Earth at risk: An urgent call to end the age of destruction and forge a just and sustainable future.

Human development has ushered in an era of converging crises: climate change, ecological destruction, disease, pollution, and socioeconomic inequality. This review synthesizes the breadth of these interwoven emergencies and underscores the urgent need for comprehensive, integrated action. Propelled by imperialism, extractive capitalism, and a surging population, we are speeding past Earth's material limits, destroying critical ecosystems, and triggering irreversible changes in biophysical systems that underpin the Holocene climatic stability which fostered human civilization. The consequences of these actions are disproportionately borne by vulnerable populations, further entrenching global inequities. Marine and terrestrial biomes face critical tipping points, while escalating challenges to food and water access foreshadow a bleak outlook for global security. Against this backdrop of Earth at risk, we call for a global response centered on urgent decarbonization, fostering reciprocity with nature, and implementing regenerative practices in natural resource management. We call for the elimination of detrimental subsidies, promotion of equitable human development, and transformative financial support for lower income nations. A critical paradigm shift must occur that replaces exploitative, wealth-oriented capitalism with an economic model that prioritizes sustainability, resilience, and justice. We advocate a global cultural shift that elevates kinship with nature and communal well-being, underpinned by the recognition of Earth's finite resources and the interconnectedness of its inhabitants. The imperative is clear: to navigate away from this precipice, we must collectively harness political will, economic resources, and societal values to steer toward a future where human progress does not come at the cost of ecological integrity and social equity.

Translation and linguistic validation of the Sheffield Profile for Assessment and Referral for Care (SPARC) to Colombian Spanish.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to translate and linguistically and cross-culturally validate Sheffield Profile for Assessment and Referral for Care (SPARC) in Spanish for Colombia (SPARC-Sp). METHODS: The linguistic validation of SPARC followed a standard methodology. We conducted focus groups to assess the comprehensibility and feasibility. The acceptability was assessed using a survey study with potential users. RESULTS: The comprehensibility assessment showed that additional adjustments to those made during the translation-back-translation process were required to apply SPARC-Sp in rural and low-schooled populations. It also identified the need for alternative administration mechanisms for illiterate people. The acceptability survey showed that potential users found SPARC-Sp as not only acceptable but also highly desirable. However, they desired to expand the number of items in all domains. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Beyond the semantic and conceptual validity attained through the back-translation process, actual cultural validity could be acquired thanks to the comprehensibility tests. Although extending the instrument is something potential users would like to do, it would make it less feasible to utilize the SPARC-Sp in clinical settings. Nonetheless, the instrument might benefit from the inclusion of a domain that evaluates challenges encountered when accessing the health-care system. For communities lacking literacy, alternate administration methods must also be considered.

Impact of climate change on atopic dermatitis: A review by the International Eczema Council.

Atopic dermatitis (AD), the most burdensome skin condition worldwide, is influenced by climatic factors and air pollution; however, the impact of increasing climatic hazards on AD remains poorly characterized. Leveraging an existing framework for 10 climatic hazards related to greenhouse gas emissions, we identified 18 studies with evidence for an impact on AD through a systematic search. Most climatic hazards had evidence for aggravation of AD the impact ranged from direct effects like particulate matter-induced AD exacerbations from wildfires to the potential for indirect effects like drought-induced food insecurity and migration. We then created maps comparing the past, present, and future projected burden of climatic hazards to global AD prevalence data. Data are lacking, especially from those regions most likely to experience more climatic hazards. We highlight gaps important for future research: understanding the synergistic impacts of climatic hazards on AD, long-term disease activity, the differential impact on vulnerable populations, and how basic mechanisms explain population-level trends.

Microbiomes and metabolomes of dominant coral reef primary producers illustrate a potential role for immunolipids in marine symbioses.

The dominant benthic primary producers in coral reef ecosystems are complex holobionts with diverse microbiomes and metabolomes. In this study, we characterize the tissue metabolomes and microbiomes of corals, macroalgae, and crustose coralline algae via an intensive, replicated synoptic survey of a single coral reef system (Waimea Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii) and use these results to define associations between microbial taxa and metabolites specific to different hosts. Our results quantify and constrain the degree of host specificity of tissue metabolomes and microbiomes at both phylum and genus level. Both microbiome and metabolomes were distinct between calcifiers (corals and CCA) and erect macroalgae. Moreover, our multi-omics investigations highlight common lipid-based immune response pathways across host organisms. In addition, we observed strong covariation among several specific microbial taxa and metabolite classes, suggesting new metabolic roles of symbiosis to further explore.

Mouse intestinal villi as a model system for studies of norovirus infection.

Noroviruses (NoV) are enteric caliciviruses that have been detected in multiple species of mammals, including humans. Establishing an efficient in vitro cell culture system for human norovirus (HuNoV) remains a challenge; however, its replication has been reported in 3D cultured Caco-2 cells and a clone of Caco-2 cells (C2BBe1), human enteroids and human B cells. Isolated mouse intestinal villi, with large diversity of intestinal epithelial cells, are a primary cellular model that has been shown to be permissive for the infection and replication of enteric viruses such as rotaviruses. We hypothesized that they could allow the infection and replication of the human noroviruses. In this report, we indicate that the isolated villi model of the mouse intestine is effective for the infection study and replication of the human noroviruses from faeces and environmental matrices (water, vegetables and air). For successful infection, the virus needs to be activated with trypsin. The virus has an average replicative cycle of 10 h, although viral particles with infectious capacity are found already at 2 hours post infection (2 h.p.i.). The model is efficient in obtaining abundant biological material and is ideal for studying the biological activity of the human noroviruses in the same cell model or for generating antibodies. Keywords: human norovirus; intestinal epithelial cells; intestinal villus isolation; norovirus isolated from water; norovirus isolated from plants; norovirus isolated from air.

Co-occurring anthropogenic stressors reduce the timeframe of environmental viability for the world's coral reefs.

Anthropogenic disturbances are posing unprecedented challenges to the persistence of ecosystems worldwide. The speed at which these disturbances reach an ecosystem's tolerance thresholds will determine the time available for adaptation and conservation. Here, we aim to calculate the year after which a given environmental stressor permanently exceeds the bounds of an ecosystem's tolerance. Ecosystem thresholds are here defined as limits in a given stressor beyond which ecosystems have showed considerable changes in community assembly and functioning, becoming remnants of what they once were, but not necessarily leading to species extirpation or extinction. Using the world's coral reefs as a case example, we show that the projected effects of marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, storms, land-based pollution, and local human stressors are being underestimated considerably by looking at disturbances independently. Given the spatial complementarity in which numerous disturbances impact the world's coral reefs, we show that the timelines of environmental suitability are halved when all disturbances are analyzed simultaneously, as opposed to independently. Under business-as-usual scenarios, the median year after which environmental conditions become unsuitable for the world's remaining coral reefs was, at worse, 2050 for any one disturbance alone (28 years left); but when analyzed concurrently, this date was shortened to 2035 (13 years left). When analyzed together, disturbances reduced the date of environmental suitability because areas that may remain suitable under one disturbance could become unsuitable by any of several other variables. The significance of co-occurring disturbances at reducing timeframes of environmental suitability was evident even under optimistic scenarios. The best-case scenario, characterized by strong mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and optimistic human development, resulted in 41% of global coral reefs with unsuitable conditions by 2100 under any one disturbance independently; yet when analyzed in combination up to 64% of the world's coral reefs could face unsuitable environmental conditions by one disturbance or another. Under the worst-case scenario, nearly all coral reef ecosystems worldwide (approximately 99%) will permanently face unsuitable conditions by 2055 in at least one of the disturbances analyzed. Prior studies have indicated the projected dire effects of climate change on coral reefs by mid-century; by analyzing a multitude of projected disturbances, our study reveals a much more severe prognosis for the world's coral reefs as they have significantly less time to adapt while highlighting the urgent need to tackle available solutions to human disturbances.

Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change.

It is relatively well accepted that climate change can affect human pathogenic diseases; however, the full extent of this risk remains poorly quantified. Here we carried out a systematic search for empirical examples about the impacts of ten climatic hazards sensitive to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on each known human pathogenic disease. We found that 58% (that is, 218 out of 375) of infectious diseases confronted by humanity worldwide have been at some point aggravated by climatic hazards; 16% were at times diminished. Empirical cases revealed 1,006 unique pathways in which climatic hazards, via different transmission types, led to pathogenic diseases. The human pathogenic diseases and transmission pathways aggravated by climatic hazards are too numerous for comprehensive societal adaptations, highlighting the urgent need to work at the source of the problem: reducing GHG emissions.

A ridge-to-reef ecosystem microbial census reveals environmental reservoirs for animal and plant microbiomes.

Microbes are found in nearly every habitat and organism on the planet, where they are critical to host health, fitness, and metabolism. In most organisms, few microbes are inherited at birth; instead, acquiring microbiomes generally involves complicated interactions between the environment, hosts, and symbionts. Despite the criticality of microbiome acquisition, we know little about where hosts' microbes reside when not in or on hosts of interest. Because microbes span a continuum ranging from generalists associating with multiple hosts and habitats to specialists with narrower host ranges, identifying potential sources of microbial diversity that can contribute to the microbiomes of unrelated hosts is a gap in our understanding of microbiome assembly. Microbial dispersal attenuates with distance, so identifying sources and sinks requires data from microbiomes that are contemporary and near enough for potential microbial transmission. Here, we characterize microbiomes across adjacent terrestrial and aquatic hosts and habitats throughout an entire watershed, showing that the most species-poor microbiomes are partial subsets of the most species-rich and that microbiomes of plants and animals are nested within those of their environments. Furthermore, we show that the host and habitat range of a microbe within a single ecosystem predicts its global distribution, a relationship with implications for global microbial assembly processes. Thus, the tendency for microbes to occupy multiple habitats and unrelated hosts enables persistent microbiomes, even when host populations are disjunct. Our whole-watershed census demonstrates how a nested distribution of microbes, following the trophic hierarchies of hosts, can shape microbial acquisition.

Shifts in global bat diversity suggest a possible role of climate change in the emergence of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.

Bats are the likely zoonotic origin of several coronaviruses (CoVs) that infect humans, including SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, both of which have caused large-scale epidemics. The number of CoVs present in an area is strongly correlated with local bat species richness, which in turn is affected by climatic conditions that drive the geographical distributions of species. Here we show that the southern Chinese Yunnan province and neighbouring regions in Myanmar and Laos form a global hotspot of climate change-driven increase in bat richness. This region coincides with the likely spatial origin of bat-borne ancestors of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Accounting for an estimated increase in the order of 100 bat-borne CoVs across the region, climate change may have played a key role in the evolution or transmission of the two SARS CoVs.

Comprehensive temperature controller with internet connectivity for plant growth experiments.

The experimental control of temperature is key to many scientific and applied endeavors, particularly for studying the effects of greenhouse-gas driven warming on plant performance. Unfortunately, numerous nuisances in the control of temperature for plants renders most commercially available controllers unsuitable or too expensive. Here we describe a simple to use but comprehensive temperature controller for plant growth experiments in enclosed spaces like nurseries or chambers. The device uses Pulse Width Modulation to control independent cooling and heating elements over a broad range of amperages, which minimizes or eliminates temperature overshoot and ensures precise and accurate temperature control (i.e., sensor accuracy = 0.1 °C; controller accuracy = 0.3 °C.). The device incorporates an internal clock for controlling temperature (and growth lights) concurrent with diurnal cycles, and it has an integrated Wi-Fi chip to transfer sensor data to a web-page, where data are displayed in real time. The device uses off-the-shelf parts and can be built for around $USD63. The controller can be integrated with other reported controllers (e.g., soil moisture and CO2) to produce an affordable multi-system controller necessary for complex factorial experiments, which hopefully can help to accelerate our understanding about the impacts of climatic variables on plant performance.

An inexpensive robotic gantry to screen and control soil moisture for plant experiments.

Controlling water content in soil is a recurrent and labor intensive operation on almost any experiment about plant physiology. Here we describe a robotic gantry to measure and control soil moisture in pots that is modular, inexpensive, easy to build, accurate, precise, and reliable. Machines can be stacked into industrial shelves, coupled with other control systems to conduct multifactorial experiments, and adjusted to accommodate numerous pots of any size allowing for experiments with limitless specimen capacity in terms of height and specimen count. The system can be assembled in up to seven hours using off the shelf components and simple tools at a total cost of $1,276, in 2019 prices. A screening cycle can be performed as fast as every six minutes reducing variations in water content due to evaporation and thus creating precise control of soil moisture. As a validation of the long-term cyclic reliability of the system, the machine was run non-stop for 4480 loops; the equivalent to running an experiment for six months controlling water content every hour. By facilitating high throughput monitoring of soil moisture in pots, reliably and at low cost, this machine can facilitate the development of large-scale experiments on plant physiology.

Multi-elemental analysis of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 by ICP OES.

The complexity of aerodynamic particulate matter's (PM) matrices poses a challenge for the extraction and quantification of metals, especially for analytes with low concentration. Aiming to solve this issue, a precise and accurate protocol with the ultrasound extraction combined with microwave radiation digestion (USMW), was applied to PM samples with excellent compensations in sample throughput, digestion efficiency, and energy consumption. After the digestion and extraction procedures, the inorganic analytes, including rare earth elements, were determined by ICP OES. Two types of particulate matter sampled from two stations, Gobernacion (GOB10 and GOB2.5) and Milan (MIL10), corresponding to PM2.5 and PM10, were digested with a combination between HF, HNO3, and H3BO3. The absolute limits of detection ranged from 0.42 pg m-³ for V, to 3459 pg m-³ for As. The accuracy of the experimental study was assessed using two certified reference materials (CRMs), Coal Fly Ash (NIST1633b) and Fly Ash (BCR176). The method presented good accuracy, with recoveries ranging from 90 to 115%, except for Al (120%) and Fe (123%). Considering the replicates for the determination of analyte elements, the repeatability was below 10% for the relative standard deviation (RSD). A cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure, with parameters optimized for the determination of Pd and Pt, was successfully applied in digested PM samples with detection limits of 1.43 and 2.05 pg m-³ for Pd and Pt in MIL10 sample, respectively, and 76.6 pg m-³ for Pd and 110 pg m-³ for Pt, in samples GOB10 and GOB2.5, respectively.

Meeting fisheries, ecosystem function, and biodiversity goals in a human-dominated world.

The worldwide decline of coral reefs necessitates targeting management solutions that can sustain reefs and the livelihoods of the people who depend on them. However, little is known about the context in which different reef management tools can help to achieve multiple social and ecological goals. Because of nonlinearities in the likelihood of achieving combined fisheries, ecological function, and biodiversity goals along a gradient of human pressure, relatively small changes in the context in which management is implemented could have substantial impacts on whether these goals are likely to be met. Critically, management can provide substantial conservation benefits to most reefs for fisheries and ecological function, but not biodiversity goals, given their degraded state and the levels of human pressure they face.

Escaping the perfect storm of simultaneous climate change impacts on agriculture and marine fisheries.

Climate change can alter conditions that sustain food production and availability, with cascading consequences for food security and global economies. Here, we evaluate the vulnerability of societies to the simultaneous impacts of climate change on agriculture and marine fisheries at a global scale. Under a "business-as-usual" emission scenario, ~90% of the world's population-most of whom live in the most sensitive and least developed countries-are projected to be exposed to losses of food production in both sectors, while less than 3% would live in regions experiencing simultaneous productivity gains by 2100. Under a strong mitigation scenario comparable to achieving the Paris Agreement, most countries-including the most vulnerable and many of the largest CO2 producers-would experience concomitant net gains in agriculture and fisheries production. Reducing societies' vulnerability to future climate impacts requires prompt mitigation actions led by major CO2 emitters coupled with strategic adaptation within and across sectors.

Social-environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene.

Without drastic efforts to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate globalized stressors, tropical coral reefs are in jeopardy. Strategic conservation and management requires identification of the environmental and socioeconomic factors driving the persistence of scleractinian coral assemblages-the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems. Here, we compiled coral abundance data from 2,584 Indo-Pacific reefs to evaluate the influence of 21 climate, social and environmental drivers on the ecology of reef coral assemblages. Higher abundances of framework-building corals were typically associated with: weaker thermal disturbances and longer intervals for potential recovery; slower human population growth; reduced access by human settlements and markets; and less nearby agriculture. We therefore propose a framework of three management strategies (protect, recover or transform) by considering: (1) if reefs were above or below a proposed threshold of >10% cover of the coral taxa important for structural complexity and carbonate production; and (2) reef exposure to severe thermal stress during the 2014-2017 global coral bleaching event. Our findings can guide urgent management efforts for coral reefs, by identifying key threats across multiple scales and strategic policy priorities that might sustain a network of functioning reefs in the Indo-Pacific to avoid ecosystem collapse.

Do Different Application Modes Improve the Bonding Performance of Self-etching Ceramic Primer to Lithium Disilicate and Feldspathic Ceramics?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of different application modes of a recently introduced self-etching ceramic primer on the microshear bond strength (µSBS) and ceramic surface-etching pattern of two glass-ceramic surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two CAD/CAM blocks of lithium disilicate (LD) and feldspathic glass ceramic (VTR) were each cut into 4 rectangular sections (n = 88 for ceramic surface). The LD and VTR specimens were divided into one control group (hydrofluoric acid + silane coupling agent [HF+SII]), and 10 experimental groups using Monobond Etch and Prime (MEP) applied for a combination of scrubbing times (5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 s) and reaction times (20 or 40 s). After each treatment, Tygon matrices (n = 8) were filled with a resin cement and light cured for each ceramic specimen. The specimens were stored in water at 37°C for 24 h and subjected to the µSBS test. The failure pattern and µSBS were statistically evaluated (α = 0.05). In addition, the ceramic surface etching pattern was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: For the LD groups, the application of MEP 60/40 resulted in a higher mean µSBS compared to HF+SI (p < 0.05). Groups 5/40, 10/40, and 20/40 resulted in mean µSBS similar to that obtained by HF+SI (p > 0.05). For VTR, no significant difference was observed among the groups (p = 0.32). Compared with MEP, HF better promoted the dissolution of glass matrix for both ceramics. However, prolonged MEP scrubbing or reaction caused significant dissolution of the glass matrix for both evaluated ceramics. CONCLUSION: Active and prolonged application of MEP may be a viable alternative to HF+SI for increasing the bond strength to LD.

Effect of Conditioning Protocols and Ultrasonic Application of an Infiltrant Resin in White Spot Lesions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different conditioning protocols and sonic/ultrasonic application of an infiltrant resin (IR) in artificial white spot lesions (AWSL). the V/L surfaces of 48 molars were induced to an AWSL and divided in 6 groups, according to the conditioning protocols and application technique: 15% hydrochloric acid (HA) + manual application of the IR; HA + 37% phosphoric acid (PA) + manual application of the IR; HA + ultrasonic application (U) of the IR; HA + sonic application (S) of the IR; PA+HA+S; and PA+HA+U. For the Penetration Depth (PD), the crowns were etched with HA for 120s. The IR Icon® (DMG) was applied according to the manufacturer`s instructions. The crowns were dye penetrated (0.1% red fluorophore rhodamine B isothiocyanate for 12h) and bleached with 30% hydrogen peroxide for 12 h. The discs were immersed in a 50% ethanol solution, containing 100 µM of sodium fluorescein. The PD (in µm) was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy (20x). The bond strength (BS) was performed by michoshear test (0.5 mm/min). Data were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey (α=0.05). For BS, the interaction was not significant (p>0.05). For PD, the main factors were significant (application - p<0.001; conditioning technique - p=0.003). The ultrasonic application showed the highest PD values. PA+HA presented higher results than HA. The sonic/ultrasonic applications and the use of phosphoric acid prior to hydrochloric acid improved PD of the infiltrant resin. Conditioning protocols or application techniques did not influence BS values.

Effect of conditioning protocols and ultrasonic application of an infiltrant resin in white spot lesions

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate different conditioning protocols and sonic/ultrasonic application of an infiltrant resin (IR) in artificial white spot lesions (AWSL). the V/L surfaces of 48 molars were induced to an AWSL and divided in 6 groups, according to the conditioning protocols and application technique: 15% hydrochloric acid (HA) + manual application of the IR; HA + 37% phosphoric acid (PA) + manual application of the IR; HA + ultrasonic application (U) of the IR; HA + sonic application (S) of the IR; PA+HA+S; and PA+HA+U. For the Penetration Depth (PD), the crowns were etched with HA for 120s. The IR Icon® (DMG) was applied according to the manufacturer`s instructions. The crowns were dye penetrated (0.1% red fluorophore rhodamine B isothiocyanate for 12h) and bleached with 30% hydrogen peroxide for 12 h. The discs were immersed in a 50% ethanol solution, containing 100 µM of sodium fluorescein. The PD (in µm) was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy (20x). The bond strength (BS) was performed by michoshear test (0.5 mm/min). Data were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey (α=0.05). For BS, the interaction was not significant (p>0.05). For PD, the main factors were significant (application - p<0.001; conditioning technique - p=0.003). The ultrasonic application showed the highest PD values. PA+HA presented higher results than HA. The sonic/ultrasonic applications and the use of phosphoric acid prior to hydrochloric acid improved PD of the infiltrant resin. Conditioning protocols or application techniques did not influence BS values.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes protocolos de condicionamento e a aplicação sônica/ultrassônica de uma resina infiltrante (RI) em lesões de mancha branca produzidas artificialmente (LMBA). As superfícies vestibulares/linguais de 48 molares foram induzidas à formação de LMBA e divididas em 6 grupos, de acordo com os protocolos de condicionamento e técnica de aplicação da resina infiltrante: ácido hidroclorídrico 15% (AH) + aplicação manual da RI; AH + ácido fosfórico 37% (AF) + aplicação manual da RI; AH + aplicação ultrassônica da RI (U); AH + aplicação sônica da RI (S); AF + AH + S; e AF + AH + U. para o grau de penetração (GP), condicionou-se as coroas com AH por 120 s. A RI Icon® (DMG) foi aplicada de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. As coroas foram coradas (rodamina B 0,1% por 12 h) e clareadas com peróxido de hidrogênio 30% por 12 h. os discos foram imersos em solução de etanol 50%, contendo 100 µM de fluoresceína sódica. O GP (em µm) foi mensurado por meio de microscopia confocal a laser (20´). A resistência de união (RU) foi calculada pelo teste de microcisalhamento (0,5 mm/min). Os dados foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA 2 fatores e Tukey (α=0,05). Para RU, a interação não foi significante (p>0,05). Para GP, os fatores principais foram significantes (técnica de aplicação - p<0,001; protocolos de condicionamento - p=0,003). A aplicação U mostrou os maiores valores de GP. AF+AH demonstrou resultados superiores ao grupo AH. As aplicações sônica/ultrassônica e o uso do ácido fosfórico antes do ácido hidroclorídrico aumentaram o GP da resina infiltrante. Os protocolos de condicionamento ou as técnicas de aplicação não influenciaram os valores de RU.

Gravity of human impacts mediates coral reef conservation gains.

Coral reefs provide ecosystem goods and services for millions of people in the tropics, but reef conditions are declining worldwide. Effective solutions to the crisis facing coral reefs depend in part on understanding the context under which different types of conservation benefits can be maximized. Our global analysis of nearly 1,800 tropical reefs reveals how the intensity of human impacts in the surrounding seascape, measured as a function of human population size and accessibility to reefs ("gravity"), diminishes the effectiveness of marine reserves at sustaining reef fish biomass and the presence of top predators, even where compliance with reserve rules is high. Critically, fish biomass in high-compliance marine reserves located where human impacts were intensive tended to be less than a quarter that of reserves where human impacts were low. Similarly, the probability of encountering top predators on reefs with high human impacts was close to zero, even in high-compliance marine reserves. However, we find that the relative difference between openly fished sites and reserves (what we refer to as conservation gains) are highest for fish biomass (excluding predators) where human impacts are moderate and for top predators where human impacts are low. Our results illustrate critical ecological trade-offs in meeting key conservation objectives: reserves placed where there are moderate-to-high human impacts can provide substantial conservation gains for fish biomass, yet they are unlikely to support key ecosystem functions like higher-order predation, which is more prevalent in reserve locations with low human impacts.