[Impact of early nutritional support and presence of diabetes mellitus in patients with acute stroke]. / Influencia del soporte nutricional precoz y la presencia de diabetes mellitus en pacientes con ictus agudo.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the data in the medical literature are conflicting regarding the nutritional support of patients with stroke and the most appropriate time to start it. Objective: to analyze the effect of a nutritional intervention and of nutritional parameters on the clinical evolution of patients with stroke. Material and methods: this was an observational, retrospective study in 43 patients. The following baseline data were collected: tricipital skinfold (TS), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), muscular arm circumference (MAC), albumin, prealbumin, total cholesterol, lymphocytes, diabetes mellitus (DM), nutritional support onset, duration and type of supplementation, nutrition care plan, neurological dysfunction according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) both at baseline and discharge, and mortality. Mortality within the first month and neurological deficit at discharge are identified as poor prognostic factors, and are related to nutritional parameters. Results: age 67.2 ± 12.5 years; 53.5% males and 34.9% females. Presence of DM: 34.88%. Nutritional parameters: TS: 18.7 ± 7.8 mm; MUAC: 30.2 ± 3 cm; MAC: 24.4 ± 3.1 cm; serum albumin 3.39 ± 0.3 g/dl; prealbumin: 22.3 ± 6.9 mg/dl; total cholesterol: 177.1 ± 46.4 mg/dL; lymphocytes: 1742 ± 885/mm3. Enteral nutritional support was started at 4.3 ± 5.8 days after the acute event, with a duration of 17.8 ± 23.2 days. Fifty percent of patients had severe neurological deficits at discharge. As markers of worse prognosis we identified a delay in the start of nutritional support of over 7 days, and the presence of DM. Conclusions: the late start of nutritional support was related to worse clinical prognosis. DM is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with stroke.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: en la literatura actual se describen datos contradictorios en relación con el soporte nutricional en los pacientes con ictus y el momento idóneo de comenzar el mismo. Objetivo: analizar el impacto de los parámetros y la intervención nutricional en la evolución clínica de los pacientes afectos de ictus. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo de 43 pacientes con diagnóstico de ictus agudo. Se recogen los siguientes parámetros nutricionales: pliegue tricipital (PT), circunferencia del brazo (CB), circunferencia muscular del brazo (CMB), albúmina, prealbúmina, colesterol total, linfocitos, diabetes mellitus (DM), inicio de soporte nutricional, duración y tipo de suplemento, y abordaje digestivo. También se registra la afectación neurológica según la escala National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) tanto en el momento basal como en el momento del alta. Se identifican la mortalidad en el primer mes y el déficit neurológico al alta como factores de mal pronóstico y se relacionan con los parámetros nutricionales. Resultados: edad de 67,2 ± 12,5 años; 53,5% de varones y 34,9% de mujeres. Presencia de DM: 34,88%. Media de parámetros nutricionales: PT: 18,7 ± 7,8 mm; CB: 30,2 ± 3 cm; CMB: 24,4 ± 3,1 cm; albúmina: 3,39 ± 0,3 g/dl; prealbúmina: 22,3 ± 6,9 mg/dl; colesterol total: 177,1 ± 46,4 mg/dl; linfocitos: 1742 ± 885/mm3. Se inició el soporte nutricional enteral a los 4,3 ± 5,8 días del evento agudo, siendo su duración de 17,8 ± 23,2 días. El 50% de los pacientes presentaban al alta un déficit neurológico grave. Se identificaron como marcadores de peor pronóstico los siguientes: un retraso en el inicio del soporte nutricional superior a 7 días y la presencia de DM. Conclusiones: el inicio tardío del soporte nutricional se relacionó con un peor pronóstico clínico. La DM constituye un marcador de mal pronóstico en los pacientes con ictus.

Validation of CIPA nutritional screening through prognostic clinical variables in hospitalized surgical patients. / Validación del cribado nutricional CIPA mediante variables clínicas pronósticas en pacientes quirúrgicos hospitalizados.

INTRODUCTION: CIPA (Control of Food Intake, Protein, and Anthropometry) nutritional screening is positive when one of the following conditions is met: Control of Food Intake for 48-72h <50%; Albumin <3g/dL, Body Mass Index <18.5kg/m2 or Arm Circumference ≤22.5cm. Following its validation in non-surgical inpatients, the same process was performed with surgical inpatients. OBJECTIVES: Validity of the CIPA screening tool in surgical inpatients by comparison with Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and analysis of clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study of hospitalized surgical patients, evaluating the prevalence or risk of malnutrition through CIPA and SGA. Analysis of hospital malnutrition according to CIPA screening and association with the clinical outcomes of median length of stay, mortality and early readmission. Concordance between both screening methods by Kappa Index (κ), sensitivity (S) and specificity (SP). RESULTS: A total of 226 patients were analysed. The prevalence of malnutrition or risk of malnutrition was identified by CIPA in 35.40% and by SGA in 30.08%. CIPA is capable of detecting patients at a greater risk of mortality during hospitalization (5% vs. 0%, P=.006), unlike the SGA (2.94% vs. 1.27%, P=.385). CIPA also detected patients with higher median length of stay (21 days [IQR 14-34 days] vs. 14.5 days [IQR 9-27 days], P=.002) and rate of early readmissions (25.3% vs. 8.2%, P<.001). S and SP of CIPA vs. SGA was 70.59% and 79.75%, respectively; Kappa index was 0.479 (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using CIPA nutritional screening, the prevalence and risk of malnutrition in surgical patients is high, and they present poorer clinical outcomes, making CIPA valid and effective in this type of patients.

Validity of the new nutrition screening tool Control of Food Intake, Protein, and Anthropometry (CIPA) in non-surgical inpatients.

INTRODUCTION: There is no gold-standard method for hospital nutrition screening. The new screening tool termed Control of Food Intake, Protein, and Anthropometry (CIPA) gives positive results when at least one of the following parameters is met: control of food intake for 72 h < 50%, serum albumin < 3 g/dl, body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2 or mid-upper arm circumference ≤ 22.5 cm. This method was validated in comparison with Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in hospitalized patients with non-surgical pathologies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal study was performed on 221 consecutively enrolled patients. Prevalence or risk of malnutrition was estimated with CIPA vs. SGA screening at hospital admission and the concordance (k index - K) between the two methods and their sensitivity (S) and specificity (SP) were studied. Mean length of stay (LOS), mortality, and rate of early readmission were analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence or risk of malnutrition identified by CIPA and SGA was 35.7% and 23.1%, respectively. K was 0.401 (p < 0.001); S and SP of CIPA vs. SGA were 72.5% and 75.3%, respectively. In contrast to SGA, CIPA-positive patients had an increased mean LOS compared to the negative ones (19.53 vs. 12.63 days, p < 0.001). Both methods detected a major risk of mortality in positive patients, but no difference in early readmission. CONCLUSIONS: The CIPA and the SGA screening tools detect patients with a higher risk of mortality, but only CIPA identifies patients with an increased mean LOS. CIPA screening proved valid for use in non-surgical inpatients.

[CONCORDANCE IN THE RESULTS OF CONTROL INTAKE PERFORMANCE OF 72 H BY DIFFERENT HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL]. / CONCORDANCIA EN LOS RESULTADOS TRAS LA REALIZACIÓN DE UN CONTROL DE INGESTAS DE 72 H POR DIFERENTE PERSONAL SANITARIO EN UN HOSPITAL DE TERCER NIVEL.

INTRODUCTION: the nutritional screening CIPA is positive when it fulfills one of the following parameters: Control food Intake (CI) 72 h < 50%; albumin < 3 g/dl; Body Mass Index (BMI) < 18,5 kg/m2 or Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) ≤ 22,5 cm (if BMI cannot be determined). The only parameter no totally objective is the CI so that this study seeks to reinforce its validity. OBJECTIVES: analyze the existing concordance among different health professionals when assessing a CI of 72 h. MATERIALS AND METHOD: retrospective study of patients admitted in hospitalization wards (February-October 2014). Variables considered: age, sex, health service, CI of 72 h and type of diet. The aim of CI is to assess the amount of food consumed, differing between superior or inferior intakes to 50%. It is analyzed the concordance of the results CI determined by a doctor, a nurse and a nutritionist (gold-standard) by the coefficient Kappa (K). Subsequently the sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) of positive CI were computed. RESULTS: 176 control of food intake were analyzed. Age 63.70 } 14.46 years; 42% women. Units: Digestive (22.2%), Pneumology (42%), Internal Medicine (21.6%), Nephrology (9.1%), others (5.1%). Type of diet: basal (23%), therapeutic (67%), consistency (4%), progressive (3.4%), others (2.3%). It was compared the nursing CI vs. nutritionist (K = 0.798; p < 0.001), and the doctor vs. nutritionist (K = 0.823; p < 0.001). The S and Sp of nursing vs. nutritionist was 84% and 97% while between the doctor and the nutritionist was 84% and 98% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: the concordance of the results of a CI of 72 hours (intakes < or > to 50%) performed in patients hospitalized by a doctor, nurse, and nutritionist is high, minimizing subjectivity to this parameter. The CI is helpful for its use within the routine clinical practice, and particularly within the nutritional screenings, such as CIPA.

Introducción: el cribado nutricional CIPA es positivo cuando se cumple uno de los siguientes parametros: Control de Ingestas (CI) 72 h < 50%; albumina < 3 g/dl; Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC) < 18,5 kg/m2 o Circunferencia del Brazo (CB) ≤ 22,5 cm (si no se puede determinar IMC). El unico parametro no totalmente objetivo es el CI, por lo que este estudio busca reforzar la validez del mismo. Objetivos: analizar la concordancia existente entre diferentes profesionales sanitarios a la hora de evaluar un CI de 72 h. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo de pacientes ingresados en plantas de hospitalizacion (febrero-octubre de 2014). Variables recogidas: edad, sexo, servicio medico, CI de 72 h y tipo de dieta. El objetivo del CI es valorar la cantidad de alimento consumido, diferenciando entre ingestas superiores o inferiores al 50%. Se analiza la concordancia de los resultados del CI dictaminados por un medico, una enfermera y un nutricionista (gold-standar) mediante el coeficiente Kappa (K). Posteriormente se calculo la sensibilidad (S) y la especificidad (E) de los CI positivos. Resultados: se analizaron 176 controles de ingestas. Edad: 63,70 } 14,46 anos; 42% mujeres. Servicios: Digestivo (22,2%), Neumologia (42%), Medicina Interna (21,6%), Nefrologia (9,1%), Otros (5,1%). Tipo de dieta: basal (23,3%), terapeutica (67%), consistencia (4%), progresion (3,4%), otros (2,3%). Se comparo el CI de enfermeria vs. nutricionista (K = 0,798; p < 0,001), y del medico vs. nutricionista (K = 0,823; p < 0,001). La S y E de enfermeria vs. nutricionista fue de 84% y 97%, mientras que entre medico y nutricionista fue de 84% y 98%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la concordancia de los resultados de un CI de 72 horas (ingestas < o > al 50%) realizado en pacientes hospitalizados por un medico, una enfermera y un nutricionista es alta, restando subjetividad a este parametro. El CI resulta util para su uso dentro de la practica clinica habitual y, en concreto, dentro de cribados nutricionales, como el CIPA.