Extracción terapéutica de primeros molares Permanentes severamente destruidos en dentición mixta

En dentición mixta, el 1°Molar permanente es el más susceptible a caries, que desencadena un ciclo restaurador repetitivo y pérdida. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar factores determinantes de la extracción terapéutica de 1°Molares permanentes severamente destruidos en dentición mixta antes de la erupción del segundo molar permanente con un favorable cierre espontáneo del espacio residual. La metodología consistió en una revisión sistemática exploratoria en PubMed mediante búsqueda estratégica/específica. Incluyó diez artículos que abordaron factores como la edad cronológica ideal, etapa de desarrollo del segundo premolar y molar permanente, presencia del tercer molar, cierre espontáneo residual, pronóstico, y necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico. En conclusión, la extracción terapéutica del 1°Molar antes de la erupción del segundo molar permanente está asociada con un favorable cierre espontáneo del espacio residual. Se evidencia mayor éxito con la presencia del tercer molar, segundo molar en etapa E y segundo premolar en etapa F (Demirjian).

Abstrato: Em dentição mista, o 1°molar permanente é o mais suscetível a cáries, desencadeando um ciclo restaurador repetitivo e perda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar fatores determinantes da extração terapêutica de 1°molares permanentes severamente destruídos na dentição mista antes da erupção do segundo molar permanente com uma região espontânea favorável do espaço residual. A metodología utilizada no PubMed consistiu em uma revisão exploratória por meio de busca estratégica/específica. Foram incluídos dez artigos, abordando fatores como a idade cronológica ideal, estágio de desenvolvimento do segundo pré-molar e molar permanente, presença do terceiro molar, cierre espontâneo residual, pronóstico e necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico. Em conclusão, a extração terapêutica do 1°molar permanente antes da erupção do segundo molar permanente está associada a um fechamento espontâneo favorável do espaço residual. Maior sucesso está descrito quando na presença de terceiro molar, segundo molar no estágio E e segundo pré-molar no estágio F (Demirjian).

During mixed dentition, the 1st permanent molar is the most susceptible to caries, triggering a repetitive restorative cycle and loss. This study aimed to evaluate determinants of therapeutic extraction of severely damaged 1st permanent molars in mixed dentition before the eruption of the second permanent molar with favorable spontaneous closure of the residual space. The methodology involved a scoping review on PubMed using a specific search strategy. Ten articles were included addressing factors such as the ideal chronological age, stage of development of the second premolar and permanent molar, presence of the third molar, residual spontaneous closure, prognosis, and need for orthodontic treatment. In conclusion, therapeutic extraction of the 1st molar before the eruption of the second molar is associated with favorable spontaneous closure of the residual space. Greater success is evident with the presence of the third molar, the second molar in stage E, and the second premolar in stage F (Demirjian).

Láser de baja frecuencia para aftas mayores recurrentes. Caso Clínico / Low frequency laser for major recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Clinical case

La estomatitis aftosa recurrente (menor, mayor o herpética) es una de las enfermedades bucodentales más frecuentes, de etiología multifactorial y con predisposición genética. Para esta patología su diagnóstico es clínico, y tomando como base la historia clínica se puede discriminar con otras patologías ulcerativas. La terapia con láser de baja potencia (LLLT) se propone como un tratamiento no invasivo, actuando como un fotomodulador celular, por lo que reduce el dolor, la inflamación, y estimula la regeneración tisular, previniendo daños. En el presente artículo se reporta a un niño de 11 años con una herida dolorosa de 4 meses en el borde posterior de la lengua que apareció tras una mordedura, en el que a la exploración clínica se encontró una lesión amarillenta con zonas enrojecidas, rodeada de un halo blanquecino de bordes redondeados. Para el tratamiento se utilizó LLLT, luego de una semana disminuyó el dolor, el paciente comenzó a comer correctamente, a los 15 días se observó una reducción de los bordes rojizos de la lesión, pasado el mes la lesión había remitido casi por completo. La LLLT se describe como un tratamiento eficaz, no invasivo, reduciendo los síntomas, y mejorando la calidad de vida del paciente al promover la curación de las lesiones.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (minor, major or herpetic) is one of the most frequent bucodental diseases, of multifactorial etiology and with genetic predisposition. The diagnosis of this pathology is clinical, and based on the clinical history it can be discriminated with other ulcerative pathologies. Low power laser therapy (LLLT) is proposed as a non-invasive treatment, acting as a cellular photo modulator, which reduces pain, inflammation, and stimulating tissue regeneration, preventing damage. This article reports an 11-year-old boy with a 4-month-old painful wound on the posterior edge of the tongue that appeared after a bite, in which clinical examination revealed a yellowish lesion with reddened areas, surrounded by a whitish halo with rounded edges. LLLT was used for the treatment, after one week the pain decreased, the patient started to eat properly, after 15 days a reduction of the reddish edges of the lesion was observed, after one month the lesion had almost completely remitted. LLLT is described as an effective, non-invasive treatment, which reduces symptoms and improves the patient's quality of life promoting the healing of the lesions.

Morphometric Analysis and Synopsis of Pseudognaphalium (Gnaphalieae, Asteraceae) in North America.

Pseudognaphalium Kirp. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) consist of about 60 species mainly distributed in South, Central, and North America. As a first contribution toward a comprehensive taxonomic review of Pseudognaphalium, we perform here the first morphometric analysis of North American species, using UPGMA method for the construction of the dendrogram. Based upon these results we present a synopsis including a key to identify species and their associated synonymy. Thirty-seven species are recognized, two taxa are newly synonymized, Pseudognaphalium microcephalum under the name P. canescens and Pseudognaphalium semilanatum under the name P. semiamplexicaule, and two other names are confirmed as synonyms as previously proposed, Pseudognaphalium micradenium as a synonym of P. helleri and Pseudognaphalium crenatum as a synonym of P. viscosum. Lectotypes are newly designated for Gnaphalium beneolens, G. berlandieri (= Pseudognaphalium stramineum), Gnaphalium decurrens (= Pseudognaphalium macounii), G. leucocephalum, G. oxyphyllum, G. oxyphyllum var. semilanatum (= P. semiamplexicaule), G. semiamplexicaule, G. sulphurescens (= P. stramineum), G. thermale, and second-step lectotypifications are proposed for G. helleri and G. wrightii (= P. canescens). In addition, the first illustrations of Pseudognaphalium helleri and P. semiamplexicaule, and a colour figure of P. canescens and P. beneolens emphasizing the results of the morphometric analysis are provided.

Ortopedia prequirúrgica en pacientes con fisura labio palatina: alimentación, estética y brecha entre segmentos maxilares Revisión sistemática / Ortopedia pré-cirúrgica em pacientes con fissura labiopalatina: nutrição, estética e espaço entre os segmentos maxilares revisão sistemática / Presurgical orthopedics in patients with cleft lip and palate: nutrition, aesthetics and gap between maxillary segments. A systematic review

Resumen Objetivo: describir los resultados que se obtienen con el uso de ortopedia prequirúrgica NAM, Dynacleft y componente nasal en relación a estética, alimentación y brecha entre segmentos maxilares. Método : Se realizó un análisis de la literatura publicada utilizando bases de datos Pubmed y SCIELO, además de una búsqueda manual de libros y artículos científicos. Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se analizaron 25 estudios. Resultados : La literatura indica que NAM y Dynacleft mejoran la estética y disminuyen la brecha entre los segmentos maxilares, con respecto a la alimentación se necesita mayor evidencia. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos con la ortopedia prequiríurgica son mejores si se empieza los primeros días de nacimiento. Dentro de la estética destaca la simetría labial y nasal, proyección de la punta de la nariz y cicatriz post operación primaria.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever os resultados obtidos com a utilização da ortopedia pré-cirúrgica NAM, Dynacleft e componente nasal em relação à estética, nutrição e gap entre os segmentos maxilares. Método: Foi realizada análise da literatura publicada nas bases de dados Pubmed e SCIELO, além da busca manual de livros e artigos científicos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 25 estudos foram analisados. Resultados: A literatura indica que NAM e Dynacleft melhoram a estética e diminuem o gap entre os segmentos maxilares, no que diz respeito à alimentação, mais evidências são necessárias. Conclusão: os resultados obtidos com a ortopedia pré-cirúrgica são melhores se esta se iniciar nos primeiros dias de nascimento. Dentro da estética, simetria labial e nasal destacam-se a projeção da ponta do nariz e a cicatriz pós-operatória primária.

Abstract Objective: To describe the results of the use of presurgical orthopedic teatments NAM, Dynacleft and nasal component in terms of esthetics, feeding, and the gap between maxillary segments. Method : We conducted a literature review in Pubmed and SCIELO, in addition to a manual search of books and scientific articles. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 studies were analyzed. Results : The literature indicates that NAM and Dynacleft improve esthetics and reduce the gap between the maxillary segments. However, more evidence is needed in relation to feeding. Conclusion: The results of presurgical orthopedics are better if treatment begins in the first days after birth. The esthetic benefits include lip and nasal symmetry, nasal tip projection, and post primary surgical scar.

Rol de los Probióticos como Bacterioterapia en Odontología. Revisión de la Literatura / Role of probiotics as bacteriotherapy in dentistry: a literature review

Según la OMS/FAO probióticos son "microorganismos vivos que administrados en cantidades adecuadas confieren un beneficio para la salud del huésped." El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el beneficio de los probióticos en la prevención de enfermedades bucales. Se realizó una búsqueda de los últimos 5 años en Web Of Science, PubMed y Scielo. Obtuvimos como resultado que los probióticos son capaces de producir antimicrobianos, competir por sitios de adhesión celular, modular el sistema inmunológico y degradar toxinas; generando en la comunidad odontológica estudios con enfoque en: reducción de la incidencia de caries, mejorar el pronóstico de periodontitis y disminución de halitosis y candidiasis. Los probióticos pueden ser un valioso complemento para la prevención de enfermedades bucales. Sin embargo, aún existen dudas sobre cuál es la mejor cepa bacteriana, dosis y momento de administración, por lo cual se requieren estudios longitudinales futuros

According to WHO and FAO, probiotics are "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host". The aim of this paper is to describe the beneficial effects of probiotics on oral disease prevention. The search included the last five years in the Web of Science, PubMed and SciELO. Results showed that probiotics can produce antimicrobials, compete for cell adhesion sites, modulate the immune system and degrade toxins. This has led to dental studies that focus on reducing caries incidence, improving the prognosis of periodontitis and decreasing halitosis and candidiasis. Probiotics may be a valuable adjunct for the prevention of oral diseases. However, there are still doubts about which are the best bacterial strain, dose and timing of administration. Therefore, future longitudinal studies are required.

Ortopedia prequirúrgica en niños fisurados: Reporte de caso clínico / Presurgical orthopedics in children with cleft palate: Case Report

La fisura labiopalatina requiere ortopedia prequirúrgica para alinear los segmentos maxilares fisurados previo a la queiloplastía primaria. Caso Clínico. Recién nacido de género masculino atendido en el Hospital Regional de Concepción con diagnóstico de fisura labiopalatina bilateral completa, tratado con ortopedia prequirúrgica, siendo posible apreciar la evolución al término del primer año, las ventajas por el uso de la técnica de Grayson, así como la interacción del equipo multidisciplinario que participó del caso. Conclusión. La ortopedia prequirúrgica resulta eficaz en la rehabilitación de niños fisurados, al actuar como coadyuvante de la lactancia y alimentación del niño y permitiendo llevar tempranamente elementos óseos y partes blandas afectadas a una posición anatómica favorable, lo cual otorga mejores resultados quirúrgicos, tanto estéticos como funcionales. La queiloplastía primaria se ve favorecida por la reducción de la tensión en los tejidos blandos y del ancho de la fisura palatina y alveolar...

Cleft lip and palate requires presurgical orthopedics to achieve the normal alignment of the cleft maxillary segments prior to Primary Cheiloplasty. Clinical case A male newborn treated at the Hospital Regional of Concepción diagnosed with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate treated with presurgical orthopedics. Evolution was observed after the first year, as well as the advantages of the Grayson technique and the interaction of the participating multidisciplinary team. Conclusion. Preoperative orthopedic treatment is effective in the rehabilitation of cleft children, as it is a contributing factor to breastfeeding and child feeding. It also makes it possible to move the affected bony and soft tissue elements to a position which is anatomically favorable at an early stage. This results in better surgical outcomes: both aesthetic and functional. Primary cheiloplasty is thus facilitated by a reduction in the tension of soft tissues and of the width of the alveolar cleft palate...

Dental and chronological age in children under oncological treatment.

The current oncology treatment has improved the survival of children with several types of cancer, and the effect of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy treatment on dental maturation in comparison with chronological age is not widely known. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the impact of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy treatment during dental maturation with chronological age in Chilean children diagnosed with cancer. Study Design was cross-sectional study on children diagnosed with different types of cancer and treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy when they were ages of 0.1 to 13 years. Demirjian tables for both girls and boys are used to determine the dental age. The association between chronological and dental age was highly significant. Nevertheless, a linear relation between chronological and dental age was not observed when the data were stratified by BMI and type of treatment. This study confirmed that dental age is an indicator of chronological age but that other variables, such as body mass index, in children with cancer could be confounder variables. Thus, further studies are necessary to investigate the influence of BMI on tooth eruption/maturation in children under oncological treatment.

Necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico según el índice de estética dental en adolescentes de 12 años, Chile / Orthodontic treatment needs according to the Dental Aesthetic Index in 12-year-old adolescents, Chile

Introducción: el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico en adolescentes de 12 años, de las localidades de Ayacara, Cabrero, Coronel y Niebla, Chile, según el Índice de Estética Dental (IED). Métodos: estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal, y no probabilístico. Se aplicó el IED en 129 estudiantes de 12 años pertenecientes a las localidades rurales de Ayacara, Cabrero, Coronel y Niebla, en Chile. La muestra se obtuvo por disponibilidad. La información se obtuvo a través de un examen clínico estandarizado, hecho por investigadores previamente calibrados, respetando las recomendaciones descritas por la OMS para este tipo de estudios. Los criterios del IED se analizaron de manera descriptiva y se analizó la significancia estadística entre hombres y mujeres. Resultados: de los 129 pacientes, 65 (50,4%) eran hombres y 64 (49,6%) mujeres. El 35,7% de los niños examinados obtuvo puntajes del IED ≤ 25, indicativo de oclusión normal o maloclusión mínima, y que determina que el tratamiento sea innecesario o poco necesario, el 27,1% obtuvo puntuación entre 26 y 30, indicativo de maloclusión manifiesta y necesidad de tratamiento optativa, el 20,9% obtuvo puntuación ≥ 36, indicativo de maloclusión muy severa o discapacitante con necesidad de tratamiento obligatoria. Solo en el componente que mide los dientes anteriores perdidos se observa diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres (P < 0,05). Conclusiones: existe una alta necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico en la población adolescente de 12 años, lo que se tradujo en que el 64,3% de la muestra estudiada presentaba una maloclusión definida.

Introduction: the objective of this study was to evaluate the needs for orthodontic treatment in 12-year-old adolescents from the towns of Ayacara, Cabrero, Coronel, and Niebla, Chile, according to the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Methods: this was a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, and non-probabilistic study. The DAI was applied on 129 12-year-old students from the rural towns of Ayacara, Cabrero, Coronel and Niebla in Chile. The sample was obtained by availability. Information was gathered through standardized clinical examinations carried out by previously calibrated researchers, following the WHO recommendations for this type of studies. The DAI criteria were descriptively analyzed, and statistical significance between males and females was considered. Results: out of the 129 patients, 65 (50.4%) were males and 64 (49.6%) females. 35.7% of the examined kids obtained DAI scores ≤ 25, which indicates normal occlusion to minimum malocclusion and means that treatment is unnecessary or slightly needed, 27.1% obtained scores between 26 and 30, which indicates evident malocclusion and optional treatment, 20.9% obtained a score ≥ 36, indicating very severe or handicapping malocclusion and mandatory treatment. Significant differences between males and females (P < 0,05) were observed in terms of missing anterior teeth only. Conclusions: there is a high need for orthodontic treatment in the adolescent population aged 12 years, as 64.3% of the sample presented definite malocclusion.

Effectiveness of a school-based multi-component smoking prevention intervention: the LdP cluster randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effectiveness of the Luoghi di Prevenzione-Prevention Grounds school-based smoking prevention programme. METHODS: We undertook a cluster randomized controlled trial of 989 students aged 14-15 years in 13 secondary schools located in Reggio Emilia, Italy. The intervention consisted of the "Smoking Prevention Tour" (SPT) out-of-school workshop, one in-depth lesson on one Smoking Prevention Tour topic, a life-skills peer-led intervention, and enforcement surveillance of school antismoking policy. Self-reported past 30-day smoking of ≥ 20 or 1-19 days of cigarette smoking (daily or frequent smoking, respectively) was recorded in 2 surveys administered immediately before and 18 months after the beginning of the programme. Analysis was by intention to treat. The effect of the intervention was evaluated using random effects logistic regression and propensity score-matching analyses. RESULTS: Past 30-day smoking and daily cigarette use at eighteen months follow-up were 31% and 46% lower, respectively, for intervention students compared to control students. Taking into account non-smokers at baseline only, daily smoking at eighteen months follow-up was 59% lower in intervention students than in controls. Past 30-day smoking in school areas was 62% lower in intervention students compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: The Luoghi di Prevenzione-Prevention Grounds programme was effective in reducing daily smokers and in reducing smoking in school areas.

Simple predictive model for Early Childhood Caries of Chilean children.

INTRODUCTION: Early Childhood Caries (ECC), in both industrialized and developing countries, is the most prevalent chronic disease in childhood and it is still a health public problem, affecting mainly populations considered as vulnerable, despite being preventable. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to obtain a simple predictive model based on risk factors for improving public health strategies for ECC prevention for 3-5 year-old children. METHODS: Clinical, environmental and psycho-socio-cultural data of children (n=250) aged 3-5 years, of both genders, from the Health Centers, were recorded in a Clinical History and Behavioral Survey. RESULTS: 24% of children presented behavioral problems (bizarre behavior was the main feature observed as behavioral problems). The variables associated to dmf ?4 were: bad children temperament (OR=2.43 [1.34, 4.40]) and home stress (OR=3.14 [1.54, 6.41]). It was observed that the model for male gender has higher accuracy for ECC (AUC= 78%, p-value=0.000) than others. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, we proposed a model where oral hygiene, sugar intake, male gender, and difficult temperament are main factors for predicting ECC. This model could be a promising tool for cost-effective early childhood caries control.

Introducción: Las caries temprana de la infancia (CTI), a pesar de ser una enfermedad prevenible, permanece como uno de los problemas de salud pública, tanto en países industrializados como en los que están en vías de desarrollo, afectando principalmente a poblaciones vulnerables. Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue generar un modelo sencillo basado en factores de riesgo que sea predictivo del riesgo de CTI en niños de 3-5 años de edad a fin de mejorar las estrategias preventivas a nivel de salud pública. Métodos: Se recolectaron datos clínicos, del hogar y psico-socio-cultural de niños (n=250) de ambos sexos que concurren a centros de salud en la región del Bio Bio ­ Chile mediante historia clínica y encuesta de comportamiento. Resultados: 24% de los niños presentó problemas de comportamiento (un comportamiento extraño fue la principal característica observada como problema de comportamiento). Las variables asociadas a ceo ?4 fueron: mal temperamento del niño (OR=2,43 [1,34; 4,40]) y estrés del hogar (OR=3,14 [1,54; 6,41]). Se observe que el modelo estratificado por género masculino fue el que presentó la mayor precisión diagnóstica de CTI (AUC= 78%, p-valor=0.000); además Conclusiones: Proponemos un modelo donde la higiene oral, el consumo de azúcar, el género masculino y el mal temperamento son los principales factores de predictivos de CTI. Este modelo podría ser una herramienta promisoria para el costo-efectividad del control de caries temprana.

Simple predictive model for early childhood caries of chilean children / Simple predictive model for early childhood caries of chilean children.

INTRODUCTION: Early Childhood Caries (ECC), in both industrialized and developing countries, is the most prevalent chronic disease in childhood and it is still a health public problem, affecting mainly populations considered as vulnerable, despite being preventable. Objective The purpose of this study was to obtain a simple predictive model based on risk factors for improving public health strategies for ECC prevention for 3-5 year-old children. Methods - Clinical, environmental and psycho-socio-cultural data of children (n=250) aged 3-5 years, of both genders, from the Health Centers, were recorded in a Clinical History and Behavioral Survey. Results-24

of children presented behavioral problems (bizarre behavior was the main feature observed as behavioral problems). The variables associated to dmf ?4 were: bad children temperament (OR=2.43 [1.34, 4.40]) and home stress (OR=3.14 [1.54, 6.41]). It was observed that the model for male gender has higher accuracy for ECC (AUC= 78

, p-value=0.000) than others.Conclusions- Based on the results, we proposed a model where oral hygiene, sugar intake, male gender, and difficult temperament are main factors for predicting ECC. This model could be a promising tool for cost-effective early childhood caries control.

A school-based peer-led smoking prevention intervention with extracurricular activities: the LILT-LdP cluster randomized controlled trial design and study population.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Few school programs are effective in preventing adolescents' tobacco smoking initiation. The "Lega contro i Tumori - Luoghi di Prevenzione" is a cluster randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate a school-based peer-led smoking prevention intervention with extracurricular activities for students aged 14-15 years. This paper presents the study design and the baseline characteristics of the study population. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Twenty secondary schools located in the Reggio Emilia province took part in the study. Five schools were excluded because they already participated in smoking prevention interventions. The schools were randomized to control or intervention arms. The study population consisted of students attending the first grade. Components of the intervention included 1) the out-of-school "Smoking Prevention Tour" (SPT) at the "Luoghi di Prevenzione" Center, a 4-hour (4 sessions) extracurricular activity; 2) the "Smoke-free Schools" intervention, combining a life-skills-based peer-led intervention at school, an in-depth lesson on one of the SPT sessions, and enforcement surveillance of the school antismoking policy. Tobacco use was studied through a questionnaire administered before and 6 months after the intervention. RESULTS: Eleven high schools and 9 vocational secondary schools took part in the study for a total of 2,476 out of 3,050 eligible students (81.2%). The proportions of respondents in high schools and vocational secondary schools were 90.9% and 64.5%, respectively (P <0.001). Intervention and control arms showed a different distribution of gender and school type, whereas no difference was observed in any tobacco-use characteristic. CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the few Italian trials to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based program for preventing smoking initiation.

Orientación inicial, calidad de consejería y forma de alimentación en niños fisurados / Initial guidance, counseling quality and feeding form in cleft children

La relevancia de la consejería radica en el trastorno y decepción que provoca el descubrimiento de cualquier malformación para los padres, requiriendo apoyo durante este periodo tan sensible, el cual es necesario para lograr la aceptación del niño.Se describe el tipo de fisura, orientación inicial y forma de alimentación en pacientes fisurados, mediante un estudio descriptivo transversal, con muestreo no aleatorio por accesibilidad entre los pacientes de odontopediatría y ortodoncia del Hospital Regional Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepción, Chile. Se entrevistaron 36 padres; 69% evaluaron la calidad de información recibida como muy mala. La primera información acerca de la fisura fue entregada por: matrona (28%), pediatra (22%), neonatólogo (11%), cirujano infantil (11%) y ortodoncista (8%). Del 91% de los padres que reconoce haber recibido consejería posterior, el 11% provino de ortodoncistas.Sólo el 13% recibió leche materna exclusiva, aunque 96% de los padres consideran que la lactancia materna es esencial para su hijo. El 95% de los padres, no están vinculados a alguna organización de padres de niños fisurados.

The relevance of counseling is based on the fact that the diagnosis of any malformation in children represents a burden and disappointment to their parents. Extra support is required during this sensitive period, which is necessary for children to accept their condition. We describe the type of cleft, the initial orientation, and the quality and practice of nutrition counseling in cleft patients, using a cross-sectional study with non-random sampling among patients in dental service at the Guillermo Grant Benavente regional hospital, Concepción, Chile. We interviewed 36 parents, and 69% of them assessed the quality of information they received as very poor. The information given to the parents, was first provided by the midwives (28%), secondly by the pediatricians (22%), followed by neonatologists, pediatric surgeons (11% each one) and orthodontists (8%). Parents (91%) acknowledged they had received later counseling from orthodontists (11%). Only 13% were exclusively breastfed, while parents (98%) believe that breastfeeding is essential for their children. Parents (95%) are not bound to any parent’s organization of cleft children.

Maltrato infantil: actitud y conocimiento de odontólogos en Concepción, Chile / Attitude towards child abuse according to the knowledge of dentists in Concepción, Chile

El maltrato infantil (MI) es considerado un problema de salud pública mundial, ocurre en todos los países y en todos los grupos sociales y religiosos. El trabajo de los odontólogos implica la atención de gran cantidad de niños y en sesiones sucesivas lo que pone al profesional en un lugar privilegiado para la detección del MI. El propósito de esta investigación fue describir el conocimiento y la actitud frente al MI de los odontólogos pertenecientes a los nueve centros asistenciales de salud de Concepción, Chile. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio de enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se confeccionó una encuesta que recogió datos demográficos, conocimiento, actitud, sospecha y denuncia sobre MI. La población de estudio consistió en 53 odontólogos. Las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas fueron Chi cuadrado y Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney U). En general el conocimiento es satisfactorio. Del 43,3 por ciento que declara haber sospechado alguna vez sobre casos de MI, sólo el 56,5 por ciento lo ha denunciado. Se encontró diferencia significativa (p: 0,0326) al relacionar las variables de género y conocimiento, siendo mayor en las mujeres. Sin embargo entre las variables género y actitud no hubo diferencia. Las variables: origen de la información recibida, número de años de trabajo, número de niños atendidos a la semana y estudios de postgrado resultaron independientes con respecto al númerode respuestas correctas de conocimiento. El origen de la fuente de información no se observó en la formación de pregrado de los profesionles, por esto se plantea entonces la necesidad de incorporar o reforzar el tema del MI en las asignaturas de pregrado en las Facultades de Odontología de la región.

Child abuse (CA) is considered to be a global public health problem, it manifests in all countries and in all social and religious groups. The role of dentists specialized in children involves a close and frequent relationship providing privileged circumstances for the detection of CA. The purpose of our study is to describe dentist attitudes and awareness concerning CA at nine health care centers in Concepción, Chile. A quantitative, descriptive and transversal exploratory analysis was performed by implementing a survey that collected demographic data, awareness, attitudes, suspicions and accusations of CA. The population size of the study consisted of 53 dentists. Chi square and Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney U) were used as statistical tests. Largely, awareness was satisfactory. The variables of sex and awareness were significantly higher in women (p =0.0326). However, no differences were found among sex and attitudes. The information received by the dentists during their training, and the number of years of work experience did not correlate with awareness. The undergraduate training of the dentists did not provide any information on CA. This emphasizes the need to incorporate or reinforce the aspect of CA in undergraduate courses taught at the Faculties of Dentistry in Concepción, Chile.

Anatomía foliar de arbustos y árboles medicinales de la región chaqueña semiárida de la Argentina / Foliar anatomy of medicinal trees and shrubs of the semi-arid Chaco region of Argentina

Se estudió la anatomía foliar de 32 arbustos y árboles medicinales de los Distritos Chaqueños Occidental y Serrano (Argentina). El objetivo de este trabajo fue proveer una clave para el reconocimiento de estos taxones a partir de hojas fragmentadas, desmenuzadas o pulverizadas. Para el estudio las muestras de herbario fueron reconstituidas y fijadas en FAA; y, en cuanto a las preparaciones, se utilizaron técnicas histológicas convencionales. Algunos de los principales caracteres de identificación fueron: los tricomas estrellados en Capparicordis tweediana y Ruprechtia triflora, cistolíticos en Celtis spp.; escamoso-peltados en Zanthoxylum coco; epidermis papilosa (e.g., Schinopsis lorentzii); los estomas ciclocíticos en Bulnesia sarmientoi, Maytenus vitis-idaea, Moya spinosa y Schinopsis spp.; idioblastos cristalíferos epidérmicos en Scutia buxifolia; la epidermis cristalífera en Maytenus vitis-idaea; la epidermis pluristrata en Jodina rhombifolia; la presencia de hipodermis en Castela coccinea, Maytenus vitis-idaea, Prosopis ruscifolia y Ziziphus mistol; los haces bicolaterales en Lycium cestroides; la presencia de arena cristalina en Calycophyllum multiflorum y Lycium cestroides; la ausencia total de cristales en la familia Capparaceae. Para la identificación de las especies estudiadas se presenta una clave dicotómica e ilustraciones originales.

Estado de salud bucal en preescolares con sobrepeso de Concepción, Chile / Oral health condition in overweight preschoolers Concepción, Chile

La obesidad es un problema de salud pública en nuestro país, con una tendencia que ha ido en aumento en los últimos años; la malnutrición por exceso incluye a niños con sobrepeso y obesos y debido a la relación causal entre consumo de carbohidratos refinados y caries, se plantea que la malnutrición por exceso podría ser un indicador para caries en preescolares. El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar el estado de salud bucal en preescolares con diagnóstico de malnutrición por exceso, determinando índices ceo e higiene oral, según género; analizando frecuencia de cepillado y dieta. La muestra fue 20 niños perteneciente al CESFAM Víctor Manuel Fernández de la ciudad de Concepción, Chile, con diagnóstico de sobrepeso u obesidad. Se realizó un examen oral, con revelado de placa bacteriana, encuesta dietética y registro de frecuencia de cepillado. El análisis estadístico se efectuó con la prueba no paramétrica U de Mann-Whitney. El índice ceo fue de 2,67 (D.S. +/- 1,87) para los niños y de 5,1 (D.S. +/- 2,64) para las niñas, revelando una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para la muestra. El Índice de higiene oral no presentó diferencias significativas, con promedios de 1,83 (D.S. +/- 0,5) para los varones y de 1,98 (D.S. +/- 0,36) en las niñas. Al analizar dieta y +/-frecuencia de cepillado no hubo diferencias significativas.

Obesity is a public health problem in Chile nowadays. Excess malnutrition includes children that are overweight and obese. There is a causal relationship between refined carbohydrate consumption and cavities. We propose that excess malnutrition could be an indicator for cavities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate oral health in preschool children with excess malnutition diagnosis, determining ceo indexes and oral hygene, gender, and analyzing frecuency of tooth brushing and diet. Data from 20 children from CESFAM Víctor Manuel Fernández in Concepción, Chile were collected. Oral examination was performend on all children, with plaque revelation, diet survey and registration of tooth brushing frequency. Statistic analysis was done by the U de Mann-Witney non parametric test. Ceo index was 2.67 (SD +/- 1.87) for boys, and 5,1 (SD +/-2.64) for girls, showing significant statistic difference in oral hygiene index, dietary habits and tooth brushing frequency showed no significant differences between groups.

Dientes natales: revisión bibliográfica y caso clínico / Natal teeth: case report and review

Los dientes natales y neonatales deben valorarse con mucho cuidado; estimando su movilidad, integridad y la presencia de una úlcera (Riga Fede) en la superficie ventral de la lengua causada por su roce con el diente. Los dientes natales podrían parecerse a la dentición temporal normal en tamaño y forma, sin embargo, también pueden presentarse más pequeños, cónicos, con esmalte y dentina hipoplásicos, con poca formación o ausencia de sus raíces. La mayoría de estos dientes no son supernumerarios y no se requieren extracciones en todos los casos. Es de fundamental importancia el seguimiento periódico de un odontopediatra. En este artículo se presenta un caso clínico y se revisa la epidemiología, etiología, presentación clínica, diagnóstico diferencial, así como, el manejo de los dientes natales.

Natal and neonatal teeth should be evaluated carefully, considering their mobility, integrity and the presence of an ulcer (Riga Fede) on the ventral surface of the tongue caused by his brush with the tooth. Natal teeth may resemble normal primary dentition in size and shape, however, may also smaller, conical, with hypoplasic enamel and dentin, with little development or absence from their roots. Most of these teeth are not temporary and does not require removal in all cases. It is essential periodic monitoring of a pediatric dentist. This article presents a case report and review the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and the management of natal teeth.

Anchos mesiodistales de dentición temporal en niños de la ciudad de Concepción, Chile y su correlación con el tamaño de coronas metálicas preformadas de stock / Mesiodistal width in temporary molars of Chilean children of Concepción and his correlation with standard preformed steel crowns

Las coronas metálicas preformadas son el tratamiento de elección al restaurar extensas caries en molares temporales. Para lograr un óptimo tratamiento es necesario conocer los anchos mesiodistales de las piezas involucradas en la terapia restauradora. En nuestro medio se utilizan los anchos mesiodistales de otras poblaciones, al conocer que pueden existir diferencias significativas con nuestra población en particular decidimos estudiar el ancho mesiodistal en nuestros pacientes. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar anchos mesiodistales de molares temporales sanos en niños chilenos, analizando dimorfismo sexual, simetría intraarcada y con la pieza contralateral, así como la concordancia con los tamaños estandarizados de las coronas metálicas preformadas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo odontométrico, seleccionando 34 niños (17 hombres y 17 mujeres) que asistían a la Clínica de Odontopediatría. Se procedió a medir anchos mesiodistales con un calibre ortodóncico en modelos de yeso obtenidos de cada paciente. Simultáneamente se midieron anchos mesiodistales de coronas metálicas preformadas. No se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diámetros de piezas derechas e izquierdas ni entre géneros. Molares inferiores presentaron mayor ancho mesiodistal que los superiores. El promedio de ancho mesiodistal de molares temporales se corresponde de manera significativa con un solo tamaño de corona metálica preformada, salvo en las piezas 5.5 y 8.5 donde la correlación es con 2 tamaños de coronas metálicas.

Metallic preformed steel crowns are the best treatment choice to restaurate extense cavities in temporary molars. To achieve optimal results it is necessary to know the mesiodistal width of the temporary teeth involved. We currently use other population’s data regarding mesiodistal width, and since we believe there could be significant variations in between populations we decided to study mesiodistal width in our patients. The purpose of this investigation was to determine mesiodistal widths of healthy temporary molars in Chilean children.Sexual dimorphism, interarch symmetry and with the contralateral tooth, and comparison with the standard preformed steel crown were analyzed. This is a descriptive odonthometric study. 34 children (17 male, 17 female) assisting to the Pediatric Clinic were selected. Mesiodistal widths were assessed with an orthodontic caliper on a plaster model obtained from each patient. Simultaneously, preformed steel crown mesiodistal widths were measured. Results and conclusions: There were no statistically significant differences between right and left teeth’s mesiodistal width, nor between genders. The mean mesiodistal width of temporary molars corresponds with only one size of preformed steel crown, except on 5.5 and 8.5. In these teeth the width corresponds with two sizes of the preformed steel crown.

Study of Chilean children's dental maturation.

In forensic science, determining a person's chronological age has become a challenge for researchers. Determining age using dental calcification is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this study is to estimate the dental age of the children's population in Region VIII, Chile. The sample was randomly taken from children under the care of the Faculty of Dentistry at the Universidad de Concepción in Chile. The study encompasses 159 children between 3 and 14 years of age. The dental age was determined following the Demirjian method. The Bland-Altman method was applied to establish the correlation. It was determined that the range between chronological and dental age is similar, and the degree of correlation between both ages is nearly perfect. In conclusion, the degree of correlation between the chronological and dental ages for each gender is also very good although it is slightly higher for females.