Prospects of perfusion contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CE-US) in diagnosing axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer: a comparison with lymphatic CE-US.

Accurate diagnosis of lymph node (LN) metastasis is vital for prognosis and treatment in patients with breast cancer. Imaging 1modalities such as ultrasound (US), MRI, CT, and 18F-FDG PET/CT are used for preoperative assessment. While conventional US is commonly recommended due to its resolution and sensitivity, it has limitations such as operator subjectivity and difficulty detecting small metastases. This review shows the microanatomy of axillary LNs to enhance accurate diagnosis and the characteristics of contrast-enhanced US (CE-US), which utilizes intravascular microbubble contrast agents, making it ideal for vascular imaging. A significant focus of this review is on distinguishing between two types of CE-US techniques for axillary LN evaluation: perfusion CE-US and lymphatic CE-US. Perfusion CE-US is used to assess LN metastasis via transvenous contrast agent administration, while lymphatic CE-US is used to identify sentinel LNs and diagnose LN metastasis through percutaneous contrast agent administration. This review also highlights the need for future research to clarify the distinction between studies involving "apparently enlarged LNs" and "clinical node-negative" cases in perfusion CE-US research. Such research standardization is essential to ensure accurate diagnostic performance in various clinical studies. Future studies should aim to standardize CE-US methods for improved LN metastasis diagnosis, not only in breast cancer but also across various malignancies.

The influence of blood velocity and vessel geometric parameters on wall shear stress.

Vascular geometry was proposed to be one risk factor of atherosclerosis (AS). When developing this hypothesis, the discussion of geometry-wall shear stress (WSS) has often been included. However, further exploration on how various geometric parameters were affecting WSS was needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence degree of vessel geometric parameters and blood velocity on WSS. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses of the vertebral and basilar arteries (VA and BA, respectively) was used. Twenty patients with no plaques or vessel wall thickening at the VA and BA were included. CFD analyses using both specific vessel models and flow conditions measured by ultrasound Doppler were performed. Subsequently, CFD results were post-processed with multiple linear regression to investigate numerical correlations between geometrical and flow parameters and WSS. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis further demonstrated that the BA proximal velocity was the most influential factor positively influencing BA WSS. The lower the WSS was, the stronger the influence brought by BA average diameter would be. The regression demonstrated that the contributions brought by average diameter and proximal velocity in lower WSS regions were lower than that in higher WSS regions. Tortuosity was only positively correlated with 97.5th WSS percentile, and vessel length and curvature showed no correlation with WSS. This study quantified the influence degree of BA morphology and flow velocity on WSS, which may have practical implications for predicting hemodynamic risks.

Inter-reporter differences in symptom burdens in Japanese children with cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies about inter-reporter differences and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in childhood cancer from Western countries showed that caregiver proxy reports tend to overestimate symptom burdens in comparison with children's self-reports. However, the results from Western countries may not be generalizable to Asian countries. METHODS: This paper is a secondary analysis of a validation study of the Japanese pediatric version of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale including 88 dyads of children aged 7-12 years and 74 dyads of children aged 13-18 years and their caregivers. The study assessed the inter-reporter differences of eight and 31 symptom burdens calculated as symptom scores in children aged 7-12 years and 13-18 years, respectively, and the association between inter-reporter differences and the characteristics of children and caregivers. RESULTS: The majority of children and caregivers scored equally at the dyadic level for almost all symptoms. However, 37.5% of symptoms in children aged 7-12 years and 10.0% of symptoms in children aged 13-18 years showed significant inter-reporter differences, suggesting a general tendency of caregivers to underestimate their children's symptom burden. The caregiver's age was the characteristic most frequently associated with magnitude of inter-reporter differences. CONCLUSIONS: Caregiver proxy reports may be a reliable source of PROs in Japanese children with cancer, as self-reported and caregiver proxy-reported symptom burdens were generally concordant. However, as some significant inter-reporter differences were observed, an effort should be made within the medical community to evaluate the parent-child relationship to minimize inter-reporter differences and achieve better symptom management.

Application of Texture and Volume Model Analysis to Dedicated Axillary High-resolution 3D T2-weighted MR Imaging: A Novel Method for Diagnosing Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Clinically Node-negative Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the texture analysis of axillary high-resolution 3D T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) in distinguishing positive and negative lymph node (LN) metastasis in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer. METHODS: Between December 2017 and May 2021, 242 consecutive patients underwent high-resolution 3D T2WI and were classified into the training (n = 160) and validation cohorts (n = 82). We performed manual 3D segmentation of all visible LNs in axillary level I to extract the texture features. As the additional parameters, the number of the LNs and the total volume of all LNs for each case were calculated. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithm and Random Forest were used to construct the models. We constructed the texture model using the features from the LN with the largest least axis length in the training cohort. Furthermore, we constructed the 3 models combining the selected texture features of the LN with the largest least axis length, the number of LNs, and the total volume of all LNs: texture-number model, texture-volume model, and texture-number-volume model. As a conventional method, we manually measured the largest cortical diameter. Moreover, we performed the receiver operating curve analysis in the validation cohort and compared area under the curves (AUCs) of the models. RESULTS: The AUCs of the texture model, texture-number model, texture-volume model, texture-number-volume model, and conventional method in the validation cohort were 0.7677, 0.7403, 0.8129, 0.7448, and 0.6851, respectively. The AUC of the texture-volume model was higher than those of other models and conventional method. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the texture-volume model were 90%, 69%, 49%, and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The texture-volume model of high-resolution 3D T2WI effectively distinguished positive and negative LN metastasis for patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer.

Large language model may assist diagnosis of SAPHO syndrome by bone scintigraphy.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we employed a large language model to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of radiology reports of bone scintigraphy in the context of identifying SAPHO syndrome, and further examined the potential of such a model to augment the diagnostic procedure. METHODS: Imaging data and clinical information of 151 patients (105/46 women/men, mean age: 53.5 years) who underwent bone scintigraphy for suspected SAPHO syndrome between January 2007 and December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. ChatGPT-4.0 was used as the large language model. The diagnostic performance of the large language model was verified by comparing the cases judged to have SAPHO syndrome that fulfilled Kahn's classification criteria based on a combination of concise radiology reports and skin lesions such as palmoplantar pustulosis, with cases diagnosed with SAPHO syndrome by rheumatologists based on all clinical information. The diagnostic performance of the large language model was verified. RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracy of a large language model for analyzing bone scintigraphy radiology reports in conjunction with information about skin symptoms, such as palmoplantar pustulosis, achieved a sensitivity of 83.5%, specificity of 69.4%, and an overall accuracy of 76.8%. DISCUSSION: While this research is an initial endeavor dedicated to the utilization of a substantial language model in the creation of a database for imaging diagnostics of rheumatic conditions, it exhibits commendable diagnostic accuracy, particularly for diseases with a wide range of symptoms like SAPHO syndrome, indicating a positive outlook for subsequent studies. CONCLUSION: This research indicates the prospective value of extensive language models in scrutinizing radiology accounts from bone scintigraphy for the diagnosis of SAPHO syndrome.

The Current Trend of Radiation Therapy for Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer.

A recent approach to radiotherapy for prostate cancer is the administration of high doses of radiation to the prostate while minimizing the risk of side effects. Thus, image-guided radiotherapy utilizes advanced imaging techniques and is a feasible strategy for increasing the radiation dose. New radioactive particles are another approach to achieving high doses and safe procedures. Prostate brachytherapy is currently considered as a combination therapy. Spacers are useful to protect adjacent organs, specifically the rectum, from excessive radiation exposure.