[Complete and inverted esophagastric duplicity]. / Duplicidad esofagogástrica completa e invertida.

CASE REPORT: A 4-month old girl affected by gastric duplication discovered as a palpable abdominal mass displacing the spleen and left kidney. During laparotomy, a yellowish secretion is aspirated and the gastric duplication is excised together with the common muscular Wall of the greater curvature of the stomach. Also excised, a tubular structure starting from the inferior pole of the malformation, and communicating with it, passing superior to the head of the pancreas and the second portion of the duodenum, followed by a posterior course before inserting into the right cruz of the diaphragm. The histology of the tubular formation was compatible with esophagus. CONCLUSION: This type of duplication has not been reported in the literature and reinforces the theory that these malformations could be secondary to genetic transcription errors, in the differentiation of the endoderm of the primitive digestive tract and the notochord.

CASO CLINICO: Niña de 4 meses, afecta de una duplicidad gástrica, descubierta como masa abdominal palpable y que desplazaba el bazo y el riñón izquierdo. Mediante laparotomía, se observa una duplicidad gástrica y, tras aspirar una secreción amarillenta, se realiza su exéresis junto con la pared muscular común con la curvatura mayor del estómago y una estructura tubular que, partiendo del polo inferior de la malformación y comunicada con ella, pasaba por encima de la cabeza del páncreas y de la segunda porción duodenal, siguiendo luego un curso posterior hasta insertarse en la base del pilar diafragmático derecho. La histología de esta formación tubular fue compatible con el esófago. CONCLUSIONES: Este tipo de duplicidad no la hemos visto referida en la literatura y refuerza la teoría de que estas malformaciones pudieran ser secundarias a errores de transcripción genéticas de información en la diferenciación del endodermo del tubo digestivo primitivo y de la notocorda.

[Changes in the fat composition and histomorphology of the liver after partial intestinal resections]. / Cambios en la composición de la grasa y en la histomorfología del hígado tras resecciones intestinales parciales.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The partial resection of the intestine could affect the liver through alteration in nutrient absorption, loss of the bile acids via the enterohepatic circulation, alterations in the hepato-duodenobilio-pancreatic hormonal complex as well as a bacterial translocation. All these factors could sum up and induce changes in the tissue composition and in hepatic histomorphology. The aim of this experimental study is to acquire a profound knowledge of these hepatic alterations after the partial intestinal resection. M & M: 26 Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were used: Group A with only jejunum resection, Group B with only ileum resection, and Group CtrG, the control group. They were monitored for 21 days. At the end, blood samples were taken for serum biochemical analysis. Samples of hepatic tissue were taken for histomorphological optical study. All the rest liver was homogenize and the fat liver composition was analysed (total fat, lipid fractions, phospholipids fractions and fatty acids of the liver). RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in serum cholesterol in both GA & GB. There was also a decrease of the total fat/g liver tissue, without changes in the phospholipids fraction and decreases in the C18-2/C18-3 and w6/w3 ratios. There was a minimal macrosteatosis and reduction of the number of mitochondries in GB. CONCLUSIONS: the partial intestinal resection, specially ileum resections, looks like influence the structural fat liver composition. However, these changes could be compensated for by the liver and oral nutrition. These findings help us to improve the liver-intestinal relationships.

[Animal models for the study of systemic inflammatory response and parenteral nutrition]. / Modelos animales para el estudio de la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y de nutrición parenteral.

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SRIS) seems to be due to the activation of the toll-like receptors, specific of the inflammatory response cells, through concrete cytosolic signals which lead to a cascade of reactions acting cytokins, growing factors and others inflammatory mediators. This kind of work revewes and discusses several classifications of animals models to study the SRIS, and propose to divide these models according to concrete goals, which can be the following ones: (1) To study innate and adaptative receptors of regulatory gens in the SRIS. (2) To study signals receptors (cytokines and growing factors). (3) To study the answer to signals. (4) To study treatments through specifics antinflammatory blockage. (5) Specific models of sepsis. (6) Others inducing models of SRIS. (7) Others therapeutical models. -Antinflammatories. -Antiacoagulans: Coagulations inhibition in human assays. Phase II Anticoagulans: Antitrombine III, PCA and TFPI. -Antibiotics. -Replacing Volume Treatments. -Surgical Treatments. As to the animals models to study Parenteral Nutrition, we could make the next classifications and sum it up: (1) Animal models to study the parenteral via of administration. (2) Models to study viability, absorption and local tolerance of the administration via. (3) Study models for complications. (4) Animal models to study pharmacodynamic, metabolization and to investigate the tolerance of new molecules or substrates.

[Acute secundary abdomen to pancreatic hydatid cyst]. / Abdomen agudo secundario a quiste hidatídico pancreático.

The hydatidosis is a frequent zoonosis in Spain, but isolated location in pancreas and their onset as acute abdomen is excepcional. We present a boy 14 years old, with abdominal pain and low-grade fever since 1 month. Hemogram shows eosinophilia, and echography an anechoic mass in tail of pancreas beside of free peritoneal liquid. At surgery procedure: a broken hydatid cyst is verified, surrounded of tissues inflammatory reaction that evolved to pancreatic fistula. The differents forms from clinical presentation of the pancreatic hydatid cyst, as well as the complications related to their location are analyzed.

[Photopheresis: new immunomodulatory therapy for T-lymphocite mediated diseases]. / Fotoféresis: nueva terapia inmunomoduladora para enfermedades mediadas por linfocitos T.

The photopheresis (ECP) is a therapeutic approach based on the biological effect of psoralen and ultraviolet light A on mononuclear cells collected by apheresis, and reinfused into the patient. In 1988, the treatment was the first FDA-approved selective immunotherapy for any type of cancer. Convincing data taken from over 160 centers in Europe and the U.S.A. over the past few years have documented that ECP is associated with a very low side-effect profile. Evidence shows that this therapy prolongs the mean survival, and also induces 50-75% response rates in patients with advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. In addition, more and more reports indicate that photopheresis is a potent agent in the therapy of solid organ transplant rejection, graft versus host disease, scleroderma, and other autoimmune diseases resistant to conventional therapy. The mechanism of this treatment is likely due to the induction of cell-mediated anticlonotypic immune response against pathogenic clones of T lymphocytes.

[Epidermoid cyst of the mouth floor]. / Quiste epidermoide en el suelo de la boca.

The epidermoid cysts are frequent during childhood, however mouth floor location are very unusual, because of their more difficult diagnosis and therapeutic approach. We present a 5 years old male, symptoms free until a week before, when his parents noticed a well defined mass in the mouth floor. A physical examination leaded to the diagnosis of possible epidermoid cyst. The tumor was excised through an introral approach. A review of different diagnostic means and surgical management are undertaken.

[What happens in the liver during artificial feeding?]. / Qué sucede en el hígado durante la alimentación artificial?

The livers of healthy individuals, where different products are synthesized and metabolized, carries out a series of complex metabolic functions. Furthermore, there is an important relationship with the digestive apparatus, such as for the secretion, excretion and re-circulation of bile, and also with the various hormonal systems or the bacterial microflora of the intestine. When artificial feeding (AF) is used, this may lead to changes in the functionality and structure of the liver, which may or may not be reversible depending on the base situation of the patient and the type of AF administered. This would be enough to bring about a series of changes followed by adaptive phenomena in the liver itself. The degree of hepatic damage triggered by artificial feeding will depend on the interaction of all these elements and the specific characteristics of each case.

[Hydatic cyst in mediastinum]. / Quiste hidatídico en mediastino.

The main localization of hydatic cysts (HC) in mediastinum is exceptional. We present the case of a 12 year-old boy who had habitual contact with dogs. He had pain in the right hemithorax and back together with low-grade fever. In the X-rays of the thorax a right retrocardiac image shows an occupied costodiaphragmatic sinus. The CT of the thorax shows a bilateral pleural effusion and a mass measuring 10 x 7.5 x 5 cm in the middle mediastinum. After admission, a new X-ray of the thorax revealed an increase in the right pleural discharge, for which reason an urgent thoracotomy was performed checking for the existence of a mediastinum HC with possible membrane fissures. The HC was removed. The only treatment of HC in mediastinum is surgical, an urgent thoracotomy being necessary whenever a possible rupture is suspected in order to avoid a possible anaphylatic reaction or growth pleural cavity.

[Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma in childhood]. / Linfangioma quístico retroperitoneal en la infancia.

UNLABELLED: Lymphangiomas are very common neoplasms in infancy. However, a retroperitoneal location is seldom observed. We present the case of a male with a history of chronic recurrent pain over a period of several years. An X-ray showed a calcic density in the left upper abdominal quadrant; the histological study revealed it to be a mixoid cystic lymphangioma. Clinical presentation varies greatly from an asymptomatic mass to serious complications. In order to correctly diagnose of these neoplasms it is essential to carry on ultra sound and CT examination although a simple abdominal X-ray may show calcifications as the one presented here. Treatment is always surgical and a complete extirpation should be performed, unless vital structures were are involved. Treatment with laser, fibrin and sclerotherapy have also been used. CONCLUSION: In spite of being benign neoplasms we believe they should be removed to confirm diagnosis and avoid possible complications.

[Hemangioma of the glans penis]. / Hemangioma de glande.

The haemangiomas are benign vascular tumors of frequent apparition in infant, but not very much described in penis glans in the literature. We present a case with location in penis glans, in a short age male, that it was treated through conventional surgery with good results. We accomplish a review of this pathology and we make reference to the different ways of treatment today.

[Superior vesical fissure]. / Fisura vesical superior.

Although vesical extrophy is a well-known anomaly, the variants of vesical extrophy are exceptional. We present the case of a newborn child, who upon exploration, revealed a defect of closure in the infra-umbilical abdominal wall through which vesical mucous membrane protruded. A probe introduced into the urethra appeared externally at the place of the infraumbilical defect. Following the diagnosis of superior vesical fissure, resection of the protruding vesical mucous membrane and closure were carried out. The authors reviewed the bibliography published in order to study the different kinds of variants of vesical extrophy and the associated congenital anomalies. Although these children are usually continent, a urodynamic study and a VCU are recommended in order to discard the existence of a post closure-uretheral-vesical reflux of the umbilical defect.

Quiste epidermoide intratesticular / Intratesticular epidermoid cyst

Los quistes epidermoides intratesticulares en la infancia.No existen datos clínicos específicos que nos orienten hacia un diagnóstico de certeza., siendo necesario el estudio histopatológico. Basados en el caso presentado y en la revisión de la literatura, se analizan aspectos clínicos y diagnósticos.Aunque el tratamiento quirúrgico más utilizado ha sido la orquiectomía.Se recomienda al igual que otros autores, la enucleación del quiste y la conservación del testículo

[Abdomino-scrotal hydrocele, an unusual disease, review of the literature, and report of a new case]. / Hidrocele abdomino-escrotal, una rara patologia, revisión de literatura y aportación de un nuevo caso.

Abdominal-scrotal hydrocele is an uncommon lesion, most specially during childhood. It is an entity, though, that should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal masses in children, and also considered as a likely cause of ureterohydronephrosis. Diagnosis is arrived at through ultrasound, CAT and occasional excretory urography. Radical surgical excision using inguinal access is the recommended approach, but sometimes the inguinoabdominal or pure abdominal approaches can be performed. Following surgical ablation the cure is complete, and includes remission of the ureterohydronephrosis when present. This paper reviews the literature, presents one case and discusses both the diagnostic possibilities and therapeutic alternatives.

Liver lipid composition and intravenous, intraperitoneal, and enteral administration of intralipid.

We studied the variations arising in plasma and liver lipids after intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal (IP), and intragastric (IG) administration of a fat overdose on the order of 4 g.kg-1 body wt.day-1 in the form of Intralipid (ITL) 20% to 33 New Zealand rabbits for 15 days. The control group was submitted for surgery but did not receive an ITL supplement. The results show weight gain in all animals and normal liver enzyme values. There was an increase in plasma lipids in groups supplemented by the parenteral route (i.v. and IP), and fatty acids showed a similar distribution, in terms of percentages, to that for ITL. In liver tissue, there was an increase in the fractions related to ethanolamine and a decrease in phospholipids of choline and serine. In the i.v. group, neutral lipids predominated compared with other groups. The livers of all supplemented animals (i.v., IP, and IG) showed a higher content of stearic and linoleic acid and a reduction in oleic acid. Study with optical microscopy showed a microvacuolization affecting the three areas of the hepatic acini in the i.v. group, seen with electron microscopy as vacuoles lacking membranes and surrounded by mitochondria. In conclusion, there is an increase in hepatic steatosis in parenteral groups and a greater deposit of neutral lipids in the i.v. group, related to the administration route, without biochemical signs of liver dysfunction.

[Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: the effect of diets free of taurine and its metabolic precursors on bile composition and liver structure]. / Colestasis asociada a nutrición parenteral: influencia de las dietas exentas de taurina y de sus precursores metabólicos sobre la composición biliar y la estructura hepática.

PURPOSE: To study the morphological and biliary alterations associated with taurine-free parenteral nutrition and its other precursors. EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS: One fed a standard taurine-free amino acid formula, a group fed without taurine or its metabolic precursors, and a control group. At the beginning and end of the experiment, analyses were made of nutritional parameters, hepatic enzymes, biliary composition, plasmatic aminogram and optical and electronic microscopy of the liver. RESULTS: Significant increases of threonine, glutamine, alanine, lysine, histidine and arginine, and insignificant increases of taurine, serine, isoleucine and leucine in groups with PN. Increased Non-conjugated AB, particularly lithocholic and taurolithocholic acid in groups without taurine precursors. Fat microsteatosis in area 3 of the acinus in the group without taurine, and in the three areas in the group without precursors. Standard taurine-free PN causes changes in the biliary composition and liver histology, which increase in the absence of taurine precursors.

[Interferences between nutrients in their absorption from the peritoneal cavity in rats]. / Interferencias entre nutrientes en su absorción desde la cavidad peritoneal de ratas.

With the aim of detecting possible interferences in the absorption of glucose, amino acids and fats we infused several combination of them into the peritoneal cavity of the Wistar rats. After intraperitoneal infusion of 2 mu Ci-L-glucose-C14 with 5 ml of D-glucose 5 per 100 and L-glucose-C14 with 5 ml of "16N" 3.5 per 100 in different groups of animals, we detected slight differences in plasma radioactivity one hour after infusion. We also found moderated differences in plasma radioactivity among the groups of animals infused with 1 mu Ci of fat radioactive amino acids plus 5 ml of D-glucose 5 per 100 and in the group infused with 1 mu Ci of 5-L-amino acid-C14 plus 5 ml of "16N" 3.5 per 100, after four hours of the infusion. We found no differences among those groups of animals infused with fat plus glucose and with fat plus amino acid with respect to those infused with fat alone. In summary, as glucose and amino acid absorption pathway are the same (capillary flow) seem reasonable that they interfere with each other when they are infused intraperitoneally. Fat infusion that not seem to interfere with other substrates possible due to the different absorption pathway (lymphatic channels) but further studies are needed to determine this.