Calculating the risk of fire in community pharmacies. Gustav-Purt method

Introduction: Fire is a chemical reaction of combustion, based on the strongly exothermic "oxidation-reduction" phenomena that produce a big detachment of light and heat.Its effects are, generally, harmful, producing personal injuries due to smoke, toxic gasses, and extremely hot temperatures; and damaged materials and buildings. Fire is produced when the three following factors simultaneously coexist in time and space: Fuel; a comburent agent, usually the oxygen in the air; and heat, which contributes the necessary energy to actuate the reaction. Besides, it is necessary, for the production of the flame, the existence of a chain reaction. Method: The Gustav-Purt Method, which aim is to calculate the potential risk in a determinate building and of the means to fight fires should be implemented. Results: After the calculation of the distinct factors, the conclusion that the risk of fire in a pharmacy is high is reached. Discussion: Therefore, strict inspection by sanitary authorities to avert the danger of the fire is necessary.

Introducción: El fuego es una reacción química de combustión, basado en los fenómenos de oxidación-reducción fuertemente exotérmica que se manifiesta por desprender gran cantidad de luz y calor. Sus efectos son generalmente perjudiciales, produciendo daños personales por el humo, gases tóxicos y temperaturas extremas, causando grandes daños a instalaciones y bienes. El fuego se produce cuándo existen simultáneamente en el tiempo y en un mismo lugar los tres factores siguientes: Combustible, Agente Comburente, normalmente el oxígeno del aire y Calor, que contribuye con la energía necesaria para activar la reacción. Además, es necesario, para la producción de la llama, la existencia de reacciones de cadena. Método: El método de Gustav Purt, tiene por objetivo calcular el riesgo potencial existente en un edificio determinado y qué medios de lucha contra incendios son necesarios implementar. Resultados: Tras el cálculo de los distintos factores, se llega a la conclusión que el riesgo de incendio en una farmacia es elevado. Discusión: Por consiguiente, es necesario la estricta inspección de las autoridades sanitarias de la Administración para evitar el peligro del fuego.

Dexamethasone vs methylprednisolone high dose for Covid-19 pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: There is no effective therapy for the severe acute respiratory syndrome by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). To date, dexamethasone has shown a decrease in mortality in patients who require oxygen, especially those with invasive mechanical ventilation. However, it is unknown if another corticosteroid can be used, the optimal dose and its duration, to achieve a better clinical outcome. The objective of the study was to compare the differences in clinical outcome and laboratory results in hospitalized patients with severe SARS-CoV2 Pneumonia treated with dexamethasone at 6 mg doses versus patients treated with high-dose methylprednisolone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ambispective cohort study with survival analysis of 216 patients diagnosed with severe Covid-19 pneumonia confirmed by polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV2 by Berlin protocol, who were hospitalized in a high-complexity clinic in Medellín, Colombia. The patients should also have supplementary oxygen and radiological confirmation of Pneumonia by chest tomography. Sample size was not calculated since the total population that met the inclusion criteria was evaluated. 111 patients were treated with the institutional protocol with intravenous dexamethasone 6 mg QD for seven to 10 days if they required oxygen. Since September 15, 2020, the hospitalization protocol of the clinic was modified by the Infectious Diseases and Pulmonology service, recommending a high dose of methylprednisolone of 250 to 500 mg every day for three days with a subsequent change to oral prednisone 50 mg every day for 14 days. The protocol was not applied in the intensive care unit, where dexamethasone continued to be administered. The clinical outcome and differences in laboratory results of the patients who received dexamethasone vs. the prospective cohort that received methylprednisolone from September 15 to October 31, 2020, were evaluated. Follow-up was carried out by outpatient consultation one month after discharge or by telephone, inquiring about readmission or living-dead status. RESULTS: 216 patients had Covid-19 pneumonia documented by ground-glass imaging and alveolar pressure / inspired oxygen fraction (PaFi) less than 300. 111 patients received dexamethasone (DXM) and 105 received methylprednisolone (MTP). Patients in the DXM group evolved to severe ARDS in a higher proportion (26.1% vs 17.1% than the MTP group). Upon completion 4 days of treatment with parenteral corticosteroid, laboratory markers of severity decreased significantly in the group that received MTP, CRP 2.85 (2.3-3.8) vs 7.2 (5.4-9.8), (p-value < 0.0001), D-dimer 691 (612-847) vs 1083 (740-1565) (p-value = 0.04) and DHL 273 (244-289) vs 355 (270.6-422) (p-value = 0.01). After starting the corticosteroid, transfer to the intensive care unit (4.8% vs. 14.4%) and mortality (9,5% vs. 17.1%) was lower in the group that received MTP. Recovery time was shorter in patients treated with MTP, three days (3-4) vs. DXM 6 days (5-8) (p-value < 0.0001). At 30-day follow-up, 88 (92.6%) were alive in MTP vs 58 (63.1%) of those who received dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the treatment of severe Covid-19 Pneumonia with high-dose methylprednisolone for three days followed by oral prednisone for 14 days, compared with 6 mg dexamethasone for 7 to 10 days, statistically significantly decreased the recovery time, the need for transfer to intensive care and the severity markers C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer and LDH. Randomized controlled studies with methylprednisolone are required to corroborate its effect, and studies in a population hospitalized in intensive care wards.

Factores biopsicosociales asociados al riesgo preconcepcional CMF No 9. Campechuela / Biopsychosocial factors associated with preconception risk CMF No 9. Campechuela / Fatores biopsicossociais associados ao risco de preconceito CMF n° 9. Campechuela

RESUMEN Introducción: el riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional (RRPC) se aplica a mujeres en edad reproductiva no embarazadas, que según el riesgo tienen posibilidad de sufrir daños a su salud o la del futuro hijo si se involucraran en el proceso reproductivo. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal sobre los factores biopsicosociales asociados al riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional. Objetivo: determinar los factores biopsicosociales asociados al riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional en el CMF No 9 en el Policlínico Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, en el periodo octubre 2016-abril 2018. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con pacientes dispensarizadas y evaluadas como riesgo preconcepcional en el Consultorio Médico de la Familia No 9 perteneciente al Policlínico Gustavo Aldereguía Lima. Campechuela. Octubre 2016- abril 2018. La muestra de estudio seleccionada de forma intencional estuvo constituida por 80 mujeres dispensarizadas de riego preconcepcional y que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y de exclusión. Se utilizaron variables como edad, nivel escolar, ocupación, estado civil, tipo de anticoncepción que utilizaban, afecciones biológicas y antecedentes obstétricos desfavorables. Para obtener la información se utilizó una encuesta la cual se procesó de forma computarizada, mostrando los resultados mediante tablas. Resultados: predominaron las pacientes con edades menores de 20 años, con un nivel de escolaridad de pre universitario sin concluir, amas de casa, solteras, siendo el preservativo el anticonceptivo más utilizado. El asma bronquial fue la afección más diagnosticada, la HTA gravídica el antecedente obstétrico desfavorable que predominó y desconocimiento general del Programa para el Control de Riesgo Preconcepcional. A partir del resultado obtenido se elaboró un sistema de actividades educativas sustentadas en la educación para la salud. Conclusiones: trabajar intencionadamente desde la promoción y la prevención en aspectos de riesgo preconcepcional en la adolescencia, intensificando la prevención del embarazo en esta edad vulnerable. Intensificar la prevención de las enfermedades crónicas desde edades tempranas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the preconception reproductive risk (RRPC) applies to women of non-pregnant reproductive age, who according to the risk have the possibility of suffering damage to their health or that of the future child if they are involved in the reproductive process. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the biopsychosocial factors associated with preconception reproductive risk. Objective: to determine the biopsychosocial factors associated with preconception reproductive risk in CMF No 9 at the Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Polyclinic, in the period October 2016-April 2018. Method: a descriptive study was conducted with patients dispensed and evaluated as preconception risk in the Family Medical Office No. 9 belonging to the Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Polyclinic. Campechuela October 2016- April 2018. The intentionally selected study sample consisted of 80 women dispensed with preconception irrigation and who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Variables such as age, school level, occupation, marital status, type of contraception used, biological conditions and unfavorable obstetric history were used. To obtain the information, a survey was used which was processed in a computerized way, showing the results through tables. Results: patients under 20 years of age predominated, with an unfinished level of pre-university education, housewives, single women, the condom being the most commonly used contraceptive. Bronchial asthma was the most diagnosed condition, gravitational AHT, the predominant unfavorable obstetric history and general ignorance of the Preconception Risk Control Program. From the result obtained, a system of educational activities based on health education was developed. Conclusions: to work intentionally from the promotion and prevention in aspects of preconception risk in adolescence, intensifying the prevention of pregnancy in this vulnerable age. Intensify the prevention of chronic diseases from an early age.

RESUMO Introdução: o risco reprodutivo preconceito (RRPC) aplica-se a mulheres em idade reprodutiva não gestantes, que, de acordo com o risco, têm a possibilidade de sofrer danos à sua saúde ou à do futuro filho se estiverem envolvidas no processo reprodutivo. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo de corte transversal sobre os fatores biopsicossociais associados ao risco reprodutivo pré-concepção. Objetivo: determinar os fatores biopsicossociais associados ao risco reprodutivo pré-conceitual no CMF n.o 9 da Policlínica Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, no período de outubro de 2016 a abril de 2018. Método: foi realizado um estudo descritivo com pacientes dispensados ​​e avaliados como risco de preconceito no Serviço Médico da Família nº 9 pertencente à Policlínica Gustavo Aldereguía Lima. Campechuela Outubro de 2016 a abril de 2018. A amostra selecionada intencionalmente foi composta por 80 mulheres dispensadas de irrigação por preconceito e que preencheram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Foram utilizadas variáveis ​​como idade, escolaridade, ocupação, estado civil, tipo de contracepção utilizado, condições biológicas e história obstétrica desfavorável. Para obter as informações, utilizou-se uma pesquisa que foi processada de forma computadorizada, mostrando os resultados através de tabelas. Resultados: predominaram pacientes com menos de 20 anos de idade, com nível de educação pré-universitário inacabado, donas de casa, mulheres solteiras, sendo o preservativo o contraceptivo mais utilizado. A asma brônquica foi a condição mais diagnosticada, a AHT gravitacional, a história obstétrica desfavorável predominante e o desconhecimento geral do Programa de Controle de Risco de Preconceito. A partir do resultado obtido, foi desenvolvido um sistema de atividades educativas baseadas na educação em saúde. Conclusões: trabalhar intencionalmente a partir da promoção e prevenção em aspectos de risco de preconceito na adolescência, intensificando a prevenção da gravidez nessa idade vulnerável. Intensificar a prevenção de doenças crônicas desde tenra idade.

Using Duddingtonia flagrans in calves under an organic milk farm production system in the Mexican tropics.

The reduction of the gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) larvae population in faeces of cattle treated with Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores on a farm under an organic production system in Chiapas, Mexico, was assessed. Seventeen Cebu/Swiss crossbreed grazing calves naturally infected with GIN, were randomly distributed into two groups and treated as follows: Group 1, an oral administration of 2 × 106D. flagrans chlamydospores/kg BW, every two days for 30 days; group 2, Control, without any treatment. Results indicated that the epg values in both groups remained similar (p > 0.05). The average number of (L3) from coprocultures from the group treated with D. flagrans had an important reduction (53.8%) with respect to the control group and it reached 75.3% maximum larval reduction at the 14th sampling; although, no statistic significance was observed (p > 0.05). Likewise, the average of larvae (L3) recovered from grass corresponding to the animals treated with D. flagrans diminished at 25.1% with respect to the control group (p > 0.05). A mixture of GIN genera including Strongyloides sp., Haemonchus sp., Cooperia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Oesophagostomum sp. and Mecistocirrus sp., were identified from coprocultures. It was concluded that treatment with D. flagrans chlamydospores reduces the GIN larvae population in grass and in faeces of calves maintained under an organic milk production system.

Muscle irisin response to aerobic vs HIIT in overweight female adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Exercise stimulates the production of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), which is cleaved to release a protein called irisin. This protein induces browning of white adipose tissue resulting in increased thermogenesis. Different studies have measured circulating irisin at baseline and in response to exercise among a wide variety of individuals; yet, regarding the effect of different exercise intensities in obese adolescent girls, limited insight is available. This study compares the effect of acute aerobic exercise of moderate intensity and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on irisin levels in skeletal muscle and plasma of sedentary overweight or obese female adolescents. METHODS: The aerobic group (n = 15) and HIIT group (n = 15) underwent anthropometric and metabolic measurements, electrocardiogram, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and two vastus lateralis muscle biopsies before and after session of workout. The session of aerobic exercise included cycling at 65% of their peak heart rate (HRpeak) for 40 min. In the HIIT group, exercise included six bouts of 1 min at 85-95% HRpeak separated by 1 min of recovery. Irisin levels were evaluated in samples of skeletal muscle (western blot) and plasma (ELISA). RESULTS: The levels of expression of irisin in skeletal muscle increased significantly after a session of HIIT (p < 0.05), while aerobic exercise no affect irisin levels. No significant differences between the groups in plasma irisin levels were found. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in muscle irisin levels was observed only following HIIT session. No increases in plasma irisin concentration were observed.

Fatty acid content, health and risk indices, physicochemical composition, and somatic cell counts of milk from organic and conventional farming systems in tropical south-eastern Mexico.

Organic agriculture and livestock farming is claimed to promote animal welfare and can offer animal products with better hygienic-sanitary quality, based on principles of health, ecology, fairness, and care. However, no clear advantages of organic milk (OM) versus conventional milk (CM) from tropical conditions are available. The aims of the study were to determine fatty acid profile, health-promoting (HPI) and thrombogenic (TI) indices, physicochemical composition, and somatic cell counts (SCC) of OM and CM in tropical south-eastern Mexico. Female cross-breed cows (400-600 kg) were employed. CM had larger values of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (63.6 %; 4.57 %) than OM (61.48 %; 4.22 %), while OM resulted in a larger value of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (34.3 %) than CM (31.7 %). HPI and TI showed that OM was more favorable than CM. Milk production and physicochemical composition (PC) as well as density had no significant difference, while SCC was significantly lower in OM than in CM on a monthly basis. These results showed that OM promotes a healthful and balanced diet, and is already produced by sustainable ecologic technologies employing traditional agrosilvopastoral management, which is more environmentally friendly and promotes ecological resilience.

[Surgical treatment of multiresistant lung tuberculosis]. / Cirugía en tuberculosis pulmonar multirresistente.

Drug resistance has become a major problem in the treatment of tuberculosis. Pulmonary resection in combination with chemotherapy appears to be an effective measure for the treatment of multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. A retrospective review was performed of the medical and laboratory findings of 28 patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis who underwent pulmonary resection for pulmonary tuberculosis between January 1990 and December 2000 at La Maria Hospital, Medellín. Twenty-one of them had medical therapy before surgery; 14 patients underwent upper lobectomy and 10 patients pneumonectomy). The AFB negative sputum conversion rate was 88.9% (25/27) after surgery, during an average of 6 weeks. Bacteriological relapses were confirmed in 6 of 27, 4 of these 6 had AFB negative sputum. Twenty-eight patients had medical therapy after surgery. For selected patients, pulmonary resection in combination with chemotherapy should be considered an effective measure for treatment of multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.

Cirugía en tuberculosis pulmonar multirresistente

La aparición de Mycobacterium tuberculosis multirresistente constituye un serio problema para el control de la tuberculosis, por lo que se ha considerado que la resección quirúrgica del tejido pulmonar afectado, junto con el tratamiento médico adecuado, podría proporcionar la curación en algunos pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar multiresistente. En este estudio de tipo descriptivo, retrospectivo, se evaluaron los resultados clínicos y bacteriológicos de la resección quirúrgica en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar multirresistente. Se revisaron las historias clínicas del Hospital La María de Medellín de 1990 a 2000, y se encontró que se habían sometido a cirugía 73 pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis durante este periodo, 28 de los cuales tenían como indicación quirúrgica tuberculosis multirresistente (resistencia a isoniacida y rifampicina), 21 de los cuales habían recibido tratamiento prequirúrgico. En 14 (50%) se había practicado lobectomía superior y en 10 (36,7%), neumonectomía. Todos recibieron tratamiento posquirúrgico por un periodo promedio de 12,5 meses. En 88,9% (25/27) de los casos, la baciloscopia fue negativa después de 6 semanas de la cirugía y hasta finalizar el tratamiento antituberculoso; 6 pacientes presentaron nuevamente baciloscopia positiva, aunque 4 tuvieron baciloscopia negativa después de un nuevo esquema de tratamiento. Los pacientes, de acuerdo con las normas del ministerio, fueron seguidos con baciloscopia mensual y no con cultivo como es lo indicado en los casos de multirresistencia. La cirugía junto con el tratamiento médico adecuado constituye una buena alternativa de curación para algunos pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar multirresistente.

Surgical treatment of multiresistant lung tuberculosis Drug resistance has become a major problem in the treatment of tuberculosis. Pulmonary resection in combination with chemotherapy appears to be an effective measure for the treatment of multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. A retrospective review was performed of the medical and laboratory findings of 28 patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis who underwent pulmonary resection for pulmonary tuberculosis between January 1990 and December 2000 at La Maria Hospital, Medellín. Twenty-one of them had medical therapy before surgery; 14 patients underwent upper lobectomy and 10 patients pneumonectomy). The AFB negative sputum conversion rate was 88.9% (25/27) after surgery, during an average of 6 weeks. Bacteriological relapses were confirmed in 6 of 27, 4 of these 6 had AFB negative sputum. Twenty-eight patients had medical therapy after surgery. For selected patients, pulmonary resection in combination with chemotherapy should be considered an effective measure for treatment of multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.

Registro nacional de comisurotomía mitral percutánea. Experiencia de 8 años / National Registry of percutaneous mitral commisurotomy. An eight years experience

De abril de 1986 a junio de 1994, en un estudio multicéntrico, se realizó comisurotomía mitral percutánea a 689 pacientes con el diagnóstico de estenosis mitral de etiología reumática. La edad promedio fue de 40ñ11 años. 84.9 por ciento del sexo femenino, 2.7 por ciento con tratamiento quirúrgico previo y 1.4 por ciento cursaban con embarazo. Se utilizó el balón de Inoue en 89.4 por ciento, doble balón 9.7 por ciento y monobalón en 0.9 por ciento. El área valvular mitral (AVM) predilatación se incrementó de 0.93ñ0.20 a 1.85ñ0.37 cm² (p<0.001), la presión media de la aúricula izquierda descendió de 20.9ñ8.1 a 10.0ñ5.9 mmHg (p<0.001), el gradiente transvalvular (GTVM) descendió de 15.4ñ6.4 a 3.4ñ3.1 mmHg (p<0.001). Se completó el procedimiento sin complicaciones mayores en 93.1 por ciento. Desarrollaron insuficiencia mitral (IM) severa el 3.9 por ciento. Resultado óptimo en 82.1 por ciento, subóptimo 8.2 por ciento y se fracasó en 9.7 por ciento. Complicaciones mayores 4.7 por ciento con mortalidad de 0.9 por ciento. A 6 meses de seguimiento el área valvular disminuyó a 1.77ñ0.38 (p<0.001), manteniéndose sin cambios a 24 meses (1.78ñ0.37 p ns). El 93.3 por ciento están en clase funcional (CF) 1 a 24 meses. Los únicos predictores de resultado óptimo, fueron el AVM(> 1cm²) y la CF(I y II). La IM se desarrolló con mayor frecuencia con fibrilación auricular y puntuación ecocardiográfica >8. Nuestros resultados son comparables a lo encontrado en la literatura mundial, confirmando la seguridad de efectividad del procedimiento