Spatial and temporal analysis of tuberculosis incidence in Guinea-Bissau, 2018 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the epidemiological profile, spatial and temporal distribution of tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau from 2018 to 2020. METHODS: an ecological study, carried out in Guinea-Bissau, considering new cases of tuberculosis. Spatial analysis of areas was used to verify tuberculosis distribution in the country, and time series were used to identify incidence evolution over the years of study. RESULTS: a total of 6,840 new cases of tuberculosis were reported. Tuberculosis incidence rate in the country ranged from 36.8 to 267.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants, with emphasis on the regions of Bissau and Biombo (over 90 cases/100,000). By using time series, it was possible to observe an increase in case incidence over the years of study. CONCLUSIONS: the study made it possible to identify the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau, spatial distribution heterogeneity, in addition to identifying the disease evolution over the years of investigation.

Health condition, income loss, food insecurity and other social inequities among migrants and refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Brazil is the destination of many international migrants and refugees and, given the circumstances of their entry into the country, many face difficulties due to the absence of targeted policies. Thus, the objective of this study was to survey the social impact of COVID-19 on international migrants and refugees regarding income loss, food insecurity and other social inequities, and to identify explanatory factors on these aspects. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, analytical study. We used a validated instrument applied by trained interviewers. Descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with income loss and food insecurity. RESULTS: A total of 360 individuals from sub-Saharan African and South American countries participated in the study. Individuals who were white, black/brown, yellow, had an occupation/employment, and earned less than one minimum wage were more likely to lose income. Those who reported no income, received less than one minimum wage, and were diagnosed with COVID-19 were more likely to be food insecure. CONCLUSIONS: The study advances knowledge by identifying factors associated with income loss, food insecurity, and individuals' difficulty in accessing health services and social support measures in Brazil.

Factors associated with status and self-perceived mental health changes in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

The SARS-CoV-2-triggered Public Health Emergency of International Importance has significantly contributed to emotional and mental health issues. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with self-perceived mental health changes while facing the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study that collected data via a web survey using a validated instrument. The study included individuals over 18 years old residing in the 26 federal units and the Federal District from August 2020 to November 2022. The sample was recruited using the snowball technique. Two logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the outcomes of interest. The first analysis considered individuals who rated their mental health condition as poor as the dependent variable, while the second analysis considered individuals who reported changes in their mental health during the pandemic as the dependent variable. The study found that individuals with complete college education and those using tranquilizers or antidepressants were more likely to perceive their mental health as poor (1.97 and 2.04 times higher likelihood, respectively). Increased consumption of ultra-processed foods during the pandemic was associated with a 2.49 higher likelihood of reporting mental health changes. Participants also reported more difficulty sleeping. The negative self-perception of mental health varied across Brazil's regions and changed over time, with different patterns observed before and after the vaccination period. In 2022, most regions of Brazil classified their mental health as "poor." The study highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, with increased prevalence of mental disorders and emotional problems among the population. The results highlight the presence of mental disorders and increased reporting of emotional problems among the population due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

A distributional regression approach to modeling the impact of structural and intermediary social determinants on communities burdened by tuberculosis in Eastern Amazonia - Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that is influenced by social determinants of health. However, the specific structural and intermediary determinants of TB in Eastern Amazonia remain unclear. Despite being rich in natural resources, the region faces significant challenges related to poverty, inequality, and neglected diseases. The objective of this study was to use mathematical modeling to evaluate the influence of structural and intermediary determinants of health on TB in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional included all TB cases diagnosed and registered in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) from 2001 to 2017. Data on social determinants were collected at the census tract level. The generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) framework was employed to identify the effect of social determinants on communities with a high TB prevalence. The Double Poisson distribution (DPO) was chosen, and inclusion of quadratic effects was tested. RESULTS: A total of 1730 individuals were diagnosed with TB and reported in SINAN during the analyzed period. The majority were female (59.3%), aged 31 to 59 years (47.6%), identified as blacks (67.9%), and had incomplete elementary education (46.6%). The prevalence of alcoholism was 8.6% and mental illness was 0.7%. GAMLSS analyses demonstrated that the risk of community incidence of TB is associated with the proportion of the population lacking basic sanitation, as well as with the age groups of 16-31 years and > 61 years. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the strategic utility of GAMLSS in identifying high-risk areas for TB. Models should encompass a broader range of social determinants to inform policies aimed at reducing inequality and achieving the goals of the End TB strategy.

Epidemiology of TB in prisoners: a metanalysis of the prevalence of active and latent TB.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) in prisons usually occurs at higher rates than in the general population, especially in developing countries. TB has been reported as the most common cause of death among prisoners. Studies have shown limitations for early detection of TB in prisons that seem to result from mistaken concepts about TB, delayed diagnosis mainly due to the naturalization of lack of healthcare for this population METHODS: A scoping review was performed using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute to assess "What are the scientific evidences on the epidemiology of TB in the prison system?". Then, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of TB (active and latent) TB in prisoners. The results are presented as prevalence, in percentage, through random effects models, with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: Regarding active TB, the results of the metanalysis showed that countries with a high burden of TB had a prevalence of 3.54% [2.71; 4.63], countries not considered to be high burden TB countries had a prevalence of 1.43% [0.86; 2.37]. Latent TB had a prevalence of 51.61% [39.46; 63.58] in high TB burden countries and a prevalence of 40.24% [23.51; 59.61] in countries with low TB burden. In terms of development, in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the prevalence of active TB was 3.13% [1.84; 5.29] and in high- and upper-middle income countries the prevalence was 2.25% [1.70; 2.99]. The prevalence of latent TB in high- and middle-income countries was 43.77% [28.61; 60.18] and of 49.42% [45.91; 52.94] in low and lower middle-income countries. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that TB, and probably other infectious diseases, find fertile ground in prisons where previous acquire social disadvantages seem to thrive-therefore, TB in prisons is a global public health problem and effective strategies are needed to control the disease are needed targeting the prison environment, including rapid health assessments to understand each context and to implement tailored and precision interventions.

Clusters of risk for the occurrence of leprosy and disabilities in children under 15 years of age in Cuiabá: a geospatial study. / Aglomerados de risco para ocorrência de hanseníase e as incapacidades em menores de 15 anos em Cuiabá: um estudo geoespacial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of leprosy and disabilities in children under 15 years of age in Cuiabá. METHODS: Ecological study carried out in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study population consisted of leprosy cases in children under 15 years old notified in the Notifiable Diseases Information System, between 2008 and 2018. Based on residential addresses, cases were georeferenced. In the analysis of the spatial distribution of the cases, the estimation of the Kernel density was used and, later, the statistics of spatial, spatio-temporal and Spatial Variation in Temporal Trends were applied. RESULTS: 514 cases of leprosy were reported in children under 15 years of age in Cuiabá, with a percentage of 10.1% of cases with degree of physical disability 1 and 2.3% with degree of physical disability 2 at the time of diagnosis. With the techniques of spatial and spatio-temporal scanning, clusters of risk for leprosy were identified in the North, West, East and South regions of Cuiabá, and with the technique of Spatial Variation in Temporal Trends, a cluster was identified in the West region of Cuiabá. CONCLUSION: In Cuiabá, cases of leprosy in children under 15 years of age with disabilities were distributed throughout the urban area of the city, with the highest density of cases in the North and West regions, followed by the East region. The clusters with the highest Relative Risk were identified in the East and West regions, characterized by having low and medium income levels.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial da hanseníase e as incapacidades em menores de 15 anos de idade em Cuiabá. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico realizado na cidade de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A população do estudo foi composta de casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, entre os anos de 2008 e 2018. Com base nos endereços residenciais, os casos foram georreferenciados. Na análise da distribuição espacial dos casos, foi utilizada a estimativa da densidade de Kernel e, posteriormente, aplicada a estatística de varredura espacial, espaço-temporal e variação espacial nas tendências temporais. RESULTADOS: Foram notificados 514 casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos em Cuiabá, com percentual de 10,1% de casos com grau de incapacidade física 1 e 2,3% com grau de incapacidade física 2 no momento do diagnóstico. Com as técnicas de varredura espacial e espaço-temporal, foram identificados aglomerados de risco para hanseníase nas regiões norte, oeste, leste e sul de Cuiabá, e com a técnica de variação espacial nas tendências temporais foi identificado um aglomerado na região oeste de Cuiabá. CONCLUSÃO: Em Cuiabá, os casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos com incapacidades estavam distribuídos em toda a extensão urbana da cidade, com maior densidade de casos nas regiões norte e oeste, seguida da região leste. Os aglomerados de maior risco relativo foram identificados nas regiões leste e oeste, caracterizadas por apresentar baixo e médio níveis de renda.

Spatial and temporal analysis of tuberculosis incidence in Guinea-Bissau, 2018 to 2020 / Análisis espacial y temporal de la incidencia de tuberculosis en Guinea-Bissau, 2018 a 2020 / Análise espacial e temporal da incidência da tuberculose em Guiné-Bissau, 2018 a 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the epidemiological profile, spatial and temporal distribution of tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau from 2018 to 2020. Methods: an ecological study, carried out in Guinea-Bissau, considering new cases of tuberculosis. Spatial analysis of areas was used to verify tuberculosis distribution in the country, and time series were used to identify incidence evolution over the years of study. Results: a total of 6,840 new cases of tuberculosis were reported. Tuberculosis incidence rate in the country ranged from 36.8 to 267.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants, with emphasis on the regions of Bissau and Biombo (over 90 cases/100,000). By using time series, it was possible to observe an increase in case incidence over the years of study. Conclusions: the study made it possible to identify the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau, spatial distribution heterogeneity, in addition to identifying the disease evolution over the years of investigation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el perfil epidemiológico, distribución espacial y temporal de la tuberculosis en Guinea-Bissau, de 2018 a 2020. Métodos: estudio ecológico, realizado en Guinea-Bissau, considerando nuevos casos de tuberculosis. Se utilizó análisis espacial de áreas para verificar la distribución de la tuberculosis en el país y series de tiempo para identificar la evolución de la incidencia a lo largo de los años de estudio. Resultados: se notificaron 6.840 nuevos casos de tuberculosis. La tasa de incidencia de tuberculosis en el país varió de 36,8 a 267,7 casos/100.000 habitantes, con énfasis en las regiones de Bissau y Biombo (más de 90 casos/100.000). Con el uso de series de tiempo, fue posible observar un aumento en la incidencia de casos a lo largo de los años del estudio. Conclusiones: el estudio permitió identificar el perfil epidemiológico de la tuberculosis en Guinea-Bissau, la heterogeneidad de la distribución espacial, además de identificar la evolución de la enfermedad a lo largo de los años de investigación.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico, a distribuição espacial e temporal da tuberculose em Guiné-Bissau, no período de 2018 a 2020. Métodos: estudo ecológico, realizado em Guiné-Bissau, considerando os casos novos de tuberculose. Empregaram-se análise espacial de áreas, para verificar a distribuição da tuberculose no país, e séries temporais, para identificar a evolução da incidência ao longo dos anos de estudo. Resultados: foram notificados 6.840 casos novos de tuberculose. A taxa de incidência da tuberculose no país variou de 36,8 a 267,7 casos/100.000 habitantes, com destaque para as regiões de Bissau e Biombo (superior a 90 casos/100.000). Com o uso de séries temporais, foi possível observar um aumento na incidência dos casos ao longo dos anos do estudo. Conclusões: o estudo permitiu identificar o perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose em Guiné-Bissau, a heterogeneidade da distribuição espacial, além de identificar a evolução da doença ao logo dos anos de investigação.

Concordância às medidas de flexibilização durante a pandemia de covid-19 no brasil / Conformidad con las medidas de flexibilización durante la pandemia de covid-19 en brasil / Agreement to the flexibility measures during the covid-19 pandemic in brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à concordância com a flexibilização das medidas de proteção no Brasil durante a pandemia pela COVID-19. Método: estudo transversal, com dados de uma web survey realizada com adultos residentes no Brasil, entre agosto de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021. Resultados: dos 1.516 respondentes, a maioria possuía idade entre 40 a 59 anos (38,8%), sexo feminino (69,4%), nível de pós-graduação (48%), raça/cor branca (64,2%), separados/solteiros (48,3%). A maioria dos participantes concordou com as medidas de flexibilização (41,1%), todavia consideraram os ambientes nada ou pouco adequados para a retomada das atividades cotidianas (com exceção dos locais abertos para atividades físicas). As medidas implementadas pelo Estado durante a pandemia por COVID-19 também foram tidas como pouco e nada adequadas. Houve mais chance de concordância com as medidas de flexibilização entre as pessoas que moravam/conviviam com trabalhadores expostos ao risco de contrair a COVID-19. Conclusão: de modo geral, houve concordância às medidas de flexibilização no país. Morar/conviver com trabalhadores expostos ao risco de contrair a COVID-19 foi o principal fator associado à maior chance de concordar com as medidas de flexibilização, o que sinaliza a carga biopsicossocial trazida pela doença.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados a la conformidad con la flexibilización de las medidas de protección en Brasil durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Método: estudio transversal, con datos de una websurvey realizada con adultos residentes en Brasil, entre agosto de 2020 y febrero de 2021. Resultados: de los 1.516 encuestados, la mayoría poseía edad entre 40 y 59 años (38,8%), sexo femenino (69,4%), nivel de posgrado (48%), raza/color blanco (64,2%), separados/solteros (48,3%). La mayoría de los participantes estuvo de acuerdo con las medidas de flexibilización (41,1%), sin embargo, consideraron los ambientes nada o poco adecuados para la reanudación de las actividades cotidianas (con excepción de los locales abiertos para actividades físicas). Las medidas aplicadas por el Estado durante la pandemia de COVID-19 también fueron consideradas poco y nada adecuadas. La conformidad con las medidas de flexibilización se dio más entre las personas que vivían/convivían con trabajadores expuestos al riesgo de contraer la COVID-19. Conclusión: en general, hubo concordancia con las medidas de flexibilización en el país. Vivir/convivir con trabajadores expuestos al riesgo de contraer la COVID-19 fue el principal factor asociado a la mayor probabilidad de concordar con las medidas de flexibilización, lo que señala la carga biopsicosocial ocasionada por la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the factors associated with agreement with the flexibility of protection measures in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: cross-sectional study with data from a websurvey conducted with adults living in Brazil, between August 2020 and February 2021. Results: of the 1,516 respondents, the majority were aged between 40 and 59 years (38.8%), female (69.4%), graduate level (48%), white race/color (64.2%), separated/single (48.3%). Most participants agreed with the flexibility measures (41.1%), but considered the environments not suitable or inadequate for the resumption of daily activities (except for places open for physical activities). The measures implemented by the State during the COVID-19 pandemic were also seen as nothing and inadequate. There was a greater chance of agreement with the flexibility measures among people who lived with workers exposed to the risk of contracting COVID-19. Conclusion: in general, there was agreement to the flexibility measures in the country. Living/living with workers exposed to the risk of contracting COVID-19 was the main factor associated with the greater chance of agreeing with the flexibility measures, which signals the biopsychosocial burden brought by the disease.

Qualidade da Atenção Primária à Saúde na pandemia de COVID-19: avaliação por usuários acometidos pela doença / Quality of Primary Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evaluation by Users Affected by the Disease

A pandemia da doença pelo coronavírus impacta sobremaneira a sociedade, gerando desafios sem precedentes para a ciência, para os sistemas de saúde e para a Atenção Primária à Saúde, que foram rapidamente cobrados por respostas diversificadas para o enfrentamento desta emergência de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da APS segundo a perspectiva de pessoas acometidas pela COVID-19. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal com casos de COVID-19 em um município brasileiro. Utilizou-se um questionário eletrônico com características sociodemográficas e clínicas (de elaboração própria) e o Instrumento PCATool-Brasil ­ para pacientes adultos (versão reduzida), por meio do recurso KoBoToolbox. Após pré-teste e estudo piloto, a coleta de dados ocorreu entre 11 de janeiro e 05 de outubro de 2021. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, sendo calculado o Escore Geral da APS ­ 0 a 10 (média e desvios padrão). Os 91 participantes avaliaram os atributos/componentes da APS. O Escore Geral da APS (média) foi 4,4 (DP=1,9). Este baixo escore geral da APS obtido sinaliza para fragilidades na qualidade deste nível de atenção à saúde, nos primeiros seis meses da pandemia em 2020. É inédito escore tão baixo de qualidade da APS. Depreende-se que o resultado negativo no município estudado reflete o impacto da COVID-19 e as estratégias adotadas para o enfrentamento da pandemia disparada pelo SARS-CoV-2 no Brasil e no mundo.

The coronavirus disease pandemic greatly impacted society, creating unprecedented challenges for science, healthcare systems, and Primary Health Care, which were quickly charged with diversified responses to face this public health emergency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of PHC from the perspective of people affected by COVID-19. This was a cross-sectional study with cases of COVID-19 in a Brazilian municipality. We used an electronic questionnaire with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (of our own elaboration) and the PCATool-Brazil Instrument ­ for adult patients (reduced version), through the KoBoToolbox resource. After a pre-test and pilot study, data collection took place between January 11 and October 5, 2021. Descriptive statistics were used, calculating the General PHC Score ­ 0 to 10 (mean and standard deviations). 91 participants evaluated the PHC characteristics/ components. The overall PHC score (mean) was 4.4 (SD=1.9). This low overall PHC score obtained indicates weaknesses in the quality of this level of healthcare, in the first six months of the pandemic in 2020. Such a low PHC quality score is unprecedented. It appears that the negative result in the studied municipality reflects the impact of COVID-19 and the strategies adopted to face the pandemic triggered by SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil and in the world.

Aglomerados de risco para ocorrência de hanseníase e as incapacidades em menores de 15 anos em Cuiabá: um estudo geoespacial / Clusters of risk for the occurrence of leprosy and disabilities in children under 15 years of age in Cuiabá: a geospatial study

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial da hanseníase e as incapacidades em menores de 15 anos de idade em Cuiabá. Métodos: Estudo ecológico realizado na cidade de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A população do estudo foi composta de casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, entre os anos de 2008 e 2018. Com base nos endereços residenciais, os casos foram georreferenciados. Na análise da distribuição espacial dos casos, foi utilizada a estimativa da densidade de Kernel e, posteriormente, aplicada a estatística de varredura espacial, espaço-temporal e variação espacial nas tendências temporais. Resultados: Foram notificados 514 casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos em Cuiabá, com percentual de 10,1% de casos com grau de incapacidade física 1 e 2,3% com grau de incapacidade física 2 no momento do diagnóstico. Com as técnicas de varredura espacial e espaço-temporal, foram identificados aglomerados de risco para hanseníase nas regiões norte, oeste, leste e sul de Cuiabá, e com a técnica de variação espacial nas tendências temporais foi identificado um aglomerado na região oeste de Cuiabá. Conclusão: Em Cuiabá, os casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos com incapacidades estavam distribuídos em toda a extensão urbana da cidade, com maior densidade de casos nas regiões norte e oeste, seguida da região leste. Os aglomerados de maior risco relativo foram identificados nas regiões leste e oeste, caracterizadas por apresentar baixo e médio níveis de renda.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of leprosy and disabilities in children under 15 years of age in Cuiabá. Methods Ecological study carried out in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study population consisted of leprosy cases in children under 15 years old notified in the Notifiable Diseases Information System, between 2008 and 2018. Based on residential addresses, cases were georeferenced. In the analysis of the spatial distribution of the cases, the estimation of the Kernel density was used and, later, the statistics of spatial, spatio-temporal and Spatial Variation in Temporal Trends were applied. Results 514 cases of leprosy were reported in children under 15 years of age in Cuiabá, with a percentage of 10.1% of cases with degree of physical disability 1 and 2.3% with degree of physical disability 2 at the time of diagnosis. With the techniques of spatial and spatio-temporal scanning, clusters of risk for leprosy were identified in the North, West, East and South regions of Cuiabá, and with the technique of Spatial Variation in Temporal Trends, a cluster was identified in the West region of Cuiabá. Conclusion In Cuiabá, cases of leprosy in children under 15 years of age with disabilities were distributed throughout the urban area of the city, with the highest density of cases in the North and West regions, followed by the East region. The clusters with the highest Relative Risk were identified in the East and West regions, characterized by having low and medium income levels

Acquired and Transmitted Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among the Incarcerated Population and Its Determinants in the State of Paraná-Brazil.

(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. The study analyzed the factors associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the prison population of the state of Paraná. (2) Methods: Ecological study of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases registered in the Paraná Information System, Brazil (2008 to 2018). We performed descriptive statistics of quantitative parameters calculated with absolute frequencies. Additionally, we used binary regression logistics, where the odds ratio with its respective confidence interval was calculated. (3) Results: Of the 653 cases registered as cases of tuberculosis in the incarcerated population, 98 were drug-resistant tuberculosis. We observed that educational level of up to 8 to 11 years of schooling, negative bacterial culture (test outcome) and no tobacco use were factors associated with the non-development of drug-resistant tuberculosis, while clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up showed an association for the development of drug resistance. (4) Conclusions: The study showed that clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and a positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up were associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Level of Trust of the Population in the Unified Health System in the Midst of the COVID-19 Crisis in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the level of trust in health services during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, carried out between 2020 and 2021, among Brazilians over 18. Nonprobabilistic sampling was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied, using the local bivariate Moran's technique to verify the existence of spatial dependence between the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 and trust in health services. Furthermore, multinomial regression was also used to analyze the factors associated with the confidence level, with the calculation of the odds ratio and with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: A total of 50.6% reported trust in hospital services, while 41.4% did not trust primary health care services. With the application of the local bivariate Moran, both for the incidence and mortality of COVID-19, the trust in tertiary care and primary care services showed a statistically significant spatial association predominant in the Midwest (high-low) and North (low-high) regions of Brazil. The level of trust was associated with education, religion, region of the country and income. CONCLUSIONS: The level of trust in hospital services, more than primary health care services, may be related to the population's culture of prioritizing the search for hospital care at the detriment of health promotion and disease prevention.

Trend and Spatial Distribution of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Liberty-Deprived Populations in the State of Paraná, Brazil.

(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. This study evaluated the temporal trends, distribution, and spatial associations of drug-resistant tuberculosis in liberty-deprived populations in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (2) Methods: An ecological study was developed using all cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments reported by the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2008 and 2018. For the time trend, the Prais-Winsten method was used. To verify the spatial association, the Getis-Ord Gi* technique was used. (3) Results: During the study period, 653 cases of tuberculosis were reported in the studied population, of which 98 (15%) were drug-resistant. Prais-Winsten autoregression identified an increasing trend, with APC = 15.08% (95% CI: 0.02-0.09) from 2008 to 2018; when analyzed from 2012 to 2018, the trend increased even more, with APC = 23.31% (95% CI: 0.01-0.16). Hotspots were also noted in the north, east, and west macro-regions of the state. (4) Conclusions: The presence of drug-resistant tuberculosis, as well as an increasing trend of these cases, was evidenced in all regions of the state among liberty-deprived populations,. The spatial analysis revealed priority areas for drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments.

Impact of COVID-19 on Tuberculosis Indicators in Brazil: A Time Series and Spatial Analysis Study.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to visualize and classify the time series of COVID-19, tuberculosis (TB) notification, and TB outcomes (cure, treatment abandonment, and death), verify the impact of the new coronavirus pandemic on these indices in Brazil, and verify the presence of spatial autocorrelation between COVID-19 and TB. METHODS: This was an ecological time series study that considered TB and COVID-19 cases. Seasonal Trend Decomposition using Loess (STL) was used to trace the temporal trend, Prais-Winsten was used to classify the temporal trend, Interrupted Time Series (ITS) was used to verify the impact of COVID-19 on TB rates, and the Bivariate Moran Index (Global and Local) was used to verify the spatial autocorrelation of events. RESULTS: Brazil and its macro-regions showed an increasing temporal trend for the notification of TB in the pre-pandemic period. Only the Northeast Region showed a decreasing temporal trend for cured cases. For treatment abandonment, all regions except for the Northeast showed an increasing temporal trend, and regarding death, Brazil and the Northeast Region showed an increasing temporal trend. With the ITS, COVID-19 caused a decline in TB notification rates and TB outcome rates. With the global spatial analysis, it was possible to identify the existence of spatial autocorrelation between the notification rate of COVID-19 and the TB notification rate and deaths. With the local analysis, it was possible to map the Brazilian municipalities and classify them according to the relationship between the rates of both diseases and space. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 influenced the follow-up of and adherence to TB treatment and intensified social vulnerability and, consequently, affected the notification of TB since the relationship between the disease and social determinants of health is already known. The restoration and strengthening of essential services for the prevention and detection of cases and treatment of TB in endemic environments such as Brazil have been oriented as a priority in the global health agenda.

Percepção de risco de transmissibilidade e infecção pela COVID-19, as vulnerabilidades e os fatores associados no Brasil / Perception of risk of transmissibility and infection by COVID-19, the vulnerabilities and associated factors in Brazil

A COVID-19 tornou-se um problema de saúde pública mundial, e o sucesso das medidas de contenção e das políticas públicas para evitar a transmissibilidade e barrar a doença está associada à percepção de risco das pessoas sobre a pandemia, e a percepção é consonante a um contexto cultural, histórico e político. O estudo tem por objetivo evidenciar a percepção de risco de transmissibilidade e infecção pela COVID-19, as vulnerabilidades populacionais e os fatores associados no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, via websurvey. O estudo foi realizado entre agosto de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021. A amostra se baseou numa amostragem não probabilística, por bola de neve. Foram realizadas análises descritivas de média, desvio padrão e ou porcentagem, e de regressão logística binária, por meio de modelos univariados e múltiplos. Participaram do estudo 1.516 indivíduos da população brasileira, provenientes das cinco macrorregiões. Observou-se que as pessoas eram em maioria do sexo feminino (73,0%), da cor branca (68,1%), com idade entre 40 a 59 anos (41,8%) e possuíam nível de pós-graduação ou mais (50,4%). Cerca de 81,6% das pessoas se consideraram sem risco, com risco baixo e ou risco moderado quanto à infecção e transmissibilidade da COVID19. Observou-se também que 72,8% se consideram sem risco, com risco baixo e ou risco moderado quanto ao desenvolvimento da doença grave ou complicações pela COVID-19 e 74,4% informaram percepção de risco elevado à população em se infectar pela COVID-19. As pessoas com idade entre 40 a 59 anos, da raça/cor preta e àqueles que utilizam o SUS apresentaram chances mais elevadas de risco de infecção pela COVID-19. As pessoas com idade entre 40 a 59 anos, as com 60 anos ou mais e os que utilizavam o SUS apresentaram chances elevadas para a percepção de risco, de desenvolver doença grave ou complicação pela COVID-19, e os com nível de pós-graduação ou mais e os com ensino superior completo apresentaram menos chances. Os participantes da cor preta, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos e as mulheres apresentaram chances elevadas para percepção de risco da população se infectar com a COVID-19, e aqueles com nível de pós-graduação ou mais apresentaram menos chances. Os achados evidenciam associações entre as características socioeconômicas da população e a percepção de risco de transmissibilidade e infecção pela COVID-19. A percepção de risco está associada aos comportamentos para a disseminação e progressão da doença numa comunidade. A conscientização sobre os riscos de transmissibilidade da COVID-19, das estratégias do Estado e sociedade, para reduzir a exposição em grupos vulneráveis, que não dispõem dos recursos e mecanismos de proteção individual e coletiva são imprescindíveis para as desigualdades e mazelas trazidas pela pandemia

COVID-19 has become a global public health problem, and the success of containment measures and public policies to prevent transmissibility and bar the disease is associated with people's perception of risk about the pandemic, and the perception is consonant to a cultural, historical and political context. The study aims to highlight the perception of risk of transmissibility and infection by COVID-19, population vulnerabilities and associated factors in Brazil. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, via websurvey. The study was conducted from August 2020 to February 2021. The sample was based on a nonprobability, snowball sampling. Descriptive analyses of mean, standard deviation, and or percentage, and binary logistic regression, via univariate and multiple models, were performed. The study included 1,516 individuals from the Brazilian population, from the five macroregions. It was observed that people were mostly female (73.0%), white (68.1%), aged between 40 and 59 years (41.8%), and had a graduate degree or higher (50.4%). About 81.6% considered themselves to be at no risk, low risk, or moderate risk for infection and transmissibility of COVID-19. It was also observed that 72.8% considered themselves to be at no risk, low and or moderate risk regarding the development of severe disease or complications by COVID-19, and 74.4% reported perceived high risk to the population in becoming infected by COVID-19. People aged 40 to 59 years, of black race/color, and those who use SUS had higher odds of risk of infection by COVID-19. Those aged 40 to 59 years, those aged 60 years or older, and those using SUS had high odds for perceived risk, of developing serious illness or complication from COVID-19, and those with a graduate degree or higher and those with completed college education had lower odds. Black participants, those aged 60 years or older, and women had high odds for perceived risk of becoming infected with COVID-19, and those with graduate level or more had lower odds. The findings show associations between socioeconomic characteristics of the population and perceived risk of transmissibility and infection with COVID-19. Risk perception is associated with behaviors for the spread and progression of the disease in a community. The awareness about the risks of transmissibility of COVID-19, the strategies of the State and society, to reduce exposure in vulnerable groups, who lack the resources and mechanisms of individual and collective protection are essential to the inequalities and evils brought by the pandemic