Guidelines on vascular access for hemodialysis from the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery.

Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem, and end-stage renal disease requires dialysis. Most patients requiring renal replacement therapy have to undergo hemodialysis. Therefore, vascular access is extremely important for the dialysis population, directly affecting the quality of life and the morbidity and mortality of this patient population. Since making, managing and salvaging of vascular accesses falls within the purview of the vascular surgeon, developing guideline to help specialists better manage vascular accesses for hemodialysis if of great importance. Thus, the objective of this guideline is to present a set of recommendations to guide decisions involved in the referral, evaluation, choice, surveillance and management of complications of vascular accesses for hemodialysis.

A doença renal crônica é um problema de saúde pública global e em seu estágio terminal está associada à necessidade de terapia dialítica. A grande maioria dos pacientes que necessitam realizar a terapia renal substitutiva, a fazem através da hemodiálise. Portanto, o acesso vascular é de extrema importância para a população dialítica, implicando diretamente na qualidade de vida e na morbimortalidade deste grupo de pacientes. Sendo a confecção, gerenciamento e resgate dos acessos vasculares uma das áreas de atuação do cirurgião vascular, é de grande importância a elaboração de uma diretriz que oriente o especialista no manejo mais adequado do acesso vascular para hemodiálise. Assim, o objetivo desta diretriz é apresentar um conjunto de recomendações para guiar as decisões na referenciação, avaliação, escolha, vigilância e gestão das complicações do acesso vascular para hemodiálise.

Severe ischemic gastritis caused by chronic mesenteric ischemia.

Ischemic gastritis is a rare illness caused by localized or systemic vascular insufficiency. This condition is rarely seen in medical practice due to the vast arterial collateral blood supply to the stomach through the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery and also because other etiologies are much more frequent. The classic presentation of chronic ischemia is comprises the triad of postprandial pain, weight loss, and abdominal bruit. Intervention is indicated in symptomatic patients and endovascular treatment is an alternative to surgery in patients with high comorbidity that offers good results. We report a case of a 71-year-old female patient with severe ischemic gastritis with ulcers and bleeding caused by chronic mesenteric ischemia with occlusion of the celiac trunk and inferior mesenteric artery and critical stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery. The diagnosis was confirmed by imaging, and the patient underwent endovascular treatment. This is a rare condition that is difficult to diagnose and treat and a multidisciplinary team is needed for proper management.

Consent for Teaching-The Experience of Pediatrics and Psychiatry.

Informed consent protects patients' right of autonomy, as they may refuse to participate in clinical teaching. In Pediatrics, young people aged 16 or over, and with the necessary judgment, may consent; in Psychiatry, consent is also essential due to the personal nature of the subjects addressed. This study aimed mainly to assess the practical application of informed consent in medical education. An observational cross-sectional study was developed, and an interview-like questionnaire was applied to participants waiting for a scheduled consultation for themselves or the person they represented, in Pediatrics and Psychiatry. Only 54% of Pediatrics participants and 75% of Psychiatry participants stated that the physician asked them if they minded the students' presence and an even smaller percentage from both departments affirmed that students introduced themselves as medical students and requested their consent to examine them. Patients feel satisfied to contribute to the students' training, although a considerable percentage of them had experiences without being informed or asked for consent, which represents an evident disrespect for their autonomy. There is a need to intervene and provide an adequate education of ethical values in clinical practice to students.

A compreensão dos profissionais de uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica acerca do bundle de cateter venoso central / The understanding of professionals in a pediatric intensive care unit about the central venous catheter bundle / La comprensión de los profesionales en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos sobre el bundle de catéter venoso central

Objetivo: Desvelar a compreensão dos profissionais acerca das recomendações do Bundle de inserção e manutenção do cateter venoso central. Métodos: Estudo descritivo exploratório, quantitativo e realizado em 2020 em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um hospital referência em Minas Gerais. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 62 profissionais de saúde, sexo feminino (90,3%), idade 25-39 anos (50%), Enfermeiros (Enf) (17,8%), Técnicos de enfermagem TE (58%) e Médicos (Med) (24,2%). Concordam totalmente com as assertivas: Bundle como um instrumento eficaz para a redução de infecção de cateter venoso central, Enf (45,5%), TE (25%) e Med (26,7%); deve-se utilizar barreira máxima de precaução, Enf (81,8%), TE (53%), Med (60%); realizar antissepsia das mãos ao manuseio do cateter, Enf (72,7%), TE (52,5%), Med (53,3%); utilizar de clorexidina alcoólica 0,5%, Enf (72,8%). Indiferente a afirmativa anterior, Med (53,3%); evitar veia femoral como sítio de inserção, concordam Enf (54,5%) e Med (40%). Conclusão: O profissional enfermeiro possui maior conhecimento sobre o Bundle de cateter venoso central. É fundamental que toda a equipe reconheça e utilize este instrumento para às boas práticas de manejo do cateter e redução da infecção. (AU)

Objective: To unveil the professionals' understanding of the recommendations of the central venous catheter insertion and maintenance bundle. Methods: A descriptive, exploratory, quantitative study carried out in 2020 in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a reference hospital in Minas Gerais. Results: 62 health professionals were interviewed, female (90.3%), aged 25-39 years (50%), Nurses (Nurse) (17.8%), Nursing technicians (NT) (58%) and Doctors (Med)(24.2%). Totally agree with the assertions: Bundle as an effective tool for reducing central venous catheter infection, Nurse (45.5%), TE (25%) and Med (26.7%); Maximum precautionary barrier should be used, Nurse (81.8%), TE (53%), Med (60%); Perform hand antisepsis when handling the catheter, Nurse (72.7%), ET (52.5%), Med (53.3%); Use 0.5% alcoholic chlorhexidine, Enf (72.8%). Indifferent to the previous statement, Med(53.3%); Avoid the femoral vein as the insertion site, agree Enf (54.5%) and Med (40%). Conclusion: The professional nurse has greater knowledge about the central venous catheter Bundle. It is essential that the entire team recognize and use this instrument for good catheter management practices and infection reduction. (AU)

Objetivo: Desvelar el conocimiento de los profesionales sobre las recomendaciones del Bundle de inserción y mantenimiento del catéter venoso central. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y cuantitativo realizado en 2020 en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de un hospital de referencia en Minas Gerais. Resultados: se entrevistaron 62 profesionales de la salud, mujeres (90,3%), 25-39 años (50%), Enfermeros (Enfermera) (17,8%), Técnicos de enfermería (NT) (58%) y Médicos (Med) (24,2%). Totalmente de acuerdo con las afirmaciones: Bundle como herramienta eficaz para reducir la infección catéter venoso central, Nurse (45,5%), TE (25%) y Med (26,7%); Se debe utilizar barrera máxima de precaución, Enfermera (81,8%), TE (53%), Med (60%); Realizar antisepsia de la mano al manipular el catéter, Enfermera (72,7%), ET (52,5%), Med (53,3%); Utilice clorhexidina alcohólica al 0,5%, Enf (72,8%). Indiferente a la afirmación anterior, Med (53,3%); Evite la vena femoral como sitio de inserción, coinciden Enf (54,5%) y Med (40%). Conclusión: La enfermera profesional tiene un mayor conocimiento sobre el Bundle catéter venoso central. Es esencial que todo el equipo reconozca y utilice este instrumento para las buenas prácticas de manejo del catéter y la reducción de infecciones. (AU)

Gastrite isquêmica grave por isquemia mesentérica crônica / Severe ischemic gastritis caused by chronic mesenteric ischemia

Resumo A gastrite isquêmica é uma doença rara, podendo ocorrer por insuficiência vascular focal ou sistêmica. Essa condição é raramente vista na prática médica devido à vasta rede colateral arterial do estômago pelo tronco celíaco e mesentérica superior. A apresentação clássica da isquemia crônica é formada pela tríade de dor pós-prandial, perda de peso e sopro abdominal. A intervenção está indicada naqueles pacientes sintomáticos, sendo o tratamento endovascular uma alternativa à cirurgia em pacientes com alta comorbidade, tendo bons resultados. Reportamos um caso de gastrite isquêmica grave com úlceras e sangramento que foi causado por isquemia mesentérica crônica, em uma paciente de 71 anos, com oclusão do tronco celíaco e mesentérica inferior, além de estenose crítica da superior. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por exame de imagem, e a paciente foi submetida a tratamento endovascular. Trata-se de uma condição rara de diagnóstico e tratamento desafiadores, a qual requer uma equipe multidisciplinar para o manejo adequado.

Abstract Ischemic gastritis is a rare illness caused by localized or systemic vascular insufficiency. This condition is rarely seen in medical practice due to the vast arterial collateral blood supply to the stomach through the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery and also because other etiologies are much more frequent. The classic presentation of chronic ischemia is comprises the triad of postprandial pain, weight loss, and abdominal bruit. Intervention is indicated in symptomatic patients and endovascular treatment is an alternative to surgery in patients with high comorbidity that offers good results. We report a case of a 71-year-old female patient with severe ischemic gastritis with ulcers and bleeding caused by chronic mesenteric ischemia with occlusion of the celiac trunk and inferior mesenteric artery and critical stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery. The diagnosis was confirmed by imaging, and the patient underwent endovascular treatment. This is a rare condition that is difficult to diagnose and treat and a multidisciplinary team is needed for proper management.

Guidelines on vascular access for hemodialysis from the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery / Diretrizes sobre acesso vascular para hemodiálise da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular

Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem, and end-stage renal disease requires dialysis. Most patients requiring renal replacement therapy have to undergo hemodialysis. Therefore, vascular access is extremely important for the dialysis population, directly affecting the quality of life and the morbidity and mortality of this patient population. Since making, managing and salvaging of vascular accesses falls within the purview of the vascular surgeon, developing guideline to help specialists better manage vascular accesses for hemodialysis if of great importance. Thus, the objective of this guideline is to present a set of recommendations to guide decisions involved in the referral, evaluation, choice, surveillance and management of complications of vascular accesses for hemodialysis.

Resumo A doença renal crônica é um problema de saúde pública global e em seu estágio terminal está associada à necessidade de terapia dialítica. A grande maioria dos pacientes que necessitam realizar a terapia renal substitutiva, a fazem através da hemodiálise. Portanto, o acesso vascular é de extrema importância para a população dialítica, implicando diretamente na qualidade de vida e na morbimortalidade deste grupo de pacientes. Sendo a confecção, gerenciamento e resgate dos acessos vasculares uma das áreas de atuação do cirurgião vascular, é de grande importância a elaboração de uma diretriz que oriente o especialista no manejo mais adequado do acesso vascular para hemodiálise. Assim, o objetivo desta diretriz é apresentar um conjunto de recomendações para guiar as decisões na referenciação, avaliação, escolha, vigilância e gestão das complicações do acesso vascular para hemodiálise.

Association between Elevated Iodine Intake and IQ among School Children in Portugal.

The goal of this work was to examine whether elevated iodine intake was associated with adverse effects on IQ among school-age children in Portugal. In a representative sample of children from the north of the country, IQ percentiles by age (assessed with Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices) were dichotomized to <50 ("below-average" IQs) and ≥50. Morning urine iodine concentrations, corrected for creatinine, were dichotomized to <250 µg/g and ≥250 µg/g, according to the European Commission/Scientific Committee on Food's tolerable upper level of daily iodine intake for young children. Data were examined with Chi-square tests, logistic regression, and GLM univariate analysis. The sample (N = 1965) was classified as generally iodine-adequate (median urinary iodine concentration = 129 µg/L; median iodine-to-creatinine ratio = 126 µg/g) according to the WHO's criteria. A greater proportion of children in the ≥250 µg/g group had below-average IQs, compared to children with less than 250 µg/g (p = 0.037), despite a sizable (though non-significant) proportion of children in the less-than-250 µg/g group also presenting below-average IQs, at the bottom of the iodine distribution (<50 µg/g). The proportion of below-average IQs increased with increasingly elevated iodine concentrations (p = 0.047). The association remained significant after the adjustment for confounders, with the elevated iodine group showing increased odds of having below-average IQs when compared with the non-elevated iodine group (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.11−2.17; p = 0.011). Consistently, the former group presented a lower mean IQ than the latter (p = 0.006). High iodine intake was associated with lower IQs even in a population classified as iodine-adequate. These results bear on child cognition and on initiatives involving iodine supplementation.

Educação profissional em saúde pública: especialização na UFMG 1988 (fac-símile) / Educación profesional en salud pública: Especialización en la UFMG 1988 / Professional education in public health: specialization at UFMG 1988

Introdução: trata-se de um fac-simile sobre o requerimento para o ingresso na Pós-graduação em Enfermagem de Saúde Pública, da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, na década de 1980. Resultados: este período é de forte movimento em prol da organização da Reforma Sanitária que teve seu ápice com a Lei n. 8.080/1990. Conclusão: esta fonte é mais uma, dentre muitas, que a enfermagem em saúde pública atua e intervém de forma qualificada, especialmente, em período de pandemia.

Defatted rice bran pretreated with deep eutectic solvents and sequential use as feedstock for subcritical water hydrolysis.

Deffated rice bran has potential to processing into ethanol due to its lignocellulosic composition and agricultural productivity. The composition of the pretreated deffated rice bran with Deep Eutectic Solvent was investigated aiming the production of sugars and bioproducts using subcritical water hydrolysis. Changes in the deffated rice bran composition at different pretreatment times and mixtures of deep eutectic solvent were evaluated by the derivative of thermogravimetric analysis. The pretreated deffated rice bran presented an enrichment in the content of hemicelluloses (281.0%) and delignification (59.3 %). Under the same condition of subcritical water hydrolysis (230 °C/R-100) the yield of fermentable sugars increased 2.20 times in the same study time interval (20 min) when comparing pretreated and untreated deffated rice bran.

The Role of Dysfunctional Sexual Beliefs and Sexual Self-Esteem in Sexual Aggression: A Study with Male College Students.

This study aimed to understand how the endorsement of dysfunctional sexual beliefs is associated with sexual self-esteem and sexually aggressive behavior in male college students; it further tested the mediating role of sexual self-esteem in the relationship between sexual beliefs and sexual aggression. Results revealed significant relationships between dysfunctional sexual beliefs and sexual aggression; even so, no mediating effects were found. Findings suggest that students' beliefs about sexuality, namely, a conservative pattern of sexual beliefs, work as predisposing factors for sexual aggression. The current results add to the knowledge on the preventive targets regarding sexual offending behavior in community samples.

Traumatic arteriovenous fistula in the temporal region: a therapeutic challenge.

Arteriovenous fistulas can be congenital or traumatic, the former being more common and diagnosed in childhood, and the latter being rarer and diagnosed later in life. Both require interventional treatment, which may be endovascular, or surgical repair and each case must be studied individually. This article presents the case of a 46-year-old patient with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) between the left temporal artery and its corresponding veins resulting from a blunt trauma to the parietal region during childhood. The diagnosis was confirmed by imaging examination and he underwent conventional surgical treatment with improvement of symptoms. The case calls attention to a rare condition, its diagnostic investigation, and therapeutic approaches. The incidence of traumatic arteriovenous fistulas is low. They can occur in a variety of ways and can cause symptoms, requiring treatment, which is sometimes challenging, resulting in improvement in the patient's quality of life.

Fístula arteriovenosa traumática em região temporal: um desafio terapêutico / Traumatic arteriovenous fistula in the temporal region: a therapeutic challenge

Resumo As fistulas arteriovenosas podem ser congênitas ou traumáticas, sendo as primeiras mais comuns e diagnosticadas na infância e as últimas mais raras e com diagnóstico mais tardio. Ambas necessitam de tratamento intervencionista, que pode ser endovascular ou correção cirúrgica, sendo que cada caso deve ser estudado individualmente. Este artigo apresenta o caso de um paciente de 46 anos, com fístula arteriovenosa na artéria temporal superficial esquerda com suas veias correspondentes decorrente de trauma contuso na região temporal na infância. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por exame de imagem, e o paciente foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico convencional, apresentando melhora dos sintomas. O caso chama atenção para uma afecção rara, sua investigação diagnóstica e condutas terapêuticas. As fistulas arteriovenosas traumáticas apresentam baixa incidência, ocorrem em variadas localizações e podem causar sintomas, requerendo tratamento, às vezes desafiador, com melhora da qualidade de vida do paciente.

Abstract Arteriovenous fistulas can be congenital or traumatic, the former being more common and diagnosed in childhood, and the latter being rarer and diagnosed later in life. Both require interventional treatment, which may be endovascular, or surgical repair and each case must be studied individually. This article presents the case of a 46-year-old patient with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) between the left temporal artery and its corresponding veins resulting from a blunt trauma to the parietal region during childhood. The diagnosis was confirmed by imaging examination and he underwent conventional surgical treatment with improvement of symptoms. The case calls attention to a rare condition, its diagnostic investigation, and therapeutic approaches. The incidence of traumatic arteriovenous fistulas is low. They can occur in a variety of ways and can cause symptoms, requiring treatment, which is sometimes challenging, resulting in improvement in the patient's quality of life.

Characterization of Schinus lentiscifolius Marchand (Anacardiaceae) Bark Extract and Its Effects on Lymphocyte Oxidative Stress and Heat Shock Response.

Schinus lentiscifolius Marchand has been used in folk medicine to treat immunoinflammatory related diseases, which are marked by OS and altered HSR. Our study aimed to evaluate OS and HSR in lymphocytes treated with S. lentiscifolius bark extracts. S. lentiscifolius barks were partitioned with solvents to obtain hexane (SL-HEX), ethyl acetate (SL-ACOET) and methanol (SL-MEOH) extracts, and the presence of bioactive compounds was evaluated by thin layer chromatography. Total phenols were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and flavonoids were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Antioxidant capacity was verified by DPPH method, cell viability by Trypan Blue method, lipid peroxidation by TBARS and HSP70 by immunoblotting. The SL-ACOET extract presented higher content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in vitro. It was able to reduce lipid peroxidation levels in lymphocytes induced by H2 O2 and improved cell viability. The SL-ACOET extract inhibited HSR by a decrease in both intracellular content and release of 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) and also by decrease extra-to-intracellular HSP70 ratio in lymphocytes submitted to heat shock (2 h, 41 °C). S. lentiscifolius bark extract has antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on HSR probably due to the presence of polyphenols as the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol.

Infecções de sítio cirúrgico: incidência e perfil de resistência antimicrobiana em unidade de terapia intensiva / Las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico: incidencia y perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Surgical site infections: incidence and profile of antimicrobial resistance in intensive care unit

Objetivo analisar a incidência das infecções de sítio cirúrgico e seu perfil de resistência microbiana em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método trata-se de um estudo transversal, documental, descritivo. Foram incluídos na população de estudo 52 pacientes com infecção de sítio cirúrgico de um hospital universitário de Salvador, Bahia, no período de 2011 a 2013. Resultados a idade, cor/raça e número de dias em UTI demonstraram relação estatisticamente significante para o desfecho. Dentre as cirurgias, a da especialidade cardíaca destacou-se em número de infecções; dentre as bactérias, as do tipo gram-negativas (Enterobacter e Escherichia) estavam em culturas de 75,39% dos casos, sendo mais resistentes às penicilinas; o desfecho mais frequente foi a alta da unidade. Conclusão os estudos sobre essas infecções constituem um padrão importante para as unidades hospitalares que, na atualidade, enfrentam sérios riscos, especialmente relacionados ao uso e ao manejo de antibióticos com impacto no sistema de saúde.

Objetivo analizar la incidencia de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico y su perfil de resistencia microbiana en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Método Este es un estudio transversal, documental, descriptivo. La populación del estudio incluyó 52 pacientes con infección del sitio quirúrgico de un hospital universitario en Salvador, Bahía, de 2011 a 2013. Resultados edad, color/raza y número de días en la UCI mostraron una relación estadísticamente significativa para el resultado. Entre las cirugías, la especialidad cardíaca se destacó en número de infecciones; Entre las bacterias, las bacterias gramnegativas (Enterobacter y Escherichia) se encontraban en cultivos del 75,39% de los casos, siendo más resistentes a las penicilinas; el resultado más frecuente fue el alta de la unidad. Conclusión Los estudios sobre estas infecciones son un estándar importante para los hospitales que actualmente enfrentan serios riesgos, especialmente relacionados con el uso y manejo de antibióticos con impacto en el sistema de salud.

Objective to analyze the incidence of surgical site infections and their profile of microbial resistance in an Intensive Care Unit. Method this was a cross-sectional, documentary, descriptive study. The study population included 52 patients with surgical site infection in a university hospital in Salvador, Bahia, in the period from 2011 to 2013. Results age, race/color and number of days in the ICU showed a statistically significant relationship with the outcome. Among the surgeries, the cardiac specialty stood out in number of infections; among the bacteria, gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter and Escherichia) grew in cultures of 75.39% of the cases, being more resistant to penicillin; the most frequent outcome was the discharge from the unit. Conclusion the studies about these infections constitute an important standard for hospital units, which currently face serious risks, especially related to the use and management of antibiotics with impact on the health system.

Feasibility Study through Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in Curitiba

ABSTRACT The increase in energy demand in Brazil encourages the country to increasingly invest in generation of electric energy, where the demand for other renewable sources increases gradually because they have a lower impact on the environment. The use of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS) is a viable solution for the country, since it presents favorable natural conditions for the use of solar energy. This study approaches the current scenario of three photovoltaic systems installed in Curitiba in 2016 and part of 2017: Green Office (GO) located in Curitiba Campus Downtown, Curitiba Campus Neoville, both of the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), as well as a residence. By means of performance parameters, performance analysis of these systems were carried out and, in order to measure the length of time of the return of the initial investment in its installation, a study of the economic viability of these systems according to the current rate model in Brazil through economic engineering tools was carried out: Simple Payback and Discounted Payback, Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return. Finally, the application of the saved value of electric energy bills was simulated in a bank account during the system´s lifespan.

Correção do envelhecimento volumétrico de mãos: estudo comparativo entre preenchimento com hidroxiapatita de cálcio e ácido hialurônico / Correction of volumetric aging of hands: comparative study between calcium hydroxyapatite and hyaluronic acid

Introdução: Os sinais da idade costumam se evidenciar mais intensamente na face, no pescoço e nas mãos revelando perda considerável de volume, um indicador comum de envelhecimento. Objetivo: Comparar o tempo de duração e os efeitos adversos de dois tipos de preenchedores subcutâneos para o tratamento do envelhecimento volumétrico de mão. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo e comparativo, onde os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos: Grupo A, composto por 4 pacientes que utilizaram o mesmo volume de hidroxiapatita de cálcio e ácido hialurônico em ambas as mãos; Grupo B, composto por 4 pacientes que utilizaram maior volume de hidroxiapatita de cálcio tambem em uma das maõs e Grupo C, composto por 4 pacientes que utilizaram maior volume de ácido hialurônico. Os pacientes foram avaliados através de mudanças em escala validada para envelhecimento de mãos, registradas por fotografias digitais antes e 1,3,6,9,12,15 e 18 meses após o procedimento. Resultados: No Grupo A os pacientes apresentaram o mesmo tempo de duração de ambos os preenchedores; no Grupo B os pacientes tratados com hidroxiapatita de cálcio apresentaram maior tempo de duração; no Grupo C os pacientes tratados com ácido hialurônico apresentaram maior tempo de duração. Os efeitos adversos foram mais frequentes com o uso de hidroxiapatita de cálcio. Conclusões: Pode-se concluir que o tempo de duração é proporcional ao volume injetado para ambos os preenchedores, e que o ácido hialurônico é mais seguro para o tratamento dessa irregularidade cosmética.

Introduction: Signs of aging usually arise more intensely on the face, neck, and hands, in the form of considerable loss of volume, which is a common indicator of aging. Objective: To compare the duration, and adverse effects of two types of subcutaneous fillers in the treatment of the volumetric aging of hands. Methods: Group A: four patients who used the same amount of the products in both hands; Group B: four patients who used greater amounts of calcium hydroxyapatite in one of the hands and Group C: four patients who used greater amounts of hyaluronic acid also in one of the hands. The patients were evaluated through changes in a validated scale for hand aging, recorded by digital photographs before and 1,3,6,9,12,15 and 18 months after the procedure. Results: In Group A the patients had the same duration for both fillers; in Group B patients treated with hydroxyapatite calcium had longer duration; in Group C, the patients treated with hyaluronic acid presented longer duration. Adverse effects were more frequent with the use of calcium hydroxyapatite. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the filler duration is proportional to the volume injected for both fillers, and that hyaluronic acid is safer for the treatment of this cosmetic irregularity.

Imiquimode e curetagem para o tratamento do molusco contagioso: um estudo comparativo / Imiquimod and curetage for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum: a comparative study

Introdução: Molusco contagioso é uma dermatovirose causada por um poxvírus. Na literatura há descrição de diferentes abordagens terapêuticas dessa infecção. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do imiquimode para tratamento de molusco contagioso de forma isolada e associada à curetagem. Métodos: Grupo A, 20 pacientes utilizaram imiquimode 5% creme, 3 vezes por semana por 6 semanas e Grupo B, 10 pacientes que utilizaram creme base, 3 vezes por semana por 6 semanas. Após estas 6 semanas, todos os pacientes se submeteram à curetagem. Resultados: Grupo A, na sexta semana diminuição de 31% no número de lesões, com uma efetividade da curetagem de 97,6%; Grupo B na sexta semana um aumento de 4,8% no número de lesões e uma efetividade da curetagem de 81,1%. A média do nível de dor durante a curetagem foi de 1,8 para o Grupo A e 3,0 para o Grupo B. Conclusões: Por aumentar a taxa de eliminação de lesões de molusco contagioso e diminuir a dor quando o processo de curetagem é realizado após uso do imunomodulador, concluímos que a associação de imiquimode 5% em creme com curetagem possa ser uma possibilidade terapêutica.

Introduction: Molluscum contagiosum is a dermatovirosis caused by a poxvirus. In the literature there are descriptions of different therapeutic approaches of this infection. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of imiquimod ­ isolated and associated with curettage ­ in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Methods: Group A: 20 patients used 5% imiquimod cream 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Group B: 10 patients used a creamy base 3 times a week, for 6 weeks. After the initial 6 weeks, all patients underwent curettage. Results: Group A: 31% decrease in the number of lesions in the 6th week, with a curettage effectiveness of 97.6%; Group B: 4.8% increase in the number of lesions in the 6th week, with a curettage effectiveness of 81.1%. The mean value for the pain level during curettage was 1.8 for Group A and 3.0 for Group B. Conclusions: Due to the facts that the rate of cure of contagious molluscum lesions increased and the pain decreased when the curettage procedure was conducted after the use of the immunomodulator, it was possible to conclude that the association of 5% imiquimod cream to the curettage may be a therapeutic possibility.

Diarreia causada por clostridium difficile: recentes avanços / Diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile: recent Advances

A infecção causada por Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), um dos agentes causadores de diarréia aguda e recorrente, tem como principal fator de risco o uso de antimicrobianos. Recentemente, houve um aumento da incidência e da mortalidade desta afecção. Clinicamente, a mesma pode manifestar-se desde um quadro de diarreia aquosa leve até a forma grave de colite pseudomembranosa. O objetivo deste artigo é apontar as mudanças epidemiológicas da infecção pelo C. difficile, além de rever fatores de risco, manifestações clínicas, métodos diagnósticos, tratamento e prevenção desta infecção. O aumento na gravidade da infecção causada pelo C. difficile é relacionado a uma nova cepa hipervirulenta, BI/NAPI/Ribotipo 027, que apresenta maior capacidade de produção de toxinas. Essa nova cepa, mais virulenta, ainda não foi detectada no Brasil, porém como já foi identificada em outros países da América, alerta para a preocupante capacidade de disseminação universal. Essa revisão é baseada em artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos, utilizando como base de dados o PubMed e o Scielo (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), com as palavras-chave: Epidemiologia, diarreia, Clostridium difficile e cepa hipervirulenta.

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a causative agent of diarrhea and its main risk factor is the use of antimicrobials. Recently, there was an increase in incidence and mortality. Clinical symptoms can manifest from mild watery diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis. The purpose of this article is to make a literature review of C. difficile -associated diarrhea including its recent epidemiological changes. The increase in the severity of infection caused by Clostridium difficile was related to a new hypervirulent strain, BI/NAPI/ribotype 027, with greater capacity for production of toxins, responsible for clinical manifestations. This new strain, more virulent, has not yet been detected in Brazil, but it was already identified in other countries of America, warns the disturbing ability to universal dissemination. This review is based on articles published in the last 10 years, using as database PubMed and Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online), with the keywords: Epidemiology, diarrhea, Clostridium difficile and hypervirulent strain.