Advances in Colloidal Building Blocks: Toward Patchy Colloidal Clusters.

The scalable synthetic route to colloidal atoms has significantly advanced over the past two decades. Recently, colloidal clusters with DNA-coated cores called "patchy colloidal clusters" have been developed, providing a directional bonding with specific angle of rotation due to the shape complementarity between colloidal clusters. Through a DNA-mediated interlocking process, they are directly assembled into low-coordination colloidal structures, such as cubic diamond lattices. Herein, the significant progress in recent years in the synthesis of patchy colloidal clusters and their assembly in experiments and simulations is reviewed. Furthermore, an outlook is given on the emerging approaches to the patchy colloidal clusters and their potential applications in photonic crystals, metamaterials, topological photonic insulators, and separation membranes.

Amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 and the development of cerebral palsy.

AIMS: To examine if increased concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in amniotic fluid are associated with the development of cerebral palsy at the age of three years. METHODS: The relationship between amniotic fluid concentrations of MMP-8 and the development of cerebral palsy was examined in 116 preterm singleton newborns (gestational age at birth < 35 weeks) born to mothers who underwent amniocentesis and were followed for at least 3 years. Amniotic fluid was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and mycoplasmas. MMP-8 concentrations were measured by specific immunoassays. Cerebral palsy was diagnosed by neuro developmental assessment at the age of three years. RESULTS: Median amniotic fluid concentration of MMP-8 was significantly higher in mothers whose newborns developed cerebral palsy than in mothers whose newborns did not develop cerebral palsy (median 153.9 [range < 0.3-1535.9] ng/ml vs median 6.4 [range < 0.3-3836.8] ng/ml; p < 0.01). Neonates who developed cerebral palsy were delivered at earlier gestational age than those without cerebral palsy. After adjustment for the gestational age at birth and the results of amniotic fluid culture, elevated concentrations of amniotic fluid MMP-8 significantly increased the odds of development of cerebral palsy (odds ratio, 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-33.0; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Increased concentrations of amniotic fluid MMP-8 are associated with the subsequent development of cerebral palsy at the age of 3 years.