de los eventos cardiovasculares ateroscleróticos en nuestro país. BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and Mexico is no exception. The epidemiological data obtained in 1990 showed that cardiovascular diseases represented 19.8% of all causes of death in our country. This figure increased significantly to 25.5% for 2015. Some national surveys suggest that more than 60% of the adult population has at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease (obesity or overweight, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemias). On the other hand, data from the Pan American Health Organization have linked the process of atherosclerosis as the first cause of premature death, significantly reducing life expectancy, which has enormous social repercussions. OBJECTIVE: This document constitutes the Clinical Practice Guide (CPG) prepared at the initiative of the Mexican Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the Mexican Society of Nutrition and Endocrinology, AC, National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico, AC, Mexican Association for the Prevention of Atherosclerosis and its Complications, AC, National Normative Committee of General Medicine, AC, National College of Geriatric Medicine, AC, College of Internal Medicine of Mexico, AC, Mexican Society of Angiology and Vascular and Endovenous Surgery, AC, Mexican Institute of Research Nephrological, AC and the Mexican Academy of Neurology, A.C.; with the methodological support of the Ibero-American Agency for the Development and Evaluation of Health Technologies, in order to establish recommendations based on the best available evidence and agreed upon by an interdisciplinary group of experts. The objective of this document is to provide evidence-based recommendations to help decision makers in the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias in our country. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This document complies with international quality standards, such as those described by the Institute of Medicine of the USA, the Institute of Clinical Excellence of Great Britain, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network and the Guidelines International Network. A multidisciplinary group of clinical experts and methodologists with experience in systematic reviews of the literature and the development of clinical practice guidelines was formed. A scope document was agreed upon, relevant clinical questions were established, the best available evidence critically evaluated in systematic literature reviews was exhaustively identified, and clinical recommendations were developed. The modified Delphi Panel methodology was used to achieve an adequate level of consensus in each of the recommendations contained in this CPG. RESULTS: 23 clinical questions were agreed upon which gave rise to their respective clinical recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: We consider that this document contributes to better clinical decision-making and becomes a point of reference for clinicians and patients in the management of dyslipidemias and this contributes to reducing the morbidity and mortality derived from atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in our country.

Guía de práctica clínica mexicana para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dislipidemias y enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica / Mexican clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

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Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and Mexico is no exception. The epidemiological data obtained in 1990 showed that cardiovascular diseases represented 19.8% of all causes of death in our country. This figure increased significantly to 25.5% for 2015. Some national surveys suggest that more than 60% of the adult population has at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease (obesity or overweight, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemias). On the other hand, data from the Pan American Health Organization have linked the process of atherosclerosis as the first cause of premature death, significantly reducing life expectancy, which has enormous social repercussions. Objective: This document constitutes the Clinical Practice Guide (CPG) prepared at the initiative of the Mexican Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the Mexican Society of Nutrition and Endocrinology, AC, National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico, AC, Mexican Association for the Prevention of Atherosclerosis and its Complications, AC, National Normative Committee of General Medicine, AC, National College of Geriatric Medicine, AC, College of Internal Medicine of Mexico, AC, Mexican Society of Angiology and Vascular and Endovenous Surgery, AC, Mexican Institute of Research Nephrological, AC and the Mexican Academy of Neurology, A.C.; with the methodological support of the Ibero-American Agency for the Development and Evaluation of Health Technologies, in order to establish recommendations based on the best available evidence and agreed upon by an interdisciplinary group of experts. The objective of this document is to provide evidence-based recommendations to help decision makers in the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias in our country. Material and methods: This document complies with international quality standards, such as those described by the Institute of Medicine of the USA, the Institute of Clinical Excellence of Great Britain, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network and the Guidelines International Network. A multidisciplinary group of clinical experts and methodologists with experience in systematic reviews of the literature and the development of clinical practice guidelines was formed. A scope document was agreed upon, relevant clinical questions were established, the best available evidence critically evaluated in systematic literature reviews was exhaustively identified, and clinical recommendations were developed. The modified Delphi Panel methodology was used to achieve an adequate level of consensus in each of the recommendations contained in this CPG. Results: 23 clinical questions were agreed upon which gave rise to their respective clinical recommendations. Conclusions: We consider that this document contributes to better clinical decision-making and becomes a point of reference for clinicians and patients in the management of dyslipidemias and this contributes to reducing the morbidity and mortality derived from atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in our country.

Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la otitis media aguda en niños / Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and management of acute otitis media in children

Resumen Introducción: La otitis media aguda (OMA) es uno de los padecimientos agudos más prevalentes en la población pediátrica a escala global. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar una guía de práctica clínica con recomendaciones para asistir la toma de decisiones de médicos especialistas, pacientes, cuidadores de pacientes y elaboradores de políticas públicas involucrados en el manejo de la OMA en niños. Métodos: El documento ha sido desarrollado por parte del Colegio de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello Pediátricas de México (COPEME) en cumplimiento con los estándares internacionales. Se empleó la clasificación de calidad de la evidencia de SIGN. En representación del COPEME, se integró el Grupo de Desarrollo de la Guía (GDG), que incluyó otorrinolaringólogos, infectólogos, pediatras, médicos generales y metodólogos con experiencia en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica. Resultados: Se consensuaron 18 preguntas clínicas que abarcaron lo establecido previamente por el GDG en el documento de alcances de la Guía. Se identificó la evidencia científica que responde a cada una de estas preguntas clínicas y se evaluó críticamente. El GDG acordó la redacción final de las recomendaciones clínicas mediante la técnica Delphi de panel. Se llevó a cabo una validación externa por colegas especialistas y representantes de pacientes. Conclusiones: En esta Guía de Práctica Clínica se presentan recomendaciones clínicas para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el manejo de la OMA, con el fin de asistir la toma de decisiones compartidas entre médicos, pacientes y cuidadores con la intención de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de la atención clínica.

Abstract Background: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most prevalent acute conditions in the pediatric population worldwide. This work aimed to elaborate a Clinical Practice Guideline with clinical recommendations systematically developed to assist decision-making of specialists, patients, caregivers, and public policymakers involved in managing patients with AOM in children. Methods: This document was developed by the College of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology and Head, and Neck Surgery of Mexico (COPEME) in compliance with international standards. The SIGN quality of evidence classification was used. On behalf of the COPEME, the Guideline Development Group (GDG) was integrated, including otolaryngologists, infectologists, pediatricians, general practitioners, and methodologists with experience in systematic literature reviews and the development of clinical practice guidelines. Results: A consensus was reached on 18 clinical questions, covering what was previously established by the GDG in the scope document of the guidelines. Scientific evidence answering each of these clinical questions was identified and critically evaluated. The GDG agreed on the final wording of the clinical recommendations using the modified Delphi panel technique. Specialists and patient representatives conducted an external validation. Conclusions: This Clinical Practice Guideline presents clinical recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of AOM to assist shared decision-making among physicians, patients, and caregivers and improve the quality of clinical care.

Influence of Tobacco Smoke Exposure on the Protein Expression of α7 and α4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumors of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract (Out of the Larynx).

PURPOSE: To assess protein expression of α7 and α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) subtypes in squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive track (out of the larynx) according to tobacco smoke exposure, considering the general characteristics of the patients. METHODS: The α7 and α4 nAChR subtypes were assessed by immunohistochemistry in tumor samples from 33 patients with novel diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract (out of the larynx). RESULTS: Current smokers were middle-age men with alcohol consumption, whereas elderly women with no alcohol consumption prevailed among nonsmokers. Expression of α4 nAChR was high in all groups, with an influence of alcohol use, although expression of α7 nAChR was low in current smokers with alcohol use. Expression of α4 with no expression of α7 nAChR was associated with advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: Squamous cell carcinoma tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract (out of the larynx) may show desensitization of α4 nAChR. Advanced disease at diagnosis might be associated with desensitization of α4 with decrease in α7 nAChR.