Prevalence of COVID infections in a population of rheumatic patients from Lombardy and Marche treated with biological drugs or small molecules: A multicentre retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has raised questions about the management of systemic immunosuppressive treatments for rheumatic conditions. It is well known that rheumatic patients are at risk of developing infections because of their immunocompromised state. Moreover, drugs such as hydroxychloroquine or tocilizumab that are widely used to treat rheumatic diseases are now being used to treat COVID-19. The aim of this multicentre retrospective study of rheumatic patients in the Italian regions of Lombardy and Marche was to determine whether patients receiving biological or small molecules treatment are more susceptible to the development of COVID-19 than the general population. METHODS: The local registry data of 10,260 rheumatic patients being treated with bDMARDs or small molecules were evaluated from 15 March to 23 April 2020. The final analysis was based on the registry data relating to 7.204, telephone contacts and/or outpatient visits. RESULTS: Forty-seven of the 7.204 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, seven of whom died; the patients who had symptoms resembling those of COVID-19 but had negative swabs were considered negative for the disease. The overall infection rate was 0.65, and the crude case fatality risk (CFR) in the patients with COVID-19 was 14.9%. There was no difference in the mortality rate among the patients receiving the different individual biological drugs or small molecules. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the susceptibility of rheumatic patients to COVID-19 is the same as that of the general population, but confirm that age, disease duration, and the number of co-morbidities are associated with an increased risk of a severe form of the disease. It seems that immunosuppressants drugs do not effectively represent a risk factor for COVID- 19.

Safety and effectiveness of abatacept in systemic sclerosis: The EUSTAR experience.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the safety and effectiveness of abatacept (ABA) given in routine care to patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Retrospective multicenter observational study that enrolled patients with SSc treated with ABA. We collected epidemiological data and clinical outcomes. First, we analyzed the frequency of adverse effects. Secondly, we compared the evolution of different organ manifestations during ABA treatment. We collected data from 6 months before start of therapy to the last follow-up the following parameters: modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS), joints, lung and gastrointestinal involvement, concomitant medications, and laboratory tests. RESULTS: Data on twenty-seven patients with SSc were collected (93% females; 67% limited SSc). Rheumatoid arthritis was the most frequent concomitant autoimmune disease. ILD was present in 15 patients. Anti-Scl 70 antibodies were present in 13 patients and rheumatoid factor and ACPA antibodies were present in eight and seven patients respectively. The main indication to use abatacept was joint involvement (59%) followed by myositis (26%). A total of 16 adverse effects were reported in 28 months of abatacept treatment including five that required hospitalization. Most of them occurred in the first 3 months after starting abatacept. After 12 months, the number of tender and swollen joints decreased compared to baseline (p<0.03 and p<0.02 respectively). Moreover, a beneficial effect of abatacept on HAQ-DI at 3 and 6 months (p<0.05) and on morning stiffness at 6 and 12 months (p<0.03) was observed. We also observed a decrease in the modified Rodnan skin score (p<0.05). No changes in lung or gastrointestinal involvement were found. CONCLUSIONS: ABA demonstrated a good safety profile and seems to have some effectiveness on joint involvement and related disability in SSc patients treated in routine care.

Antiphospholipid syndrome: state of the art on clinical practice guidelines.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a rare disease characterised by venous and/or arterial thrombosis, pregnancy complications and the presence of specific autoantibodies called antiphospholipid antibodies. This review aims to identify existing clinical practice guidelines (CPG) as part of the ERN ReCONNET project, aimed at evaluating existing CPGs or recommendations in rare and complex diseases. Seventeen papers providing important data were identified; however, the literature search highlighted the scarceness of reliable clinical data to develop CPGs. With no formal clinical guidelines in place, diagnosis and treatment of APS is largely based on consensus and expert opinion. Patients' unmet need refers to the understanding of the disease and its clinical picture and implications, the need of education for patients, family members and healthcare providers, as well as to the development of monitoring pathways involving multiple healthcare providers.

Undifferentiated connective tissue disease: state of the art on clinical practice guidelines.

The term 'undifferentiated connective tissue disease' (UCTD) is generally used to describe clinical entities characterised by clinical and serological manifestations of systemic autoimmune diseases but not fulfilling the criteria for defined connective tissue diseases (CTDs). In this narrative review, we summarise the results of a systematic literature research, which was performed as part of the ERN ReCONNET project, aimed at evaluating existing clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) or recommendations. No specific CPG on UCTD were found, potential areas of intervention are absence of a consensus definition of UCTD, need for specific monitoring and therapeutic protocols, stratification of UCTD based on the risk of developing a defined CTD and preventive measure for the future development of a more severe condition. Patients feel uncertainty regarding the name of the disease and feel the need of a better education and understanding of these conditions and its possible changes over time.

Mapping and predicting mortality from systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the causes of death and risk factors in systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Between 2000 and 2011, we examined the death certificates of all French patients with SSc to determine causes of death. Then we examined causes of death and developed a score associated with all-cause mortality from the international European Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database. Candidate prognostic factors were tested by Cox proportional hazards regression model by single variable analysis, followed by a multiple variable model stratified by centres. The bootstrapping technique was used for internal validation. RESULTS: We identified 2719 French certificates of deaths related to SSc, mainly from cardiac (31%) and respiratory (18%) causes, and an increase in SSc-specific mortality over time. Over a median follow-up of 2.3 years, 1072 (9.6%) of 11 193 patients from the EUSTAR sample died, from cardiac disease in 27% and respiratory causes in 17%. By multiple variable analysis, a risk score was developed, which accurately predicted the 3-year mortality, with an area under the curve of 0.82. The 3-year survival of patients in the upper quartile was 53%, in contrast with 98% in the first quartile. CONCLUSION: Combining two complementary and detailed databases enabled the collection of an unprecedented 3700 deaths, revealing the major contribution of the cardiopulmonary system to SSc mortality. We also developed a robust score to risk-stratify these patients and estimate their 3-year survival. With the emergence of new therapies, these important observations should help caregivers plan and refine the monitoring and management to prolong these patients' survival.

Adult-onset Still's disease: an Italian multicentre retrospective observational study of manifestations and treatments in 245 patients.

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a systemic inflammatory condition of unknown aetiology characterized by typical episodes of spiking fever, evanescent rash, arthralgia, leukocytosis and hyperferritinemia. Given the lack of data in Italian series, we promote a multicentric data collection to characterize the clinical phenotype of Italian patients with AOSD. Data from 245 subjects diagnosed with AOSD were collected by 15 centres between March and May 2013. The diagnosis was made following Yamaguchi's criteria. Data regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory features, disease course and treatments were reported and compared with those presented in other published series of different ethnicity. The most frequent features were the following: arthritis (93 %), pyrexia (92.6 %), leukocytosis (89 %), negative ANA (90.4 %) and neutrophilia (82 %). As compared to other North American, North European, Middle Eastern and Far Eastern cohorts, Italian data show differences in clinical and laboratory findings. Regarding the treatments, in 21.9 % of cases, corticosteroids and traditional DMARDs have not been able to control the disease while biologics have been shown to be effective in 48 to 58 patients. This retrospective work summarizes the largest Italian multicentre series of AOSD patients and presents clinical and laboratory features that appear to be influenced by the ethnicity of the affected subjects.

Impact of substitution among generic drugs on persistence and adherence: A retrospective claims data study from 2 Local Healthcare Units in the Lombardy Region of Italy.

BACKGROUND: The use of generics, equivalent but less expensive drugs, is an important opportunity to reduce healthcare expenditure. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of substitution between unbranded generics on persistence and adherence to therapy in two Italian Local Health Units (ASL) in real-world clinical practice in 5 therapeutic areas using tracing drugs. Substitution of generic drugs is any change in the name of the manufacturer of the generic drug. The therapeutic areas were: diabetes (metformin); hypertension (amlodipine); dyslipidemia (simvastatin); psychiatry (sertraline); cardiology (propafenone); osteoporosis (alendronate). The retrospective analysis was carried out on the administrative databases of two Local Healthcare Units (ASL - Azienda sanitaria locale Bergamo (BG) and Pavia (PV)) in the Lombardy Region of Italy. The correlation between persistence and adherence with the different cohorts of generic substitution frequency within each therapeutic area was then calculated. RESULTS: According to the inclusion criteria, 23,773 patients were evaluated. Patients were observed for a period of 36 months starting from the first drug delivery (index date). The median age of the overall population was above 61 years in all therapeutic areas. The generic drug substitution occurred in 61.5% of patients (BG: 57.6% and PV: 65.4% respectively); Hypertension was the therapeutic area with the highest percentage of patients with substitutions. Patients' adherence, evaluated by the Medical Possession Rate (MPR) and persistence to the treatment decreases with the increase in the frequency of generic substitutions. This observation was confirmed by a statistically significant negative correlation (p-value of <0.001) between the adherence and persistence and the number of generic substitutions in each therapeutic area and Local Healthcare Units (ASL). DISCUSSION: Adherence is one of the pillars of the patient's health management in the control and prevention of progression of the disease. Several factors, such as ageing, comorbidities, and polypharmacy, may affect adherence and influence the outcome of treatments. These results are in line with studies supporting the possibility that the change of package appearance each time a new prescription is dispensed may create confusion and ultimately reduce patients' adherence. Clinicians and decision makers should consider the impact of frequent generic substitutions on persistence and adherence, which may influence efficacy and/or safety.

Prevalence of comorbidities and evaluation of their screening in spondyloarthritis: results of the international cross-sectional ASAS-COMOSPA study.

BACKGROUND: Increased risk of some comorbidities has been reported in spondyloarthritis (SpA). Recommendations for detection/management of some of these comorbidities have been proposed, and it is known that a gap exists between these and their implementation in practice. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate (1) the prevalence of comorbidities and risk factors in different countries worldwide, (2) the gap between available recommendations and daily practice for management of these comorbidities and (3) the prevalence of previously unknown risk factors detected as a result of the present initiative. METHODS: Cross-sectional international study with 22 participating countries (from four continents), including 3984 patients with SpA according to the rheumatologist. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The prevalence of comorbidities (cardiovascular, infection, cancer, osteoporosis and gastrointestinal) and risk factors; percentage of patients optimally monitored for comorbidities according to available recommendations and percentage of patients for whom a risk factor was detected due to this study. RESULTS: The most frequent comorbidities were osteoporosis (13%) and gastroduodenal ulcer (11%). The most frequent risk factors were hypertension (34%), smoking (29%) and hypercholesterolaemia (27%). Substantial intercountry variability was observed for screening of comorbidities (eg, for LDL cholesterol measurement: from 8% (Taiwan) to 98% (Germany)). Systematic evaluation (eg, blood pressure (BP), cholesterol) during this study unveiled previously unknown risk factors (eg, elevated BP (14%)), emphasising the suboptimal monitoring of comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of comorbidities in SpA has been shown. Rigorous application of systematic evaluation of comorbidities may permit earlier detection, which may ultimately result in an improved outcome of patients with SpA.

Potential involvement of IL-9 and Th9 cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: IL-9 has been shown to be upregulated before the clinical onset of articular disease in RA. The exact role of IL-9 and Th9 cells in RA, however, has not yet been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of IL-9 and IL-9-expressing cells in RA patients. METHODS: IL-9, IL-9R, PU.1, IL-9, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-4 and TGF-ß expression was assessed by real-time-PCR in the synovial tissues of RA and OA patients. IL-9, IL-9R, IL-4, TSLP and TGF-ß were also investigated by immunohistochemistry. Peripheral CD4(+) T cell subsets were studied by flow cytometry analysis before and after incubation with citrullinated peptides. RESULTS: IL-9 was overexpressed in RA synovial tissues and correlated with the degree of histological organization of B and T cells in ectopic lymphoid structures. The majority of IL-9-producing cells were identified as CD3(+) cells. Increased mRNA and protein expression of IL-9R, IL-4, TSLP and TGF-ß was also observed in RA synovial tissue. Blood peripheral Th9 cells were expanded by citrullinated peptides. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that Th9 cells and IL-9 were frequently detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovia of RA patients. A possible pathogenic role for Th9 in RA is discussed.

Prevalence of comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis and evaluation of their monitoring: results of an international, cross-sectional study (COMORA).

BACKGROUND: PATIENTS with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of developing comorbid conditions. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of comorbidities and compare their management in RA patients from different countries worldwide. STUDY DESIGN: international, cross-sectional. PATIENTS: consecutive RA patients. DATA COLLECTED: demographics, disease characteristics (activity, severity, treatment), comorbidities (cardiovascular, infections, cancer, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, osteoporosis and psychiatric disorders). RESULTS: Of 4586 patients recruited in 17 participating countries, 3920 were analysed (age, 56±13 years; disease duration, 10±9 years (mean±SD); female gender, 82%; DAS28 (Disease Activity Score using 28 joints)-erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 3.7±1.6 (mean±SD); Health Assessment Questionnaire, 1.0±0.7 (mean±SD); past or current methotrexate use, 89%; past or current use of biological agents, 39%. The most frequently associated diseases (past or current) were: depression, 15%; asthma, 6.6%; cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke), 6%; solid malignancies (excluding basal cell carcinoma), 4.5%; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 3.5%. High intercountry variability was observed for both the prevalence of comorbidities and the proportion of subjects complying with recommendations for preventing and managing comorbidities. The systematic evaluation of comorbidities in this study detected abnormalities in vital signs, such as elevated blood pressure in 11.2%, and identified conditions that manifest as laboratory test abnormalities, such as hyperglycaemia in 3.3% and hyperlipidaemia in 8.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Among RA patients, there is a high prevalence of comorbidities and their risk factors. In this multinational sample, variability among countries was wide, not only in prevalence but also in compliance with recommendations for preventing and managing these comorbidities. Systematic measurement of vital signs and laboratory testing detects otherwise unrecognised comorbid conditions.

Off-patent generic medicines vs. off-patent brand medicines for six reference drugs: a retrospective claims data study from five local healthcare units in the Lombardy Region of Italy.

UNLABELLED: The scientific documentation supporting the potential clinical and economic benefits of a growing use of off-patent generic drugs in clinical practice seems to be limited in Italy as yet. METHODS: We compared differences in outcomes between off-patent generic drugs and off-patent brand drugs in real clinical practice. The outcomes were: persistence and compliance with therapy, mortality, and other health resources consumption (hospitalizations, specialist examinations, other drugs) and total costs. Retrospective analysis was carried out by using the administrative databases of five Local Healthcare Units (ASLs - Aziende Sanitarie Locali) in the Lombardy Region of Italy. Data from the five ASLs were aggregated through a meta-analysis, which produced an estimate indicator of the mean or percentage difference between the two groups (branded vs. generic) and their respective significance tests. The therapeutic areas and studied drugs were: diabetes: metformin - A10BA02; hypertension: amlodipine - C08CA01; dyslipidemia: simvastatin - C10AA01; psychiatry: sertraline - N06AB06; cardiology: propafenone - C01BC03; osteoporosis: alendronate - M05BA04. RESULTS: The 5 Local Healthcare Units (ASL) represent a population of 3,847,004 inhabitants. The selected sample included 347,073 patients, or 9.02% of the total ASL population; 67% of the patients were treated with off-patent brand drugs. The average age was 68 years, with no difference between the two groups. After 34 months of observation, compliance and persistence were in favor to generic drugs in all therapeutic areas and statistically significant in the metformin, amlodipine, simvastatin, and sertraline groups. The clinical outcomes (hospitalizations, mortality, and other health costs) show no statistically significant differences between off-patent generic vs. off-patent brand medicines. CONCLUSIONS: Off-patent generic drugs appear to be a therapy option of choice in Italy as well, based on clinical outcomes and economic consequences, both for the National Health Service and patients, considering that the price difference between brand and generic drugs is completely charged on patients.

Generic vs brand originator alendronate: analysis of persistence and compliance in five Local Healthcare Units in the Lombardy Region of Italy.

INTRODUCTION: The appearance of off-patent generic drugs in the world pharmaceutical market is a highly interesting fact from the socio-economic point of view. However, the scientific documentation supporting the potential clinical and economic benefits of a growing use of off-patent alendronate generic in clinical practice seems to be limited in Italy as yet. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Comparing differences in persistence and compliance between off-patent generic alendronate and off-patent brand alendronate originator (Fosamax ®) in real clinical practice. The retrospective analysis was carried out by using the administrative databases of five Local Healthcare Units (ASL - Aziende Sanitarie Locali) in the Lombardy Region, in Italy. RESULTS: The selected sample of 5 ASLs included 20,711 patients; the average age was 73 years, with no difference between the two groups. After 34 months of observation, the persistence and compliance were no statistically different between off-patent generic alendronate vs off-patent brand alendronate. Data on days in persistence varied between 316 (Brand) vs 362 (Generic). Patients' compliance varied in average between 0.70 (Brand) and 0.72 for generic group. CONCLUSIONS: Off-patent generic drugs appear to be a therapy option of choice in Italy as well, both for the National Health Service and for citizens. Off-patent generic drugs can bring about an increased efficiency in health systems and increase the percentage of population benefitting from a medical care plan.

Minor salivary gland biopsy and Sjögren's syndrome: comparative analysis of biopsies among different Italian rheumatologic centers.

OBJECTIVES: The minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB) is widely considered an important component of the diagnostic algorithm of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and is mentioned in all the classification criteria sets for the disease. The aim of this study, coordinated by the Italian Society of Rheumatology, was to verify the inter-observer agreement on the evaluation of MSGB among different experienced Italian rheumatologic centres, in order to better standardise the diagnostic methodology. METHODS: Seven centres participated in the study, providing a total of 50 MSGB samples. Each center blindly classified all the samples according to the Chisholm and Mason (CM) grading. The results were collected and analysed. RESULTS: The inter-observer agreement was satisfactory when the samples were stratified as consistent and non-consistent with the final diagnosis of pSS (median κ =0.75; mean κ =0.70). Nonetheless, significant discrepancies in the histopathologic evaluation of MSGB emerged when the agreement was assessed on the single scores. Considering the modal CM grading for each sample as the correct grading, upon re-examination, a potential bias in the final clinical diagnosis was detected in 7 out of 50 samples. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown significant discrepancies in the evaluation of MSGB among different rheumatologic centres in the same country. Greater standardisation of the procedure is clearly necessary, both to improve the diagnostic performance and scientific communication.

Uterine artery Doppler velocimetry and obstetric outcomes in connective tissue diseases diagnosed during the first trimester of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of connective tissue disease (CTD) diagnosed during the first trimester on uterine arteries (UtA) Doppler velocities and on pregnancy outcomes. METHOD: Pregnant women were screened for CTDs during the first trimester, using a questionnaire, testing for autoantibodies, rheumatologic examination and UtA Doppler evaluations. RESULTS: Out of 3932 women screened, 491 (12.5%) were screened positive at the questionnaire; of them, 165(33.6%) tested positive for autoantibodies, including 66 eventually diagnosed with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), 28 with a definite CTD and 71 with insufficient criteria for a diagnosis. Controls were 326 women screened negative for autoantibodies. In logistic analysis, women diagnosed with either UCTD (OR = 7.9, 95% CI = 2.3-27.3) or overt CTD (OR = 24.9, 95% CI = 6.7-92.4), had increased rates of first trimester bilateral UtA notches compared with controls. The rates of bilateral UtA notches persisting in the second (15/94 vs 0/326, p < 0.001) and third trimesters (7/94 vs 0/326, p < .001) were higher among women with CTDs than in controls. The risk of complications (preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, prematurity, diabetes, fetal loss) was higher (OR = 7.8, 95% CI = 3.6-17.0) among women with CTDs than in controls. CONCLUSION: Women with undiagnosed CTDs have higher rates of bilateral UtA Doppler notches throughout pregnancy and increased rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes than controls.

Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist XXXIV. Sonographic assessment of the painful foot.

The foot is increasingly the focus of attention for rheumatologists when assessing patients presenting to a clinic and may represent underlying intra-articular inflammatory pathology or involvement of the surrounding soft tissues. This study describes the correlation between clinical and ultrasound (US) findings in patients presenting with a variety of rheumatic disorders linked with foot pain. Poor correlation was found between conventional clinical examination and US in cases with joint inflammation, tendonitis and, more particularly, those cases with enthesopathy.

Prescribing pattern of drugs in the treatment of osteoarthritis in Italian general practice: the effect of rofecoxib withdrawal.

OBJECTIVE: In October 2004, rofecoxib was removed from the world market because of an increased risk of myocardial infarction. The aim of the present study was to compare the trend of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use and other analgesics in osteoarthritis (OA) treatment before and after rofecoxib withdrawal in Italian general practice. METHODS: From the Caserta-1 Local Health Service database, 97 general practitioners were recruited. Prevalence and incidence of use of any study drug were calculated within 1 year before and after rofecoxib withdrawal. RESULTS: One-year prevalence of nonselective and preferential NSAID use did not change after rofecoxib withdrawal, whereas coxib use fell from 4.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.2-4.5%) in the period before rofecoxib withdrawal (period I) to 1.6% (95% CI 1.5-1.7%) in the period after withdrawal (period II). Weak opioids were used in no more than 0.4% (95% CI 0.3-0.5%) in period II, after their introduction to reimbursement in December 2004. Also, 1-year incidence of coxib decreased from 31.3 per 1,000 (95% CI 30.2-32.4%) in period I to 8.7 per 1,000 (95% CI 8.1-9.2%) in period II. The disappearance of rofecoxib was associated with replacement drugs such as newly marketed dexibuprofen and aceclofenac, whereas nimesulide use coincidentally decreased. CONCLUSION: Rofecoxib withdrawal has markedly changed the prescribing pattern of drugs that are used in OA-related pain treatment, with a striking decrease of coxib use in Italian general practice. Education strategies addressed to health professionals should be planned to improve the management of pain treatment, particularly in degenerative joint diseases.

Glucocorticoid effects on adrenal steroids and cytokine responsiveness in polymyalgia rheumatica and elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis.

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) usually exhibits a good clinical response to glucocorticoid (GC) treatment, but early clinical symptoms may create some difficulties in the differential diagnosis with elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA), particularly in patients complaining of shoulder and pelvic girdle involvement at onset (PMR-like clinical onset) (EORA/PMR). Since neuroendocrine mechanisms seem to play a pathogenetic role in these clinical conditions, the aim of this study was to evaluate hormone and cytokine responsiveness to GC treatment in these patients. Cortisol (CO), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), 17-OH-progesterone (PRG), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were evaluated at base line, and 1 month after GC treatment (prednisone 10 mg/day), in 14 PMR, 11 EORA/PMR, and 13 EORA patients (mean age 73 +/- 5 years, +/- SD, mean disease duration 3 +/- 2 months, +/- SD). No patient was taking GCs or immunosuppressive agents at base line. Following GC treatment, CO, DHEAS, and PRG decreased significantly in both PMR and EORA/PMR patients (P < 0.05), but not in EORA patients. On the contrary, IL-1Ra was significantly increased in both PMR and EORA/PMR patients (P < 0.05). IL-6 and TNF-alpha serum levels were significantly decreased in all groups of patients (P < 0.05). In conclusion, PMR and EORA/PMR seem to exhibit similar hormonal variations after GC administration, when compared to EORA patients. These differences suggest a deficient function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in PMR and EORA/PMR patients, with a related higher responsiveness to GC treatment. Interestingly, in PMR and EORA/PMR patients, GC treatment was found to downregulate PRG serum levels.

Clinical, genetic and immunologic analysis of a family affected by ozena.

Primary atrophic rhinitis is a chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa characterized by atrophy of the mucous and bony tissue of the turbinates and by a thick, dense secretion, which quickly forms a characteristically fetid-smelling, greenish crust. We report the results of the clinical, genetic and immunologic investigations performed on eight subjects (three with ozena and five asymptomatic), members of the same familial group. The presence of the disease in the family fits well with dominant inheritance. All the culture specimens from the patients affected by ozena were positive for Klebsiella ozaenae, and one of them was also positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the three patients with ozena and two of the five apparently unaffected family members were positive for antinuclear antibodies. Immunoblotting showed a reactivity to a 50-kD protein, which was not identified by the common, recognized nuclear autoantigens. This was present in one of the three patients and three of the five other family members. Positivity for IgG-class anticardiolipins was correlated with disease manifestation in that it was found in two of the three patients and only in one of the five asymptomatic family members. The hypothesis of a genetic factor that could drive the chronicity of the inflammatory pattern of a pre-existing infectious nasal disease is suggested.