Invasive group A Streptococcus infection (Streptococcus pyogenes): Current situation in Spain.

Group A ß-hemolytic Streptococcus (S. pyogenes), also known as GAS, is a Gram-positive bacterium. It can be easily identified in the microbiology laboratory by its ability to hemolyse blood in culture media. This bacterium is highly virulent due to its production of enzymes and toxins, and its ability to cause immunologically mediated diseases such as rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. GAS is the primary cause of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis, although it is typically a benign and non-invasive disease. However, it also has the potential to cause severe skin and soft tissue infections, necrotising fasciitis, bacteraemia and endocarditis, pneumonia and empyema, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, without any age or predisposition limits. The term invasive GAS disease (iGAS) is used to refer to this group of conditions. In more developed countries, iGAS disease has declined thanks to improved hygiene and the availability of antibiotics. For example, rheumatic fever has practically disappeared in countries such as Spain. However, recent data suggests a potential increase in some iGAS diseases, although the accuracy of this data is not consistent. Because of this, the COVID and Emerging Pathogens Committee of the Illustrious Official College of Physicians of Madrid (ICOMEM) has posed several questions about invasive GAS infection, especially its current situation in Spain. The committee has enlisted the help of several experts in the field to answer these questions. The following lines contain the answers that we have collaboratively produced, aiming to assist not only the members of ICOMEM but also anyone interested in this topic.

Vascular catheter-related infections: an endemic disease in healthcare institutions. An opinion paper of the Spanish Society of Cardiovascular Infections (SEICAV).

Catheter-related infections (CRI) are a serious healthcare problem due to their potential to cause serious complications, including bacteraemia or infective endocarditis, and to increase patient morbidity and mortality. In addition, these in fections significantly prolong hospital stay and cost. Preventing CRI is crucial and is considered a criterion for quality and safety in healthcare. For these reasons, the Spanish Society of Cardiovascular Infections (SEICAV) has considered it pertinent to review this topic, with experts in different areas including clinical microbiologists, infectious disease specialists, surgeons and nurses. The data were presented at a session held at the Ramón Areces Foundation, which was organised in the form of specific questions grouped into three round tables. The first panel analysed the scale of the problem including epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects; the second panel addressed advances in the treatment of CRI; and the third panel reviewed developments in the prevention of CRI. The recorded session is available on the Areces Foundation website and we believe it maybe of interest not only to health professionals, but also to any non-expert citizen interested in the subject.

Uric acid and acute kidney injury in high-risk patients for developing acute kidney injury undergoing cardiac surgery: A prospective multicenter study.

PURPOSE: It is unclear whether preoperative serum uric acid (SUA) elevation may play a role in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with cardiac surgery (CSA-AKI). We conducted a cohort study to evaluate the influence of preoperative hyperuricemia on AKI in patients at high risk for developing SC-AKI. DESIGN: Multicenter prospective international cohort study. SETTING: Fourteen university hospitals in Spain and the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: We studied 261 consecutive patients at high risk of developing CSA-AKI, according to a Cleveland score ≥ 4 points, from July to December 2017. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: AKIN criteria were used for the definition of AKI. Multivariable logistic regression models and propensity score-matched pairwise analysis were used to determine the adjusted association between preoperative hyperuricemia (≥7 mg/dL) and AKI. Elevated preoperative AUS (≥7 mg/dL) was present in 190 patients (72.8%), whereas CSA-AKI occurred in 145 patients (55.5%). In multivariable logistic regression models, hyperuricemia was not associated with a significantly increased risk of AKI (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81-3; P = .17). In propensity score-matched analysis of 140 patients, the hyperuricemia group experienced similar adjusted odds of AKI (OR 1.05, 95%CI 0.93-1.19, P = .37). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperuricemia was not associated with an increased risk of AKI in this cohort of patients undergoing cardiac surgery at high risk of developing CSA-AKI.

Expert Recommendations from the AEDV on Legal Aspects Surrounding the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. / Recomendaciones de expertos de la AEDV sobre los aspectos legales en el manejo de las infecciones de transmisión sexual.

The incidence of sexually transmitted diseases has been on the rise in our setting for decades. These infections represent not only an individual problem, but also a problem of public health. Therefore, the management of STDs involves reducing community incidence, which means that common issues in the clinical practice such as failure to attend may become a more complex problem, which adds to the difficult and delicate task of locating sexual contacts that would benefit from screening and the appropriate treatment. On the other hand, STDs have direct legal implications in cases of underage patients, or suspected sexual assault. Therefore, the correct handling of these scenarios requires knowledge of the legal framework that regulates them. Dermatologists are clinically trained and prepared to deal with these conditions. Nonetheless, the legal issues involved are often difficult to solve. This document stands as a simple reference guide to help solve the main legal issues we may encounter in a consultation when dealing with STDs.

Costs and resource utilization patterns in surgical site infections: a pre-COVID-19 perspective from France, Germany, Spain, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSIs), mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, pose a significant economic burden in Europe, leading to increased hospitalization duration, mortality, and treatment costs, particularly with drug-resistant strains such as meticillin-resistant S. aureus. AIM: To conduct a case-control study on the economic impact of S. aureus SSI in adult surgical patients across high-volume centres in France, Germany, Spain, and the UK, aiming to assess the overall and procedure-specific burden across Europe. METHODS: The SALT study is a multinational, retrospective cohort study with a nested case-control analysis focused on S. aureus SSI in Europe. The study included participants from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK who underwent invasive surgery in 2016 and employed a micro-costing approach to evaluate health economic factors, matching S. aureus SSI cases with controls. FINDINGS: In 2016, among 178,904 surgical patients in five European countries, 764 developed S. aureus SSI. Matching 744 cases to controls, the study revealed that S. aureus SSI cases incurred higher immediate hospitalization costs (€8,810), compared to controls (€6,032). Additionally, S. aureus SSI cases exhibited increased costs for readmissions within the first year post surgery (€7,961.6 versus €5,298.6), with significant differences observed. Factors associated with increased surgery-related costs included the cost of hospitalization immediately after surgery, first intensive care unit (ICU) admission within 12 months, and hospital readmission within 12 months, as identified through multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: The higher rates of hospitalization, ICU admissions, and readmissions among S. aureus SSI cases highlight the severity of these infections and their impact on healthcare costs, emphasizing the potential benefits of evidence-based infection control measures and improved patient care to mitigate the economic burden.

Rendimiento y seguridad de las colonoscopías de screening en dos grupos etarios de pacientes de la tercera edad

Objetivo: Comparar el rendimiento y seguridad de las colonoscopías de screening en el diagnóstico del cáncer colorrectal en dos grupos de pacientes añosos. Materiales y Método: Un análisis retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a colonoscopías de screening en Clínica INDISA, desde noviembre de 2017 hasta marzo de 2019. Se excluyeron pacientes con síntomas de alarma según criterios de Roma IV, colonoscopías de urgencia y terapéuticas. Se compararon 2 grupos de pacientes: Grupo I entre 70-79 años y Grupo II mayores de 80 años. El objetivo primario fue el rendimiento diagnóstico de la colonoscopía de screening, definida como su capacidad para identificar hallazgos significativos definidos como la presencia de adenomas, displasia de alto grado y cáncer colorrectal. Los resultados secundarios consideraron la morbilidad y mortalidad del procedimiento. Análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: Un total de 125 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión; Grupo I: 70 pacientes y Grupo II: 55 pacientes. Los hallazgos significativos se presentaron en un 27,1% en el Grupo I y en 30,9% en el Grupo II (p = 0,675). No se observaron diferencias en la calidad de la preparación intestinal o las complicaciones relacionadas con el procedimiento. Discusión y Conclusión: Las colonoscopías de screening en el diagnóstico de cáncer colorrectal son bien toleradas en pacientes mayores de 80 años, con un rendimiento equivalente en comparación al grupo más joven. Dado el aumento de la esperanza de vida, se recomienda realizar colonoscopías en octogenarios, especialmente en aquellos con buen estado de salud.

Aim: To compare diagnostic yield of significant findings rate and safety of screening colonoscopies in two groups of elderly patients. Materials and Method: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent screening colonoscopies at INDISA Clinic, from November 2017 to March 2019. Exclusion criteria were those with "alarm" symptoms according to Rome IV criteria, emergencies and therapeutic colonoscopies were excluded. Comparison groups were patients between 70-79 years old (Grupo I), and those over 80 years old (Grupo II). The primary outcome was the diagnostic yield of screening colonoscopy, defined as its capacity to identify adenomas, high-grade dysplasia, and colorectal cancer. Secondary outcomes were morbidity and mortality of the procedure. Statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential. Results: A total of 125 patients met our inclusion criteria; Grupo I: 70 and Grupo II 55 patients. Significant findings were observed in 27.1% in Grupo I and 30.9% in Grupo II (p = 0.675). No differences in bowel prep quality or procedure-related complications were observed between both groups. Discussion and Conclusion: Screening colonoscopies for colorectal cancer are well tolerated in patients over 80 years of age, with equivalent diagnostic rates compared with the younger patient group. Given the increasing life expectancy worldwide, it is recommended to continue checking for colorectal cancer with screening colonoscopies in octogenarians, particularly healthy ones.

Disfunción ileostómica en pacientes sometidos a resección anterior baja por un cáncer del recto luego de neoadyuvancia / Ileostomic dysfunction in patients undergoing low anterior resection for rectal cancer after neoadjuvant treatment

Resumen Introducción: La resección anterior baja protegida con una ileostomía en asa (IA) luego de neoadyuvancia es el tratamiento estándar del cáncer del recto bajo localmente avanzado. Objetivos: Investigar la incidencia, características clínicas de la disfunción ileostómica (DI) en estos pacientes y, eventualmente, definir un perfil de riesgo. Materiales y Método: Se analizan 103 pacientes consecutivos. La DI se define como la eliminación por la ileostomía de más de 1,5 litros por día durante 3 o más días consecutivos asociado a distensión y dolor abdominal con intolerancia a la alimentación oral en ausencia de una complicación intraabdominal Clavien-Dindo grado III o mayor. Se comparan el grupo con DI del resto (no DI). Resultados: La DI se presentó en el 14,5% de los casos, se resolvió entre 12 y 70 días (en el 50% superó los 30 días), la tasa de reingreso fue 27% y no hubo reoperaciones en este grupo. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos salvo en el tiempo de hospitalizarán y la tasa de reingresos. Discusión: La DI corresponde a un tipo de íleo posoperatorio de gravedad y duración variable que paradojalmente se asocia con la eliminación de altos volúmenes de contenido intestinal por la IA, requiere aporte vigoroso de volumen y electrolitos y en los casos más graves apoyo con nutrición parenteral. El cuadro revierte en plazos variables con manejo conservador. En este estudio no se ha logrado definir un perfil del paciente en riesgo de sufrir esta complicación o factores predictivos de ella.

Background: Diverting loop ileostomy (LI) is commonly performed to protect a distal anastomosis after a low anterior resection. Aim: To investigate the frecuency and clinical features of ileostomic dysfunction (ID) and, eventually, to define a profile of patients at risk of this complicaction. Materials and Method: 103 consecutive patients operated on for rectal cancer were included. ID is defined when the maxime output was more than 1,5 lt/day for three or more consecutive days with biochemical disturbances, associated to abdominal distension and the inability to tolerate oral feeding without postoperative severe complication. Patients with ID were compared with noID group. Results: ID developed in 15 patients, lasting between 12 and 70 days (50% for more then 30 days), the readmission rate was 27% without reoperation in this group. Except for inhospital time and readmission rate, no other difference between both groups were founded. Discussion: ID is a kind of paralitic ileus of variable intensity with paradox high output ileostomy leading to depletion of water and electrolyte imbalance. ID requires reposition of high volumen of fluids and electrolytes and sometimes parenteral nutrition with full recovery in variable periods without invasive treatment. In this study it was not possible to define a patient profile at risk or predictive factores of this complication.

Factores de riesgo para amputación en pacientes manejados con fasciotomía de miembro inferior en un centro de alta complejidad / Risk factors for amputation in patients managed with lower limb fasciotomy in a high complexity center

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome compartimental del miembro inferior tiene el potencial de causar morbilidad devastadora en los pacientes y altos riesgos médico-legales para los médicos involucrados en su tratamiento. Una vez instaurado, la fasciotomía se constituye como el único tratamiento efectivo. La pérdida de la extremidad afectada es su complicación con mayor carga de enfermedad. Existen pocas descripciones sobre factores de riesgo para la necesidad de amputación de miembro inferior luego de haber sido sometido a fasciotomía en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, analítico en el cual se recolectó información de pacientes con traumatismo de miembro inferior que requirieron fasciotomía de muslo o pierna durante un periodo de 10 años en busca de factores que pudieron influir en la pérdida de la extremidad. Resultados: 21 pacientes cumplían los criterios de inclusión de los cuales 6 (28,57%) fueron amputados y 2 fallecieron (9,52%). La mayoría de los individuos fueron menores de 30 años y casi la totalidad del sexo masculino. Encontramos que el porcentaje de amputación parece verse afectado de manera estadísticamente significativa por factores como un International Severity Score (ISS) elevado (media de 24), las parestesias al ingreso, la realización de fasciotomía tardía (> 6 h), la reactividad muscular al momento de la cirugía, la infección del sitio operatorio y la reintervención por trombosis del injerto vascular. Conclusiones: Existen factores de riesgo que pueden indicar la pérdida de la extremidad inferior luego de ser sometido a fasciotomía en el contexto de trauma. Un seguimiento prospectivo y un mayor número de pacientes podrían permitir dilucidar más de dichos factores.

Introduction: The lower limb compartment syndrome has the potential to cause devastating morbidity in patients and high legal medical risks for doctors involved in its treatment. Once established, fasciotomy is the only effective treatment. The loss of the affected limb is the complication with a greater burden of disease. There are few descriptions of risk factors for the need for lower limb amputation after having undergone fasciotomy in patients with traumatic injuries. Materials and Method: A retrospective, observational, analytical study was conducted in which information was collected from patients with lower limb trauma that required thigh or leg fasciotomy for a period of 10 years in search of factors that could influence limb loss. Results: 21 patients met the inclusion criteria of which 6 (28.57%) were amputated and 2 died (9.52%). The majority of the individuals were under 30 years old and almost all of the male sex. We found that the percentage of amputation seems to be affected statistically significantly by factors such as a high ISS (mean of 24), paresthesia at admission, performing late fasciotomy (> 6 h), muscle reactivity at the time of surgery, postoperative SSI and reintervention by vascular graft thrombosis. Conclusions: We found risk factors that may indicate the loss of the lower limb after being subjected to fasciotomy in the context of trauma. A prospective follow-up and a greater number of patients could make it possible to elucidate more of these factors.

Hipovitaminosis D y malnutrición por exceso en niños asmáticos hospitalizados / Hypovitaminosis D and malnutrition by excess in hospitalized asthmatic children

La tasa de hospitalización por crisis de asma en niños chilenos se ha duplicado en los últimos años. Diversos estudios muestran una asociación entre hipovitaminosis D y crisis de asma. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue describir la prevalencia de déficit e insuficiencia de vitamina D (vitD) en escolares asmáticos hospitalizados por crisis de asma y evaluar su estado nutricional. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio analítico, transversal, que incluyó a todos los pacientes de 5 años o más que se hospitalizaron por crisis de asma durante un año calendario en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. Se aplicó una encuesta que incluyó datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, se evaluó el nivel de control del asma mediante el cuestionario Asthma Control Test (ACT), se determinó el estado nutricional y se midió la concentración de vitD. RESULTADOS: Se observó que 6 de cada 10 pacientes presentaba déficit o insuficiencia de vitD (22,8 ng/ml ± 10,5), encontrándose una asociación positiva entre concentración de vitD y ACT. La malnutrición por exceso estaba presente en casi la mitad de los pacientes. Aquellos pacientes que se hospitalizaron por más de 3 días tenían una concentración sérica de vitD significativamente menor. CONCLUSIONES: La hipovitaminosis D afectó a la mayoría de los niños hospitalizados por crisis de asma. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre concentración de vitD con días de hospitalización y control de la enfermedad medido por ACT.

Asthma hospitalization rates in Chilean children has doubled in recent years. Multiple studies show an association between hypovitaminosis D and asthma attacks. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D (vitD) deficiency and insufficiency in asthmatic school age children hospitalized for asthma crisis and to evaluate their nutritional status. METHODS: Cross-sectional, analytical study that included patients 5 years of age or older hospitalized for asthma attacks during one calendar year, in the Pediatric Service of the University of Chile Clinical Hospital. A survey was conducted that included sociodemographic and clinical data, the level of asthma control was evaluated using the Asthma Control Test questionnaire (ACT), the nutritional status was determined and the concentration of vitD was measured. RESULTS: 6 out of 10 patients had either Vit D deficiency or insufficiency (22,8 ng/ml ± 10,5), showing a positive association between vitD concentration and ACT. Malnutrition due to excess was present in almost half of the patients. Children hospitalized for more than 3 days had a significantly lower vitD serum concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients had hypovitaminosis D. An association was found between vitD concentration and hospital stay and between vitD concentration and asthma control, measured by ACT .

Cirugía laparoscópica en cáncer de colon / Laparoscopic surgery in colonic cancer

Resumen La primera colectomía laparoscópica se realizó hace casi 30 años. La adopción como estándar de tratamiento ha sido lenta, a pesar de compartir los beneficios de la cirugía con invasión mínima, como el menor dolor, estadía hospitalaria y recuperación precoz. Esto se explica por el temor generado por reportes iniciales que señalaban la aparición de implantes en los sitios de inserción de los trocares y las dudas sobre la seguridad oncológica. Distintos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados finalmente confirmaron su seguridad y eficacia en el tratamiento del cáncer de colon con resultados comparables a la cirugía abierta. La curva de aprendizaje prolongada, dada por la complejidad técnica, ha incentivado el aprendizaje supervisado por un entrenador experto en el contexto de programas de formación de subespecialidad. Nuestro objetivo es realizar una revisión de los resultados a corto y largo plazo y algunas consideraciones generales y perspectivas futuras.

The first laparoscopic colectomy was performed almost 30 years ago, its expansion has been slow and it did not have the explosive development that laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendectomy had, despite sharing its benefits such as lower pain, hospital stay and early recovery. This is explained, in part, by the initial fear of implants at trocar sites and the lack of oncological safety. Randomized clinical trials confirmed the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery with short-term and oncological results, comparable to open surgery. The slow learning curve, given by technical complexity, has encouraged learning supervised by an expert coach in the context of subspecialty training programs. Our aim is to review the short-term and oncological results, some general considerations and future perspectives.

Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de pacientes con Covid-19 atendidos en Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile entre marzo y mayo 2020 / Clinical and epidemiological characterization of patients with Covid-19 treated in the Emergency Service of the Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile between March and May 2020

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China and has spread globally, creating a pandemic. The objective of this is study is to determinate clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with coronavirus en emergency department. The HCUCH Emergency Service treated a total of 6959 patients between March 13th and May 31th, of whom 1.278 were positive and had confirmed with coronavirus. The male sex was the most prevalent (59.7%). The most frequent symptoms in both groups were cough, myalgia and fever. In the group of ambulatory patients, headache stood out in 50% and in hospitalized patients, dyspnea with 67%. The mortality rate in hospitalized patients was 15.6%. Of these, 66.6% were older than 65 years. Regarding diagnosis of hospital discharge, 87.5% correspond to pneumonia. There is a higher prevalence of coronavirus disease in male patients. The most frequent comorbidities in hospitalized patients were HT and DM2. The highest rate of hospitalization and case fatality in people over 65 years of age. This information helps to characterize the profile of patients at risk in which prevention efforts should be focused. (AU)

Evaluación de factores de riesgo asociados a dehiscencia anastomótica en cirugía colorrectal: análisis multivariado de 748 pacientes / Evaluation of the risk factors associated with anastomotic dehiscence in colorectal surgery: multivariate analysis of 748 pacients

INTRODUCCIÓN: La dehiscencia anastomótica (DA) es una complicación severa en cirugía colorrectal con una incidencia que oscila entre 2 y 19%. La literatura internacional muestra numerosos estudios sobre la identificación de factores de riesgo (FR), mientras que en la nacional existen solo dos series que analizan esta complicación. OBJETIVO: Realizar una caracterización descriptiva de resultados institucionales y establecer la tasa de DA, sus factores de riesgo asociados y la mortalidad. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Serie de casos no concurrente, cuya muestra son pacientes consecutivos intervenidos de patología colorrectal con anastomosis primaria con o sin ostoma derivativo entre los años 2004 y 2016. Se realiza modelo de regresión logística univariable y multivariable. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 748 pacientes, 50,5% mujeres, media de edad fue 56,2. Las indicaciones quirúrgicas más frecuentes fueron cáncer colorrectal en 381 (50,9%) pacientes y enfermedad diverticular en 163 (21,8%). La DA fue de 5,6% (42/748) y la mortalidad fue de 2% (15/748), siendo de 1% para los electivos (7/681). En el análisis univariado encontramos que los FR que tuvieron significancia estadística fueron la albúmina (p < 0,001), altura anastomosis (p < 0,001), transfusión (p < 0,001), localización (colon derecho > izquierdo) (p = 0,011), mientras que en el análisis multivariado fueron la albúmina (p = 0,002) con un OR 3,64 (IC 95% 1,58-8,35) y transfusión (p = 0,015) con un OR 7,15 (IC 95% 1,46-34,91). CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestra serie es la más grande reportada en Chile, con resultados similares a estudios internacionales y nacionales. Establecemos que la hipoalbuminemia y la presencia de transfusiones intraoperatorias se asocian a alta tasa de DA.

INTRODUCTION: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a severe complication in colorectal surgery, its incidence ranges from 2 to 19%. In international literature, we found numerous studies on the identification of risk factors (RF), while in the national there are only two series that analyze this complication. AIM: Perform a descriptive characterization of institutional results and establish the AL rate, its associated risk factors and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Non-concurrent series of cases, whose sample is consecutive patients operated for colorectal pathology with primary anastomosis with or without a derivative ostoma between 2004 and 2016. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression model was performed. RESULTS: There were 748 patients, 50.5% women, mean age was 56.2. The most frequent surgical indications were colorectal cancer in 381 (50.9%) patients and diverticular disease in 163 (21.8%). The AL was 5.6% (42/748) and the mortality was 2% (15/748), being 1% for the electives (7/681). In the univariate analysis, we found that the RF that had statistical significance were albumin (p < 0.001), anastomosis height (p < 0.001), transfusion (p < 0.001), location (right colon > left) (p = 0.011), while that in the multivariate analysis were albumin (p = 0.002) with an OR 3.64 (IC 95% 1.58-8.35) and transfusion (p = 0.015) with an OR 7.15 (IC 95% 1.46-34.91). CONLUSION: Our series is the largest reported in Chile, with similar results to international and national studies. We establish that hypoalbuminemia and the presence of intraoperative transfusions are associated with a high rate of AL.

Prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout en los residentes de cirugía general de Chile y sus factores asociados / Prevalence of Burnout syndrome in general surgery residents of Chile and its associated factors

Introducción: El Síndrome de Burnout (SBO), corresponde a una respuesta al estrés laboral crónico conformado por actitudes y sentimientos negativos. Se caracteriza por la presencia de agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y baja realización personal. Objetivo: Evaluar la presencia del SBO en residentes de cirugía general en Chile. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de corte transversal, con invitación a responder encuesta anónima online. El instrumento utilizado, fue el Maslach Burnout Inventory de 22 preguntas, que se divide en 3 subescalas, agotamiento emocional (AE), despersonalización (D) y baja realización personal (RP). Éstas a su vez se dividen en grado bajo, moderado o alto. SBO se define por grado alto en AE o D, o grado bajo de RP. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 103 respuestas completas, de las cuales 72,8% cumple criterios de SBO en al menos una subescala. En el modelo de regresión logística multivariado, la edad aparece como un factor protector con un OR 0,8 (IC 95% 0,64-0,99) y el tener hijos como un factor de riesgo con un OR 4,94 (IC 95% 1,03-23,52). En la subescala de AE, las mujeres presentan mayor riesgo de desarrollar SBO RRR 5,32 (IC 95% 1,10-25,66), mientras que en la subescala de RP, hubo un mayor riesgo de desarrollar SBO en quienes realizan la especialidad en Región Metropolitana RRR 5,43 (IC 95% 1,12-26,37). Conclusiones: La prevalencia del SBO en los residentes de cirugía general de Chile es de un 72,8%, principalmente en jóvenes, con hijos, mujeres y de región metropolitana.

Introduction: The Burnout Syndrome (SBO), corresponds to a response to chronic work stress conformed by negative attitudes and feelings. It is characterized by the presence of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal fulfillment. Objective: To evaluate the presence of SBO in residents of general surgery in Chile. Patients and Method: Cross-sectional study, with an invitation to answer an anonymous online survey. The instrument used was the Maslach Burnout Inventory of 22 questions, which is divided into 3 subscales, emotional exhaustion (AE), depersonalization (D) and low personal fulfillment (RP). These in turn are divided into low, moderate or high. SBO is defined by high grade in AE or D, or low grade of RP. Results: 103 complete answers were obtained, of which 72.8% met SBO criteria on at least one subscale. In the multivariate logistic regression model, age appears as a protective factor with an OR 0.8 (95% CI 0.64-0.99) and having children as a risk factor with an OR 4.94 (95% CI 1.03-23.52). In the AE subscale, women presented a higher risk of developing SBO RRR 5.32 (95% CI 1.10-25.66), while in the RP subscale, there was an increased risk of developing SBO in those who performed the specialty in metropolitan region RRR 5.43 (95% CI 1.12-26.37). Conclusions: The prevalence of SBO in residents of general surgery in Chile is 72.8%, mainly in young people, with children, women and the metropolitan region.

Análisis de variables relacionadas con la morbimortalidad de la anastomosis ileocólica después de hemicolectomía derecha / Analysis of variables related to morbidity and mortality of the ileocolic anastomosis after right hemicolectomy

Introducción: La hemicolectomía derecha con anastomosis ileocólica es una cirugía frecuentemente realizada para la que existen muchas formas de realizarla. Objetivo: Evaluar cuál es la mejor anastomosis ilecólica en términos de morbimortalidad y realizar una evaluación comparativa de la evolución clínica posoperatoria según el tipo de configuración anastomótica. Pacientes y Método: Estudio observacional analítico, con criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos. Las variables a estudiar las dividimos en dos grupos, las relacionadas a la técnica quirúrgica y su configuración anastomótica, y las variables relacionadas con resultados de la intervención quirúrgica, creando una tabla de contingencia en que se cruzan los datos. Análisis de datos con STATA 13.0. Resultados: 216 pacientes con anastomosis ileocólica, destacando significancia estadística al cruzar: A) reoperación y tipo de sutura (p = 0,044), con un OR 3,4 (IC 95% 0,94-18,6), siendo de mayor riesgo la mecánica; B) mortalidad y urgencia (p = 0,001) con un OR 7,76 (IC 95% 1,56-49,29), siendo de mayor riesgo la cirugía de urgencia. Las anastomosis isoperistálticas possen eliminación de gases (p < 0,001), tránsito intestinal (p = 0,009) e ingesta de sólidos (p = 0,005) más precoz. Hay expulsión de gases antes en el abordaje laparoscópico, sutura manual, configuración término lateral e isoperistáltica de la anastomosis y cirugía electiva. Conclusión: Existe gran variabilidad de técnicas para realizar la anastomosis ileocólica. La anastomosis manual muestra menor probabilidad de necesitar una reintervención quirúrgica, la cirugía electiva tiene menor mortalidad que la realizada de urgencia. Sugerimos realizarla vía laparoscópica, con sutura manual, término lateral, isoperistáltica y de forma electiva, por tener una recuperación más corta.

Introduction: Right hemicolectomy with ileocolic anastomosis is a frequent surgery with many ways to perform it. Objective: To evaluate which is the best ileocolic anastomosis in terms of morbidity and mortality and to make a comparative evaluation of the postoperative clinical evolution according to the type of anastomosis. Patients and Method: Analytical observational study, with defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The variables to be studied are divided into two groups, those related to the surgical technique and its anastomotic configuration, and the variables related to the results of the surgical intervention, creating a contingency table that crosses the data. Data analysis with STATA 13.0. Results: 216 patients with ileocolic anastomosis, highlighting statistical significance when crossing: A) reoperation and type of suture (p = 0.044), with UN or 3.4 (95% CI 0.94 to 18.6), being of greater risk the mechanics; B) mortality and urgency (p = 0.001) with an OR 7.76 (95% CI 1.56-49.29), with emergency surgery being of greater risk. Isoperistaltic anastomosis with gas elimination (p < 0.001), intestinal transit (p = 0.009) and solid intake (p = 0.005) earlier. There is earlier expulsion of gases in the laparoscopic approach, manual suture, end-to-side and isoperistaltic of the anastomosis and elective surgery. Conclusion: There is great variability of techniques to perform the ileocolic anastomosis. Manual anastomosis is less likely to require surgical reoperation, elective surgery has a lower mortality than that of emergency surgery. We suggest performing it laparoscopically, with manual suture, lateral term, isoperistaltic and electively, for having a shorter recovery.

Aplicabilidad del Colon Leakage Score como predictor de filtración anastomótica en cirugía de cáncer colorrectal / Applicability of the Colon Leakage Score as an anastomotic leakage predictor in colorectal cancer surgery

Introducción: La filtración anastomótica (FA) en cirugía colorrectal aumenta la morbimortalidad. La identificación de factores de riesgo y la creación de un modelo predictivo ayudaría en la decisión de crear un ostoma desfuncionalizante, hecho que, actualmente, recae en el criterio del cirujano. Dekker creó el Colon Leakage Score (CLS) estableciendo criterios objetivos. Objetivo: Establecer el CLS en pacientes intervenidos por cáncer de colon izquierdo y recto en Clínica INDISA, estableciendo valores de corte locales, su sensibilidad y especificidad. Pacientes y Método: Corresponde a un estudio de pruebas diagnósticas, cuya intervención es la aplicación del CLS comparándolo con la presencia de filtración anastomótica (gold standard), definida por criterios clínicos y radiológicos. Se utilizó análisis de curvas ROC, índice de Youden y regresión logística. Resultados: De 180 pacientes, hubo FA en 12 (6,6%). La media de CLS en quienes hubo FA fue de 11,5 y en quienes no hubo FA de 6,9 (p = 0,0001). El área bajo la curva para predicción de FA con el CLS fue de 0,829 (IC 95% 0,69-0,96), con un valor de corte de 11, sensibilidad de 67% y especificidad de 89%. En el análisis de regresión logística, el OR para la predicción de FA utilizando el CLS fue de 1,48 (IC 95% 1,22-1,79 p < 0,001). Conclusión: El CLS es una herramienta que permite predecir el riesgo de FA en pacientes intervenidos por cáncer de colon izquierdo y recto. Ante un valor mayor o igual a 11 se debería crear un ostoma protector, generando un cambio en la práctica clínica.

Introduction: Anastomotic filtration increases morbidity and mortality in colorrectal surgery. Identification of risk factors and creation of a predictive model would help the decision of creating a defunctionalizing ostoma, that currently is taken by the surgeon. Dekker created de Colon Leakege Score (CLS) with objective criteria. Objective: Establish CLS in patients that underwent left colon and rectum surgery with cancer diagnosis in Clinica INDISA, define the local cutting value, it's specificity and sensibility. Patients and Methods: Corresponds to a diagnostic test's study, that intervention is CLS application, comparing with the presence of anastomotic filtration (gold standard), defined by clinical and radiologic criteria. For the analysis, ROC curves, Youden's index and logistic regression. Results: From 180 patients, anastomotic filtration was present in 12 (6.6%). Average CLS score in patients with anastomotic filtration was 11.5 and in those without anastomotic filtration was 6.9 (p = 0.0001). Area under the curve for anastomotic filtration prediction using CLS was 0.829 (CI 95% 0.69-0.96) with a cutting value of 11, 67% of sensibility and 89% of specificity. Logistic regression analysis, OR for anastomotic filtration prediction using CLS was 1.48 (CI 95% 1.22-1.79 p < 0.001). Conclusion: CLS is a tool that permits predicting anastomotic filtration risk in patients that underwent left colon and rectum surgery. With a CLS value equal or more than 11, we should create a protective ostoma, generating a clinical practice local change.