RESUMO
The sensitive detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is crucial for protecting the environment and human health. Herein, we constructed a Materials Institute Lavoisier 88B (MIL-88B)-on-University of Oslo 66 (UiO-66) composite (MIL-on-UiO) with a unique nanoflower morphology, in which highly stable UiO-66 is the precursor, with MIL-88B grown on its surface. MIL-on-UiO was used as a fiber coating for headspace solid-phase microextraction to enrich PCBs. Experimental results demonstrated that MIL-on-UiO provided better enrichment performance for PCBs than single components due to multiple interactions, including π-π stacking, halogen bonding, pore-filling, and steric hindrance effects. The method established using the MIL-on-UiO-based SPME fiber coating provided a good linear relationship in the range of 0.001-50 ng·mL-1, with limits of detection ranging from 0.0002 to 0.002 ng·mL-1 and enrichment factors between 3530 and 7420. In addition, the method was used to detect trace PCBs in water and orange juice achieving satisfactory recoveries (81%-111%).
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos , Bifenilos Policlorados , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/química , Microextração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Limite de Detecção , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/química , Bebidas/análiseRESUMO
Nanoplatforms with high Mn2+ coordination can display efficient T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement. Herein, an earth gravity-like method for enhanced interaction between Ferritin (Fn) and Mn2+ by the growth of platinum nanoparticles (PNs) in Fn's cage structure via a biomineralization method is first proposed. Fn has good biocompatibility and can provide a suitable growth site for PNs. PNs with negative charge have certain attraction to Mn2+ with positive charge, improving Fn's loading capacity of Mn2+ by attraction force; and thus, achieving efficient MRI contrast enhancement. In addition, PNs can be applied for efficient photothermal therapy (PTT) under near infrared ray (NIR) irradiation. Systemic delivery of this nanoplatform shows obvious MRI contrast enhancement and tumor progression inhibition after NIR irradiation, as well as no obvious side effects. Therefore, this nanoplatform has the potential to contribute to nanotheranostic for clinical transformation.
Assuntos
Meios de Contraste , Ferritinas , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Manganês , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Terapia Fototérmica , Platina , Platina/química , Platina/farmacologia , Terapia Fototérmica/métodos , Animais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Ferritinas/química , Ferritinas/metabolismo , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/uso terapêutico , Manganês/química , Humanos , Camundongos , Meios de Contraste/química , Raios Infravermelhos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Camundongos NusRESUMO
Rational structure design benefits the development of efficient nanoplatforms for tumor theranostic application. In this work, a multifunctional polydopamine (PDA)-coated manganese sulfide (MnS) nanocluster was prepared. The polyhydroxy structure of PDA enhanced the water interaction with pH-responsive MnS nanoclusters via hydrogen bonds. At pH 5.5 conditions, the spin-lattice relaxation rate of MnS nanoclusters dramatically increased from 5.76 to 19.33 mM-1·s-1 after the PDA coating, which can be beneficial for efficient tumor magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, PDA endowed MnS nanoclusters with excellent biocompatibility and good photothermal conversion efficiency, which can be used for efficient tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). Furthermore, MnS nanoclusters possess the ability to release H2S in the acidic tumor microenvironment, effectively inhibiting mitochondrial respiration and adenosine triphosphate production. As a result, the expression of heat shock protein was obviously reduced, which can reduce the resistance of tumor cells to photothermal stimulation and enhance the efficacy of PTT. The released Mn2+ also displayed efficient peroxidase and glutathione oxidase-like activity, effectively inducing tumor cell ferroptosis and apoptosis at the same time. Therefore, this nanoplatform could be a potential nanotheranostic for magnetic resonance contrast enhancement and synergistic ferroptosis-PTT of tumors.
Assuntos
Ferroptose , Indóis , Compostos de Manganês , Nanopartículas , Nanoestruturas , Neoplasias , Polímeros , Sulfetos , Humanos , Terapia Fototérmica , Água , Nanopartículas/química , Fototerapia , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Ionic liquid (IL)-modified UiO-66-NH2 composite was prepared and used as sorbent of dispersed solid-phase extraction (dSPE) for extracting trace benzoylurea insecticides (BUs) from complex environmental matrices. The IL in framework endowed the prepared material had electropositive characteristics, which can produce interaction with electron rich guest molecules, such as BUs. The high thermal and chemical stability of UiO-66-NH2/IL enabled it to be reused for 16 times without significant reduction in adsorption performance. Due to the multiple forces including π-π, hydrogen bonding, and fluorine-fluorine interaction, UiO-66-NH2/IL showed good adsorption performance, short adsorption time (20 s) and rapid desorption ability (60 s) for BUs. Under the optimal conditions, the method exhibited wide linear range (0.02-500 ng mL-1) with correlation coefficient (R2) not worse than 0.9928, high enrichment factor (252-300), and low detection limit (0.005-0.4 ng mL-1). The dispersed solid phase extraction coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (dSPE-HPLC-DAD) was successfully used to detection of BUs in real environmental samples and satisfactory recoveries were obtained (80.5%±2.4-118%±3.2). The results indicated that UiO-66-NH2/IL composite can be a potential sorbent for the preconcentration of trace insecticides in environmental samples.
RESUMO
The three-dimensional (3D) rose-like zinc oxide (ZnO) material was prepared by a simple one-step CTAB-assisted hydrothermal strategy and used as a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coating. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and conclusively applied to ultrasensitive detection in lake and river water. Compared with one-dimensional (1D) pencil-like ZnO, the layer-by-layer petal-like structure could fully expose mass adsorption sites on the surface, which could significantly improve the adsorption. The enrichment factors with 7535-8595 for PCBs and 3855-7320 for PAHs were achieved. The established method provided a satisfactory linear range (0.005-30 ng·mL-1), coefficient (R2 > 0.9978), ultra-low limit detection (1-3 pg·mL-1), and long service life (≥ 150 times). The recoveries of 83.42-120.86 % were obtained in the real detection application of lake and river water. This work demonstrated that 3D rose-like ZnO with low cost, simple synthesis, fast extraction ability and high enrichment performance was an ideal coating material, which was hoped to enrich other compounds with similar structures with PCBs and PAHs.
Assuntos
Bifenilos Policlorados , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Óxido de Zinco , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Microextração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Zinco , Água/químicaRESUMO
In order to better identify the hazards of pollutants, developing the analytical methods that can sensitively detect and precisely monitor the content of trace pollutants has been the constant pursuit. In this paper, a new solid phase microextraction coating-ionic liquid/metal organic framework (IL/MOF) was obtained through the IL-induced strategy and used for the solid phase microextraction (SPME) process. IL was introduced into metal-organic framework (MOF) cage based on the anion of ionic liquid could interact strongly with the zirconium nodes of UiO-66-NH2. The introduction of IL not only increased the stability of composite, the hydrophobicity of IL also changed the environment of MOF channel, providing the hydrophobic effect to the targets. The confinement effect of IL effectively improved the extraction performance of parent MOF and the extraction performance of synthesized IL/UiO-66-NH2 for phthalates (PAEs) were 1.3-3.0 times that of parent UiO-66-NH2. Thanks to the strong interaction force (hydrogen bonding interaction, π-π stacking, hydrophobic interaction force), the IL/UiO-66-NH2-coated fiber coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer showed a wide linear ranges (1-5000 ng L-1) with good correlation (R2, 0.9855-0.9987), lower detection limit (0.2-0.4 ng L-1) and satisfactory recoveries (95.3-119.3%) for PAEs. This article is dedicated to provide another way to improve the extraction performance of material.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais , Líquidos Iônicos , Estruturas Metalorgânicas , Compostos Organometálicos , Ácidos Ftálicos , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/química , Ácidos Ftálicos/química , Microextração em Fase Sólida/métodosRESUMO
Due to widespread application of benzoylurea insecticides (BUs) and its persistence in environment, the effective capture of benzoylurea insecticides residues in environment is an important issue of environmental safety monitoring. To obtain excellent adsorption performance, creating defective structure in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be employed as the method for adjusting its properties. Zirconium(â £)-based MOF termed as UiO-66-30% was constructed with 2-aminoterephthalic acid (NH2-BDC) and terephthalic acid (H2BDC) as building blocks. After calcination and removal of thermal-sensitive ligand (NH2-BDC), hierarchically porous UiO-66-30% (HP-UiO-66-30%) with multistage pore structure and good stability was obtained. The unique structure of HP-UiO-66-30% endowed it to achieve instantaneous equilibrium (within 2 min) when it was used as a dispersed solid phase extraction (d-SPE) adsorbent to extract BUs from environmental samples, greatly reducing the operation time. A wide linear range (0.05-200 ng mL-1), good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9980), low detection limits (0.01-0.03 ng mL-1) and quantification limits (0.05-0.1 ng mL-1) were obtained for BUs. In addition, the HP-UiO-66-30% material possessed the good reusability and the adsorption capacity did not change significantly over 16 adsorption-desorption cycles. Finally, the established dispersed solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (d-SPE-HPLC-DAD) method was successfully applied to determination of BUs residues in environmental soil samples. The results demonstrated that HP-UiO-66-30% was an excellent sorbent for extraction BUs from environmental samples.
RESUMO
Amino-modified Zn/Fe bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (NH2-Zn/Fe-MIL-88) were synthesized using a one-step solvothermal method with FeCl3·6H2O and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O as metal salts and 2-aminoterephthalic acid as organic ligand. The morphology of NH2-Zn/Fe-MIL-88 can be regulated from octahedral-like to spindle-like with changing molar ratios of metal salts. Using NH2-Zn/Fe-MIL-88 as sorbent, a dispersive solid-phase extraction with putting sorbents into sample solution to extract targets was developed to preconcentrate phytohormones in vegetables. To study the extraction efficiency, a series of NH2-Zn/Fe-MIL-88s with varying molar ratios of metal salts were prepared. The results indicated that NH2-Zn/Fe-MIL-88(1) presented the highest extraction efficiency (82.6 %-98.1 %) to phytohormones among all prepared NH2-Zn/Fe-MIL-88(x). The limits of detection were calculated at 0.07-0.15 ng/mL. The adsorption isotherms and kinetic parameters of NH2-Zn/Fe-MIL-88 for phytohormones were conformed to Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models. The NH2-Zn/Fe-MIL-88 as sorbent combined with HPLC was applied to detect phytohormones in cucumber and tomato samples.
Assuntos
Estruturas Metalorgânicas , Verduras , Sais , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas , Extração em Fase Sólida , ZincoRESUMO
Porous polydivinylbenzene microspheres with high specific surface area were prepared by distillation-precipitation polymerization, and were used as the coating material in headspace solid phase microextraction for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Compared with the other reported sorbents, PDVB exhibits lower cost and higher extraction efficiency, and the enrichment factors can reach 5963-16 720.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Rios , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Estirenos , ÁguaRESUMO
Sample pretreatment plays important role in the analysis and detection of trace pollutants in complex matrices, such as environmental and biological samples. The adsorption materials of sample pretreatment receive considerable attention, which has a significant effect on the sensitivity and selectivity of the analytical method. In this work, the porous hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was utilized as a coating material of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to extract and preconcentrate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) prior to separation and detection with GC-FID. Attributed to the multiple interactions including hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding and strong π-π interaction, the h-BN coating showed excellent extraction performance for PAHs. Under the optimal conditions, the method showed the linear relationship in the range of 0.1-50 ng mL-1 for acenaphthene, 0.05-50 ng mL-1 for pyrene, and 0.02-50 ng mL-1 for fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene with a correlation coefficient (R2) not lower than 0.9910. The enrichment factors were achieved between 1526 and 4398 for PAHs with h-BN as SPME fiber coating. The detection limits were obtained in the range of 0.004-0.033 ng mL-1, which corresponds to 0.08-0.66 ng g-1 for soil. The method was successfully applied to analysis of real soil samples. The recoveries were determined between 78.0 and 120.0% for two soil samples. The results showed that h-BN material provided a promising alternative in sample pretreatment and analysis.
RESUMO
Arsenic (As) is widely present in the environment in form of arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV). Oxidative stress and inflammation are believed to be the dominant mechanisms of AsIII toxicity in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate whether zinc (Zn2+) alleviates exogenous gill toxicity in carp induced by AsIII and to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms. Exposure of carp to 2.83 mg As2O3/L for 30 days reduced superoxide dismutase activity by 4.0%, catalase by 41.0% and glutathione by 19.8%, while the concentration of malondialdehyde was increased by 16.4% compared to the control group, indicating oxidative stress. After the exposure of carp to AsIII the expression of inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor α and inducible nitric oxide synthase in gill tissue were significantly increased. In addition, the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) was increased by 225%. 1 mg ZnCl2/L can relieve the toxicity of AsIII based on histopathology, antioxidase activity, qRT-PCR and western results. Zn2+ attenuated AsIII-induced gill toxicity that suppressed intracellular oxidative stress and NF-κB pathway by an upregulation of metallothionein. Therefore, the toxic effect of AsIII on the gill cells of carp was reduced. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the alleviation of the toxic effects of metalloids on organisms by heavy metals and the biological assessment of the effects.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Arsênio/toxicidade , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Zinco/uso terapêutico , Animais , Carpas , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/patologia , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Metalotioneína/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
As a group of cytokines, interferons are the first line of defense in the antiviral immunity. In this study, Siberian tiger IFN-ß (PtIFN-ß) and IFN-γ (PtIFN-γ) were successfully amplified, and the two were fused (PtIFN-γ) by overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (SOE-PCR). Bioinformatics analysis disclosed that PtIFN-ß and PtIFN-γ have species-specificity and conservation in the course of evolution. After being expressed in prokaryotes, the antiviral activities and physicochemical properties of PtIFN-ß, PtIFN-γ and PtIFNß-γ were analyzed. In Feline kidney cells (F81), PtIFNß-γ showed more active antiviral activity than PtIFN-ß and PtIFN-γ, which has more stable physicochemical properties (acid and alkali resistance, high temperature resistance). In addition, PtIFN-ß, PtIFN-γ and PtIFN-γ activated the JAK-STAT pathway and induced the transcription and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Janus kinase (JAK) 1 inhibitor inhibited ISGs expression induced by PtIFN-ß, PtIFN-γ and PtIFN-γ. Overall, this research clarified that PtIFN-ß, PtIFN-γ and PtIFNß-γ have the ability to inhibit viral replication and send signals through the JAK-STAT pathway. These findings may facilitate further study on the role of PtIFN in the antiviral immune response, and help to develop approaches for the prophylactic and therapeutic of viral diseases based on fusion interferon.
Assuntos
Tigres/imunologia , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Gatos , China , Retroalimentação , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Interferon-alfa/metabolismo , Interferon beta/metabolismo , Interferon gama/genética , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Viroses , Replicação Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Arsenic (As) occurs naturally and concentrations in water bodies can reach high levels, leading to accumulation in vital organs like the spleen. Being an important organ in immune response and blood development processes, toxic effects of As on the spleen could compromise immunity and cause associated disorders in affected individuals. Splenic detoxification is key to improving the chances of survival but relatively little is known about the mechanisms involved. Essential trace elements like zinc have shown immune-modulatory effects humans and livestock. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in As-induced splenic toxicity in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and the protective effects of zinc (Zn). Our findings suggest that environmental exposure to As caused severe histological injuries and Ca2+ accumulation in the spleen of common carp. Additionally, transcriptional and translational profiles of endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and autophagy-related genes of the spleen showed upward trends under As toxicity. Treatment with Zn appears to offer protection against As-induced splenic injury in common carp and the pathologic changes above were alleviated. Our results provide additional insight into the mechanism of As toxicity in common carp while elucidating the role of Zn, a natural immune-modulator, as a potential antidote against As poisoning.
Assuntos
Arsênio/toxicidade , Carpas/fisiologia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Zinco/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/fisiologia , Humanos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Oligoelementos/análiseRESUMO
Antibiotics are used worldwide to treat diseases in humans and other animals; most of them and their secondary metabolites are discharged into the aquatic environment, posing a serious threat to human health. However, the toxicity of antibiotics on aquatic organisms, especially the effects on the detoxification system and immune system, has not been thoroughly studied. Lycopene (LYC) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon carotenoid, which has received extensive attention as a potential antioxidant. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LYC alleviates exogenous toxicity in carp induced by sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The grass carp were treated with SMZ (0.3 µg L-1) and/or LYC (10 mg per kg body weight) for 30 days. Indexes, such as hepatic function-related including histopathological changes and biochemical parameters, detoxification system-related including the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and antioxidant system, and immune system-related including inflammatory and apoptosis processes were detected. The results showed that SMZ stress leads to significant pathological damage of the liver and induction of oxidative stress. LYC coadministration recovered the cytochrome p450-1A1 homeostasis and decreased SMZ-induced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, indicators in the innate immune system (such as toll like receptors (TLRs), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and IL-8) and the apoptosis pathway (p53, PUMA, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), BCL2-associated X (Bax), and Caspase-9/3) disclosed adaptive activation under SMZ exposure; these anomalies returned to normal or close-to-normal levels after LYC coadministration. Therefore, LYC dietary supplement possesses liver protective function against exogenous toxic compounds like SMZ, making LYC a functional aquatic feed ingredient for aquiculture.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Carpas , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Licopeno/farmacologia , Sulfametoxazol/toxicidade , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Carpas/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/ultraestrutura , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
As two quite complicated substances, arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) have polluted to the environment. As is highly toxic and could cause nerve damage. Cu is involved in the occurrence of oxidative stress. The brain is one of the main target organs of heavy metal toxicity, but the damage mechanism activated by As and/or Cu in the chicken brain has not been precisely researched. This study is designed to analyze the nervous system damage induced by As and/or Cu exposure from both structural and molecular levels. Under the As and/or Cu stress, local hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltration and mitochondrial damage were observed. Enzymes and non-enzyme antioxidants clearly show that the redox balance is deviated gradually. The results of real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting revealed that there may be a cascading effect between oxidative stress and disruption of mitochondrial dynamics, the key protein of mitochondrial fusion has decreased and the fission protein has increased. The superposition of these two types of damage may activate the celluar autophagy pathway, the up-regulation of autophagy related genes (ATGs) levels could be observed. All data indicated that excessive As and/or Cu in the environment may pose a threat to the nervous system of poultry. These findings have neurophysiological meaning for exploring cross-contamination of As and Cu in the environment, and offering precautions to economic losses and negative effects on the health of animals and humans. In addition, it provides a reference for feed preparation and environmental protection in agricultural production.
Assuntos
Arsênio/toxicidade , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Cobre/toxicidade , Mitocôndrias/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Galinhas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Dinâmica MitocondrialRESUMO
The aquatic ecosystem is seriously damaged because of the heavy use of pesticides and antibiotics. Fish is the indispensable link between environmental pollution and human health. However, the toxic effects of environment-related concentrations of pesticides and antibiotics in fish have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, grass carps exposed to cypermethrin (CMN, 0.651 µg/L) or/and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ, 0.3 µg/L) for 42 days caused oxidative stress, apoptosis and immunodeficiency in the spleen of grass carps. CMN or/and SMZ exposure led to oxidative damage (consumption of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase)) and lipid peroxidation (accumulation of malondialdehyde), induced apoptosis (increases in TUNEL index, Bax/bcl-2, p53, puma and Caspase family expression). In addition, the levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement 3 (C3) were significantly decreased in all treatment groups, which trend was also found in C-reactive protein in CMN and MIX group, and lysozyme in MIX group. Transcription of almost all genes involved in the Toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling pathway was up-regulated under CMN or/and SMZ exposure. However, when subsequently attacked by Aeromonas hydrophila for 2 days, the TLR pathway was inhibited in spleens of all treatment groups accompanied by higher mortality. Overall, the environmentally relevant concentration of CMN and SMZ damages the immune system, triggering oxidative stress and apoptosis in carps. And by affecting the conduction of TLR signaling pathway, CMN or/and SMZ exposure inhibits the innate immune response of fish and reducing their disease resistance. This study highlights the importance of rational and regulated use of these pesticides and antibiotics.
Assuntos
Carpas , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Ursidae , Aeromonas hydrophila , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta , Ecossistema , Proteínas de Peixes , Imunidade Inata , Piretrinas , SulfametoxazolRESUMO
The environmental hazards of arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) contamination have swept through quite a few districts worldwide. Whereas, molecular mechanisms involved in As- and Cu-induced immunotoxicity in Gallus gallus bursa of Fabricius (BF) are complex and elusive. Male Hy-line chickens were exposed to arsenic trioxide (As2O3; 30 mg/kg) and copper sulfate (CuSO4; 300 mg/kg) alone or in combination, respectively, to examine the potential ecotoxicity of them. The ions homeostasis and BF index of chicken had distinct changes after As or/and Cu exposure. Moreover, As or/and Cu treatment significantly increased the MDA content and NOS activity, and simultaneously resulted in reductions in CAT and AHR activities. Subsequently, it was further exhibited up-regulations of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammation cytokines accompanied by depletion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and severe pathological conditions. Moreover, decreased ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 and increased level of IL-17 illustrated an imbalance of the immune response. Meanwhile, incremental mRNA transcription and protein levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs) alleviated toxicity caused by As or/and Cu. Importantly, exposure to both contaminants significantly soared the BF injury in comparison with exposure to As or Cu alone. All these results illustrated that exposure to As2O3 or/and CuSO4 elicited BF tissue damage and ions changes, and its severity was associated with prolonged persistence of oxidative damage, accompanied by a dysregulated immune response which played a vital role in inflammatory injury. Additionally, combined management of As2O3 and CuSO4 could exacerbate BF injury.
Assuntos
Arsênio/toxicidade , Bolsa de Fabricius/fisiologia , Galinhas/fisiologia , Cobre/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/imunologia , Animais , Trióxido de Arsênio , Bolsa de Fabricius/imunologia , Galinhas/metabolismo , Sulfato de Cobre/toxicidade , Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , NF-kappa B/metabolismoRESUMO
Arsenic (As) exists in many forms in the whole natural environment, with As3+ the highest toxicity. Herein our study demonstrated that arsenic trioxide (As2O3) at a dose of 30 mg/kg caused serious oxidative damage to chickens' bursa of Fabricius (BF) in a time-dependent manner. Copper (Cu) is a necessary micronutrient and a key catalytic cofactor of many enzymes. We found excessive Cu (in the form of 300 mg/kg copper sulfate (CuSO4)) also induced severe oxidative stress (OxS), and its co-exposure with As3+ had a greater destructive power against oxidative system. Under electron microscope, swollen mitochondria, disappeared cristae and agglutinated chromatin were observed, accompanied by myeloid structure and autophagosome. The results showed apoptosis and autophagy occurred under the action of As3+ and Cu2+, and the situation was more serious in combined exposure group, which was further explained by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated 2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-Triphosphate (dUTP) Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL). By quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot, we found that mitochondrial dynamics were disordered under OxS, and the abnormal changes of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, p53, Bcl-2-interacting protein (Beclin)-1 and autophagy-related gene (ATG) 4B indicated the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. In conclusion, apoptosis and autophagy of BF induced by As3+ and Cu2+ and mitochondrial disorder are closely related to the collapse of antioxidant system, and their connections are inseparable. Our results provide a reference for environmental risk prevention and selection of poultry feed additives and pesticides to avoid the health risks caused by As3+ and Cu2+ exposure.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Arsênio/metabolismo , Autofagia , Bolsa de Fabricius/metabolismo , Galinhas/metabolismo , Cobre/metabolismo , Doenças Mitocondriais/microbiologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/metabolismo , Animais , Bolsa de Fabricius/patologia , Masculino , Doenças Mitocondriais/patologia , Doenças Mitocondriais/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologiaRESUMO
Arsenic and copper, two toxic pollutants, are powerful inducers of oxidative stress. Exposure to copper and arsenic can cause intestinal injury in cockerel. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these two pollutants on the gastrointestinal tract of cockerels. Experimental results showed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and glutathione peroxidase) was inhibited and the ionic balance was destroyed after exposure to copper sulfate (300 mg/kg) and/or arsenic trioxide (30 mg/kg). However, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (nuclear factor kappa-B, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin E2 synthases) increased markedly. Damages to the biofilm structure and inflammatory cell infiltration were simultaneously observed during histological examination. Heat-shock proteins were also expressed in large quantities after exposure to the poisons. Collectively, exposure to arsenite and/or Cu2+ can cause rectal damage in cockerels, inducing inflammation and an imbalance in immune system responses. Sometimes, exposure to both pollutants can produce even more toxic effects. Heat-shock proteins can protect the tissue from the exotoxins but the specific mechanisms require exploration. After oral ingestion of toxins, the rectum can still be damaged, necessitating attention to the safety of poultry breeding, human food safety, and environmental protection.
Assuntos
Trióxido de Arsênio/efeitos adversos , Sulfato de Cobre/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Reto/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Trióxido de Arsênio/administração & dosagem , Galinhas , Sulfato de Cobre/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Reto/metabolismoRESUMO
Trace elements such as copper (Cu) and arsenic (As) are two of the major contaminants and well-known inducers of cognitive deficits and neurobehavioral changes. This study evaluated the immunotoxicity of their individual or combined exposure on different brain regions in chickens. Consequently, nuclear damage and organelle lesions, especially mitochondria were observed under Cu or/and As stress, in which positive regulation of key proteins, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), Cytochrome C (Cyt c), BCL2-associated X (Bax), Caspases 3 and P53 was detected by qRCR and Western blot analyses, indicating disturbed mitochondrial dynamic equilibrium and apoptosis execution. In addition, qRCR analysis confirmed the involvement of cytokines secreted by different populations of helper T cells, indicative of cellular immunity. Gene expression studies showed marked up regulation of Th1/Th17 cytokines along with heat shock protein (HSP) 70, a synergism was noted in co-administration group. Interesting, lower apoptosis index was noted in brainstem compared to cerebrum and cerebellum. An intense immunosuppression and heat shock response against Cu or/and As was also seen in cerebrum and cerebellum but not in brainstem. In conclusion, our study suggests a synergistic neurotoxicity in chickens under Cu and As exposure. These findings provide a basic understanding of mitochondrial abnormality-initiated neuropathology in response to environmental pollutant mixtures, suggesting an adaptive response to the frangibility of the central nerve system.