Innate and adaptive immune responses in the intestine of camel (Camelus dromedarius) naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

The spread of John's disease in camel herds (Camelus dromedarius) has been worldwide reported. Despite extensive studies on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in camels, the complete pathogenesis and epidemiology of this infection have not been fully exploited. The objective of the study is focusing on the nature of the immune responses, and the types of the recruited cells were studied in the intestine of naturally infected camels employing immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of CD335, CD103, CD11b, and CD38 markers. Marked expression of some or all of the markers was observed in the ileum, mesenteric, and supramammary lymph nodes of the old infected camels. The expression of CD335, a well-known natural killer (NK) cell marker, was detected in the mesenteric lymph node, while the dendritic cell (DCs) marker, CD103, was markedly expressed in the villi and propria submucosa (PS) of the ileum in old infected camels. CD103 + and CD11b + DCs were detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes of young infected camels. The expression of CD38, a crucial proinflammatory marker, was more noticeable in the peripheral region of the mesenteric lymph node. The expression of these markers in the infected camel intestine was peculiar and is reported for the first time. In summary, the unique expression patterns of CD335, CD103, CD11b, and CD38 markers in naturally infected camel intestines revealed through immunohistochemistry new insights into the immune responses associated with MAP infection. These first-time observations suggest potential roles of innate and adaptive immunity, highlighting specific aspects of MAP immunopathology. Further studies with targeted tools are crucial for a precise understanding of these markers' roles in the infected intestines.

Human bocavirus in Jordan: prevalence and clinical symptoms in hospitalised paediatric patients and molecular virus characterisation.

INTRODUCTION: This study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of human bocavirus (HBoV) among Jordanian children hospitalised with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) as well as the clinical feature associated with HBoV infection, the seasonal distribution of HBoV and the DNA sequencing of HBoV positive samples. METHODS: A total of 220 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children below 13 years of age who were hospitalised with LRTI in order to detect the presence of HBoV using real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and direct HBoV sequencing. RESULTS: HBoV was detected in 20 (9.1 percent) patients, whose median age was four (range 0.8-12) months. Children under the age of 12 months were more susceptible to HBoV infection (p-value is 0.016). The main clinical diagnoses of patients infected with HBoV were bronchopneumonia (35 percent) and bronchiolitis (30 percent). Coughing (100 percent), wheezing (82.7 percent) and fever (68.2 percent) were the most prominent symptoms in infected patients. HBoV infections were seasonal; increasing in cooler months, diminishing in the summer and peaking in March (45 percent). Direct DNA sequencing revealed that three out of 20 (15 percent) specimens were identical to Stockholm 1 and 2 isolates, and single base pair substitution (A to T) at codon 92 was found in 17 out of the 20 (85 percent) specimens that were positive for HBoV, resulting in a threonine-to-serine substitution. CONCLUSION: More attention should be given to diagnosing HBoV in patients with LRTI using molecular techniques.