Time is of the Essence: Achieving Prompt and Effective Antimicrobial therapy of Bloodstream infection With Advanced Hospital Information Systems.

The early administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy is crucial for the survival of patients with bacteremia. Current research focuses on improving analytical times through technology while there have been very few efforts to improve post-analytical times even though they represent 40% of the time between blood taking and appropriate treatment administration. One of the clues is the efficiency and appropriateness of the result communication system. Here, we review all delays in the whole process with the aim of improving time to appropriate treatment administration. We discuss causes for long times to adjust treatment once microbiological results are released. We argue that that the pervasive health information system in this organization serves as both a bottleneck and a rigid framework to focus on. Finally, we explore how should be conceived the next generation hospital information systems to effectively assist the doctors in treating patients with bacteremia.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using commercial assays and seroconversion patterns in hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVES: SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays are needed for serological surveys and as a complement to molecular tests to confirm COVID-19. However, the kinetics of the humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 remains poorly described and relies on the performance of the different serological tests. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the performance of six CE-marked point-of-care tests (POC) and three ELISA assays for the diagnosis of COVID-19 by exploring seroconversions in hospitalized patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. RESULTS: Both the ELISA and POC tests were able to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in at least half of the samples collected seven days or more after the onset of symptoms. After 15 days, the rate of detection rose to over 80% but without reaching 100%, irrespective of the test used. More than 90% of the samples collected after 15 days tested positive using the iSIA and Accu-Tell® POC tests and the ID.Vet IgG ELISA assay. Seroconversion was observed 5 to 12 days after the onset of symptoms. Three assays suffer from a specificity below 90% (EUROIMMUN IgG and IgA, UNscience, Zhuhai Livzon). CONCLUSIONS: The second week of COVID-19 seems to be the best period for assessing the sensitivity of commercial serological assays. To achieve an early diagnosis of COVID-19 based on antibody detection, a dual challenge must be met: the immunodiagnostic window period must be shortened and an optimal specificity must be conserved.

[Legitimate resistance without technophobia: Analysis of electronic medical records impacts on the medical profession]. / Résistance légitime sans technophobie : analyse des impacts de l'informatisation du dossier du patient sur le cœur du métier médical.

The objective of this short narrative literature review is to highlight the different difficulties encountered by medical doctor in the daily use of EMR. We show that these are not simple transitional phenomena related to a "resistance to change", but rather the fact of a deeper and unfinished transformation. Beyond the "perception of misfit with work processes" or the threat of a loss of autonomy, we propose to analyze this so-called "resistance" in relation to the formalization of medical work induced by EMR. Our question concerns the compatibility of the multiple objectives of EMR, the potential influence of computerization on the steps of entering and consulting medical information, the impact on the clinical reasoning, the reality of assistance to medical "performance". The question is not so much what EMRs do less well than the paper record, but to provide insights into how tomorrow's EMRs will do better than today's.

Potential lung cancer screening outcomes using different age and smoking thresholds in the ANRS-CO4 French Hospital Database on HIV cohort.

OBJECTIVES: In most lung screening programmes, only subjects ≥ 55 years old and smoking ≥ 30 pack-years are eligible to undergo chest low-dose computed tomography. Whether the same criteria should apply to people living with HIV (PLHIV) is uncertain, given the increased lung cancer risks associated with immunodeficiency and high rates of smoking. We assessed different outcomes obtained from simulating one round of lung cancer screening in PLHIV using different age and smoking thresholds for eligibility. METHODS: Data from the French Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS)-CO4 French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH) cohort of PLHIV and a national representative survey of PLHIV in care in 2011 (the ANRS-VESPA2 [enquête sur les personnes atteintes] study) were used to estimate the maximum proportion of incident lung cancers occurring between 2012 and 2016 that would have potentially been detected by screening in 2011. Secondary outcomes were numbers of eligible subjects in the cohort and numbers of subjects needed to screen (NNS) to detect one lung cancer. RESULTS: Among 77819 PLHIV in 2011 (median age 46 years; 66% men), 285 subjects subsequently developed lung cancer. Adoption of the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations (55-80 years; ≥ 30 pack-years) would have detected 31% of lung cancers at most. Lowering the minimum age to 50 and 45 years would have detected 49% and 60% of cancers, respectively, but would have greatly increased the number of eligible subjects and the NNS to detect one case of lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the USPSTF criteria would have detected only a minority of lung cancers in a large French cohort of PLHIV in 2011. Screening PLHIV at younger ages (45 or 50 years) and/or the use of lower smoking thresholds (20 pack-years) may be beneficial, despite the consequently higher numbers of eligible subjects and NNS to detect one case of lung cancer, and should be evaluated in future studies.

Implant retention and high rate of treatment failure in hematogenous acute knee and hip prosthetic joint infections.

OBJECTIVES: Only few studies evaluated hematogenous prosthetic joint infections. We aimed to describe the characteristics of these infections and factors associated with management failure. METHODS: We selected hematogenously-acquired infections, defined by the occurrence of infectious symptoms more than a year after implantation among records of patients treated for hip and knee prosthetic joint infections at Montpellier University Hospital between January 2004 and May 2015. Failure was defined by death due to prosthesis-related infection, need for prosthesis removal in case of conservative treatment, or recurrence of infectious signs on a new prosthesis. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients with hematogenous prosthetic joint infection were included (33 knee infections and 14 hip infections). Infectious agents were streptococci (43%), Staphylococcus aureus (43%), Gram-negative bacilli (13%), and Listeria monocytogenes (2%). Thirty-one patients were initially treated with debridement and implant retention and 15 with prosthesis removal (three with one-stage surgery, 10 with two-stage surgery). The median duration of antibiotic therapy was 66.5 days. The overall failure rate was 52% (24/48), 71% (22/31) with implant retention strategy, 13% (2/15) with prosthesis removal, and 63% (12/19) in case of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Conservative treatment was appropriate (arthrotomy on a well-implanted prosthesis without sinus tract and symptom onset <21 days) in 13/31 patients (42%) with a failure rate still high at 69% (9/13). The only factor associated with failure was conservative surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: The high risk of failure of conservative treatment for hematogenous prosthetic joint infections should lead to considering prosthesis replacement as the optimal strategy, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus.

Investigation of pre-XDR Beijing Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission to a healthcare worker in France, 2016.

A case of occupational contamination of a healthcare worker by a pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) Beijing strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the University Hospital of Montpellier, France is reported. The index case was identified using genetic fingerprinting of isolates. This report underscores the risk of healthcare-associated contamination by pre-XDR tuberculosis (TB) in low-incidence countries and the importance of molecular tools for TB care. It also calls for increased vigilance in the management of multi-drug-resistant/XDR TB patients.

Impact of T cell activation, HIV replication and hepatitis C virus infection on neutrophil CD64 expression.

BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the Fc receptor CD64 on neutrophils is associated with innate immune response and bacterial infections. During HIV infection a large set of immune disorders including T-lymphocyte over-activation, microbial translocation, impairment of neutrophil functions, and immunodeficiency may interplay with neutrophil CD64 expression. METHODS: Associations of neutrophil CD64 expression with CD8+ T cell activation, CD4+ T cells number, HIV, and HCV replications were investigated in HIV infected patients using a standardized method. RESULTS: Higher neutrophil CD64 expression was observed in HIV infected subjects compared to healthy controls (0.91 vs. 0.75, P < 0.001). Among 115 HIV infected patients, nine (8.8%) had a CD64 expression over the clinical threshold as calculated against bead standard (i.e., 1.5). HIV viremic patients were more likely to have an index above 1.5 (OR: 6.68, P values: 0.01). A trend for correlation between CD64 expression and CD8 T cell activation was observed (P values: 0.08). Blood CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion and HCV replication did not affect neutrophil CD64 expression. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection and HIV replication are associated with up-regulation of neutrophil CD64. CD64 overexpression above the clinical threshold was observed in a minor proportion of HIV infected individuals treated by antiretroviral therapy and may be a marker of neutrophil activation related to non-AIDS-linked comorbidities. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.

MACVIA-LR (Fighting Chronic Diseases for Active and Healthy Ageing in Languedoc-Roussillon): A Success Story of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing.

The Région Languedoc Roussillon is the umbrella organisation for an interconnected and integrated project on active and healthy ageing (AHA). It covers the 3 pillars of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA): (A) Prevention and health promotion, (B) Care and cure, (C) and (D) Active and independent living of elderly people. All sub-activities (poly-pharmacy, falls prevention initiative, prevention of frailty, chronic respiratory diseases, chronic diseases with multimorbidities, chronic infectious diseases, active and independent living and disability) have been included in MACVIA-LR which has a strong political commitment and involves all stakeholders (public, private, patients, policy makers) including CARSAT-LR and the Eurobiomed cluster. It is a Reference Site of the EIP on AHA. The framework of MACVIA-LR has the vision that the prevention and management of chronic diseases is essential for the promotion of AHA and for the reduction of handicap. The main objectives of MACVIA-LR are: (i) to develop innovative solutions for a network of Living labs in order to reduce avoidable hospitalisations and loss of autonomy while improving quality of life, (ii) to disseminate the innovation. The three years of MACVIA-LR activities are reported in this paper.

Source-case investigation of Mycobacterium wolinskyi cardiac surgical site infection.

The non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) Mycobacterium wolinskyi caused bacteraemia and massive colonization of an aortic prosthesis in a patient 16 days after cardiac surgery, necessitating repeat surgery and targeted antimicrobial chemotherapy. The infection control team investigated the source and conditions of infection. Peri-operative management of the patient complied with recommendations. The environmental investigation showed that although M. wolinskyi was not recovered, diverse NTM species were present in water from point-of-use taps and heater-cooler units for extracorporeal circulation. This case and increasing evidence of emerging NTM infections in cardiac surgery led to the implementation of infection control procedures in cardiac surgery wards.

Diagnosing pelvic osteomyelitis beneath pressure ulcers in spinal cord injured patients: a prospective study.

There is no consensus on a diagnostic strategy for osteomyelitis underlying pressure ulcers. We conducted a prospective study to assess the accuracy of multiple bone biopsies and imaging to diagnose pelvic osteomyelitis. Patients with clinically suspected osteomyelitis beneath pelvic pressure ulcers were enrolled. Bone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical bone biopsies (three or more for microbiology and one for histology per ulcer) were performed. Bacterial osteomyelitis diagnosis relied upon the association of positive histology and microbiology (at least one positive culture for non-commensal microorganisms or three or more for commensal microorganisms of the skin). From 2011 to 2014, 34 patients with 44 pressure ulcers were included. Bacterial osteomyelitis was diagnosed for 28 (82.3%) patients and 35 (79.5%) ulcers according to the composite criterion. Discrepancy was observed between histology and microbiology for 5 (11.4%) ulcers. Most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (77.1%), Peptostreptococcus (48.6%) and Bacteroides (40%), cultured in three or more samples in 42.9% of ulcers for S. aureus and ≥20% for anaerobes. Only 2.8% of ulcers had three or more positive specimens with coagulase-negative staphylococci, group B Streptococcus, and nil with enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus and group milleri Streptococcus were recovered from one sample in 22.8%, 11.4% and 11.4% of ulcers, respectively. Agreement was poor between biopsies and MRI (κ 0.2). Sensitivity of MRI was 94.3% and specificity was 22.2%. The diagnosis of pelvic osteomyelitis relies on multiple surgical bone biopsies with microbiological and histological analyses. At least three bone samples allows the detection of pathogens and exclusion of contaminants. MRI is not routinely useful for diagnosis.

Implementing a tele-expertise system to optimise the antibiotic use and stewardship: The case of the Montpellier University Hospital (France).

This paper has two aims: 1) to describe the tele-expertise system implemented in the Montpellier University Hospital (France) in order to optimize antimicrobial use 2) to analyze the prescribers' adherence to this system. For the second purpose, an observational prospective study was conducted for 12 months. Data were collected from counselling advices, which were notified in the electronic medical records. 1386 tele-expertise actions were performed. Among them, 87% were made without clinical evaluation at the bedside. The prescribers' adherence rate to a diagnosis was 79%. For the therapeutic requests, 87% of answers were fully followed. The results outline how the tele-expertise system enables both infectious disease specialists and prescribers to make better decisions in particular cases.

Understanding the Perceived Usefulness and the Ease of Use of a Hospital Information System: the case of a French University Hospital.

The goal of this study was to examine the perceived usefulness and the perceived ease of use of a Hospital Information System (HIS) for the care staff. We administrated a questionnaire composed of open-end and closed questions. As results, the perceived usefulness and ease of use are correlated with medical occupations. Content analysis of open questions highlights three factors influencing these constructs: ergonomics, errors in the documenting process and insufficient compatibility with the medical department or the occupation. While the results are consistent with literature, they show medical occupations do not report the same low rate of perceived usefulness and of ease of use. The main explanation consists in the medical risk in the prescription process for anesthesiologists, surgeons and physicians.

Understanding the acceptance factors of an Hospital Information System: evidence from a French University Hospital.

The goal of this study was to examine the perceived usefulness, the perceived ease of use and the perceived behavioral control of a Hospital Information System (HIS) for the care staff. We administrated a questionnaire composed of open-end and closed questions, based on the main concepts of Technology Acceptance Model. As results, the perceived usefulness, ease of use and behavioral control (self-efficacy and organizational support) are correlated with medical occupations. As an example, we found that a half of the medical secretaries consider the HIS is ease of use, at the opposite to the anesthesiologists, surgeons and physicians. Medical secretaries reported also the highest rate of PBC and a high rate of PU. Pharmacists reported the highest rate of PU but a low rate of PBC, which is similar to the rate of the surgeons and physicians. Content analysis of open questions highlights factors influencing these constructs: ergonomics, errors in the documenting process, insufficient compatibility with the medical department or the occupational group. Consequently, we suggest that the gap between the perceptions of the different occupational groups may be explained by the use of different modules and by interdependency of the care stare staff.