RESUMO
Adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a member of the Ark1/Prk1 family of serine/threonine kinases and plays a role in modulating receptor endocytosis. AAK1 was identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain when it was shown that AAK1 knock out (KO) mice had a normal response to the acute pain phase of the mouse formalin model, but a reduced response to the persistent pain phase. Herein we report our early work investigating a series of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines as part of our efforts to recapitulate this KO phenotype with a potent, small molecule inhibitor of AAK1. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and in vivo evaluation of these AAK1 inhibitors is described.
RESUMO
Derivatives of lactam, cyclic urea and carbamate were explored as aniline amide replacements in a series of phthalazinone-based ROCK inhibitors. Potent ROCK2 inhibitors such as 22 were identified with excellent overall kinase selectivity as well as good isoform selectivity over ROCK1.
Assuntos
Amidas , Lactamas , Quinases Associadas a rho , Lactamas/farmacologia , Isoformas de Proteínas , Quinases Associadas a rho/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Kinase inhibition continues to be a major focus of pharmaceutical research and discovery due to the central role of these proteins in the regulation of cellular processes. One family of kinases of pharmacological interest, due to its role in activation of immunostimulatory pathways, is the Janus kinase family. Small molecule inhibitors targeting the individual kinase proteins within this family have long been sought-after therapies. High sequence and structural similarity of the family members makes selective inhibitors difficult to identify but critical because of their inter-related multiple cellular regulatory pathways. Herein, we describe the identification of inhibitors of the important Janus kinase, TYK2, a regulator of type I interferon response. In addition, the biochemical and structural confirmation of the direct interaction of these small molecules with the TYK2 pseudokinase domain is described and a potential mechanism of allosteric regulation of TYK2 activity through stabilization of the pseudokinase domain is proposed.
Assuntos
Janus Quinases , TYK2 Quinase , Regulação Alostérica , Janus Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , TYK2 Quinase/química , TYK2 Quinase/metabolismoRESUMO
Glucokinase (GK) is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, and its small-molecule activators represent a promising opportunity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Several GK activators have been advanced into clinical trials and have demonstrated promising efficacy; however, hypoglycemia represents a key risk for this mechanism. In an effort to mitigate this hypoglycemia risk while maintaining the efficacy of the GK mechanism, we have investigated a series of amino heteroaryl phosphonate benzamides as ''partial" GK activators. The structure-activity relationship studies starting from a "full GK activator" 11, which culminated in the discovery of the "partial GK activator" 31 (BMS-820132), are discussed. The synthesis and in vitro and in vivo preclinical pharmacology profiles of 31 and its pharmacokinetics (PK) are described. Based on its promising in vivo efficacy and preclinical ADME and safety profiles, 31 was advanced into human clinical trials.
Assuntos
Azetidinas , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hipoglicemia , Organofosfonatos , Azetidinas/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Glucoquinase , Humanos , Hipoglicemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Organofosfonatos/farmacologia , Organofosfonatos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that was identified as a therapeutic target for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain. Inhibition of AAK1 in the central nervous system, particularly within the spinal cord, was found to be the relevant site for achieving an antinociceptive effect. We previously reported that compound 7 is a brain-penetrant, AAK1 inhibitor that showed efficacy in animal models for neuropathic pain. One approach we took to improve upon the potency of 7 involved tying the amide back into the neighboring phenyl ring to form a bicyclic heterocycle. Investigation of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of substituents on the resultant quinazoline and quinoline ring systems led to the identification of (S)-31, a brain-penetrant, AAK1-selective inhibitor with improved enzyme and cellular potency compared to 7. The synthesis, SAR, and in vivo evaluation of a series of quinazoline and quinoline-based AAK1 inhibitors are described herein.
Assuntos
Neuralgia , Quinolinas , Amidas/farmacologia , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Quinazolinas/uso terapêutico , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Effective treatment of chronic pain, in particular neuropathic pain, without the side effects that often accompany currently available treatment options is an area of significant unmet medical need. A phenotypic screen of mouse gene knockouts led to the discovery that adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain. The synthesis and optimization of structure-activity relationships of a series of aryl amide-based AAK1 inhibitors led to the identification of 59, a brain penetrant, AAK1-selective inhibitor that proved to be a valuable tool compound. Compound 59 was evaluated in mice for the inhibition of µ2 phosphorylation. Studies conducted with 59 in pain models demonstrated that this compound was efficacious in the phase II formalin model for persistent pain and the chronic-constriction-injury-induced model for neuropathic pain in rats. These results suggest that AAK1 inhibition is a promising approach for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Células CACO-2 , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Descoberta de Drogas , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microssomos Hepáticos/química , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is an intracellular kinase that plays an important role in modulating tumor immune response and thus is an attractive target for drug discovery. Crystallization of the wild-type HPK1 kinase domain has been hampered by poor expression in recombinant systems and poor solubility. In this study, yeast surface display was applied to a library of HPK1 kinase-domain variants in order to select variants with an improved expression level and solubility. The HPK1 variant with the most improved properties contained two mutations, crystallized readily in complex with several small-molecule inhibitors and provided valuable insight to guide structure-based drug design. This work exemplifies the benefit of yeast surface display towards engineering crystallizable proteins and thus enabling structure-based drug discovery.
Assuntos
Engenharia de Proteínas/métodos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Técnicas de Visualização da Superfície Celular , Cristalização , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Mutagênese , Mutação , Domínios Proteicos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genéticaRESUMO
A novel series of 5H-chromeno[3,4-c]pyridine, 6H-isochromeno[3,4-c]pyridine and 6H-isochromeno[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as dual ROCK1 and ROCK2 inhibitors is described. Optimization led to compounds with sub-nanomolar inhibitory affinity for both kinases and excellent kinome selectivity. Compound 19 exhibited ROCK1 and ROCK2 IC50 of 0.67 nM and 0.18 nM respectively.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Quinases Associadas a rho/antagonistas & inibidores , Cristalografia por Raios X , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Piridinas/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Quinases Associadas a rho/metabolismoRESUMO
As a member of the Janus (JAK) family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, TYK2 plays an important role in mediating the signaling of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-12, IL-23, and type 1 interferons. The nicotinamide 4, identified by a SPA-based high-throughput screen targeting the TYK2 pseudokinase domain, potently inhibits IL-23 and IFNα signaling in cellular assays. The described work details the optimization of this poorly selective hit (4) to potent and selective molecules such as 47 and 48. The discoveries described herein were critical to the eventual identification of the clinical TYK2 JH2 inhibitor (see following report in this issue). Compound 48 provided robust inhibition in a mouse IL-12-induced IFNγ pharmacodynamic model as well as efficacy in an IL-23 and IL-12-dependent mouse colitis model. These results demonstrate the ability of TYK2 JH2 domain binders to provide a highly selective alternative to conventional TYK2 orthosteric inhibitors.
Assuntos
Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Ácidos Nicotínicos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , TYK2 Quinase/antagonistas & inibidores , Regulação Alostérica , Animais , Humanos , Ligantes , Camundongos , Niacinamida/metabolismo , Niacinamida/farmacologia , Ácidos Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
In sharp contrast to a previously reported series of 6-anilino imidazopyridazine based Tyk2 JH2 ligands, 6-((2-oxo-N1-substituted-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)amino)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine analogs were found to display dramatically improved metabolic stability. The N1-substituent on 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine ring can be a variety of alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, but among them, 2-pyridyl provided much enhanced Caco-2 permeability, attributed to its ability to form intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Further structure-activity relationship studies at the C3 position led to the identification of highly potent and selective Tyk2 JH2 inhibitor 6, which proved to be highly effective in inhibiting IFNγ production in a rat pharmacodynamics model and fully efficacious in a rat adjuvant arthritis model.
RESUMO
PI3Kδ plays an important role controlling immune cell function and has therefore been identified as a potential target for the treatment of immunological disorders. This article highlights our work toward the identification of a potent, selective, and efficacious PI3Kδ inhibitor. Through careful SAR, the successful replacement of a polar pyrazole group by a simple chloro or trifluoromethyl group led to improved Caco-2 permeability, reduced Caco-2 efflux, reduced hERG PC activity, and increased selectivity profile while maintaining potency in the CD69 hWB assay. The optimization of the aryl substitution then identified a 4'-CN group that improved the human/rodent correlation in microsomal metabolic stability. Our lead molecule is very potent in PK/PD assays and highly efficacious in a mouse collagen-induced arthritis model.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Animais , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Células CACO-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Células CACO-2/imunologia , Cães , Canal de Potássio ERG1/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/tratamento farmacológico , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/metabolismo , Pirazóis/farmacologia , CoelhosRESUMO
This Letter describes the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of furo[2,3-d][1,3]thiazinamine BACE1 inhibitors. The co-crystal structure of a representative thiazinamine 2e bound with the BACE1 active site displayed a binding mode driven by interactions with the catalytic aspartate dyad and engagement of the biaryl amide toward the S1 and S3 pockets. This work indicates that furo[2,3-d]thiazine can serve as a viable bioisostere of the known furo[3,4-d]thiazine.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Furanos/química , Furanos/farmacologia , Tiazinas/química , Tiazinas/farmacologia , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/química , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/química , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, is a member of the Tec family of kinases. BTK plays an essential role in B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling as well as Fcγ receptor signaling in monocytes and Fcε receptor signaling in mast cells and basophils, all of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disease. As a result, inhibition of BTK is anticipated to provide an effective strategy for the clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. This article details the structure-activity relationships (SAR) leading to a novel series of highly potent and selective carbazole and tetrahydrocarbazole based, reversible inhibitors of BTK. Of particular interest is that two atropisomeric centers were rotationally locked to provide a single, stable atropisomer, resulting in enhanced potency and selectivity as well as a reduction in safety liabilities. With significantly enhanced potency and selectivity, excellent in vivo properties and efficacy, and a very desirable tolerability and safety profile, 14f (BMS-986142) was advanced into clinical studies.
Assuntos
Carbazóis/química , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Tirosina Quinase da Agamaglobulinemia , Animais , Carbazóis/farmacocinética , Cristalografia por Raios X , Feminino , Humanos , Isomerismo , Macaca fascicularis , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Quinazolinas/química , Quinazolinas/farmacocinética , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) belongs to the TEC family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases and plays a critical role in multiple cell types responsible for numerous autoimmune diseases. This article will detail the structure-activity relationships (SARs) leading to a novel second generation series of potent and selective reversible carbazole inhibitors of BTK. With an excellent pharmacokinetic profile as well as demonstrated in vivo activity and an acceptable safety profile, 7-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-[2-methyl-3-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-3-yl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole-1-carboxamide 6 (BMS-935177) was selected to advance into clinical development.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/química , Carbazóis/química , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinazolinonas/química , Administração Oral , Tirosina Quinase da Agamaglobulinemia , Animais , Antirreumáticos/síntese química , Antirreumáticos/farmacocinética , Antirreumáticos/farmacologia , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/patologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Carbazóis/síntese química , Carbazóis/farmacocinética , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cães , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Permeabilidade , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/química , Quinazolinonas/síntese química , Quinazolinonas/farmacocinética , Quinazolinonas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Truncation of the S3 substituent of the biaryl aminothiazine 2, a potent BACE1 inhibitor, led to a low molecular weight aminothiazine 5 with moderate activity. Despite its moderate activity, compound 5 demonstrated significant brain Aß reduction in rodents. The metabolic instability of 5 was overcome by the replacement of the 6-dimethylisoxazole, a metabolic soft spot, with a pyrimidine ring. Thus, truncation of the S3 substituent represents a viable approach to the discovery of orally bioavailable, brain-penetrant BACE1 inhibitors.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Tiazinas/química , Tiazinas/farmacologia , Aminação , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Animais , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/sangue , Humanos , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiazinas/sangueRESUMO
BMS-711939 (3) is a potent and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α agonist, with an EC50 of 4 nM for human PPARα and >1000-fold selectivity vs human PPARγ (EC50 = 4.5 µM) and PPARδ (EC50 > 100 µM) in PPAR-GAL4 transactivation assays. Compound 3 also demonstrated excellent in vivo efficacy and safety profiles in preclinical studies and thus was chosen for further preclinical evaluation. The synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, and in vivo pharmacology of 3 in preclinical animal models as well as its ADME profile are described.
RESUMO
Four series of disubstituted carbazole-1-carboxamides were designed and synthesised as inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). 4,7- and 4,6-disubstituted carbazole-1-carboxamides were potent and selective inhibitors of BTK, while 3,7- and 3,6-disubstituted carbazole-1-carboxamides were potent and selective inhibitors of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2).
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Janus Quinase 2/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Carbazóis/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Janus Quinase 2/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Inhibition of signal transduction downstream of the IL-23 receptor represents an intriguing approach to the treatment of autoimmunity. Using a chemogenomics approach marrying kinome-wide inhibitory profiles of a compound library with the cellular activity against an IL-23-stimulated transcriptional response in T lymphocytes, a class of inhibitors was identified that bind to and stabilize the pseudokinase domain of the Janus kinase tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), resulting in blockade of receptor-mediated activation of the adjacent catalytic domain. These Tyk2 pseudokinase domain stabilizers were also shown to inhibit Tyk2-dependent signaling through the Type I interferon receptor but not Tyk2-independent signaling and transcriptional cellular assays, including stimulation through the receptors for IL-2 (JAK1- and JAK3-dependent) and thrombopoietin (JAK2-dependent), demonstrating the high functional selectivity of this approach. A crystal structure of the pseudokinase domain liganded with a representative example showed the compound bound to a site analogous to the ATP-binding site in catalytic kinases with features consistent with high ligand selectivity. The results support a model where the pseudokinase domain regulates activation of the catalytic domain by forming receptor-regulated inhibitory interactions. Tyk2 pseudokinase stabilizers, therefore, represent a novel approach to the design of potent and selective agents for the treatment of autoimmunity.
Assuntos
Modelos Moleculares , Transdução de Sinais , Linfócitos T/enzimologia , TYK2 Quinase/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Estabilidade Enzimática , Humanos , Janus Quinase 1/genética , Janus Quinase 1/metabolismo , Janus Quinase 3/genética , Janus Quinase 3/metabolismo , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Receptores de Interleucina-2/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Receptores de Trombopoetina/genética , Receptores de Trombopoetina/metabolismo , TYK2 Quinase/genéticaRESUMO
Investigation of various heterocyclic core isosteres of imidazopyrazines 1 & 2 yielded purine derivatives 3 & 8 as potent and selective BTK inhibitors. Subsequent SAR studies of the purine series led to the discovery of 20 as a leading compound. Compound 20 is very selective when screened against a panel of 400 kinases and is a potent inhibitor in cellular assays of human B cell function including B-Cell proliferation and CD86 cell surface expression and exhibited in vivo efficacy in a mouse PCA model. Its X-ray co-crystal structure with BTK shows that the high selectivity is gained from filling a BTK specific lipophilic pocket. However, physical and ADME properties leading to low oral exposure hindered further development.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Purinas/química , Purinas/farmacologia , Tirosina Quinase da Agamaglobulinemia , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Autoimunes/enzimologia , Linfócitos B/efeitos dos fármacos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Anafilaxia Cutânea Passiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , RatosRESUMO
This report describes the discovery and optimization of a BACE-1 inhibitor series containing an unusual acyl guanidine chemotype that was originally synthesized as part of a 6041-membered solid-phase library. The synthesis of multiple follow-up solid- and solution-phase libraries facilitated the optimization of the original micromolar hit into a single-digit nanomolar BACE-1 inhibitor in both radioligand binding and cell-based functional assay formats. The X-ray structure of representative inhibitors bound to BACE-1 revealed a number of key ligand:protein interactions, including a hydrogen bond between the side chain amide of flap residue Gln73 and the acyl guanidine carbonyl group, and a cation-π interaction between Arg235 and the isothiazole 4-methoxyphenyl substituent. Following subcutaneous administration in rats, an acyl guanidine inhibitor with single-digit nanomolar activity in cells afforded good plasma exposures and a dose-dependent reduction in plasma Aß levels, but poor brain exposure was observed (likely due to Pgp-mediated efflux), and significant reductions in brain Aß levels were not obtained.