A Risk Stratification System in Myeloma Patients with Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation.

Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been a mainstay in myeloma treatment for over three decades, but patient prognosis post-ASCT varies significantly. In a retrospective study of 5259 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences undergoing ASCT with a median 57-month follow-up, we divided the dataset into training (70%) and validation (30%) subsets. Employing univariable and multivariable Cox analyses, we systematically assessed 29 clinical variables, identifying crucial adverse prognostic factors, such as extended duration between MM diagnosis and ASCT, elevated serum ferritin, and reduced transferrin levels. These factors could enhance existing prognostic models. Additionally, we pinpointed significant poor prognosis markers like high serum calcium and low platelet counts, though they are applicable to a smaller patient population. Utilizing seven easily accessible high-risk variables, we devised a four-stage system (ATM4S) with primary stage borders determined through K-adaptive partitioning. This staging system underwent validation in both the training dataset and an independent cohort of 514 ASCT-treated MM patients from the University of Iowa. We also explored cytogenetic risk factors within this staging system, emphasizing its potential clinical utility for refining prognostic assessments and guiding personalized treatment approaches.

Application of R2-ISS risk stratification to patients with multiple myeloma treated with autologous stem cell transplants at UAMS.

The Second Revision of the International Staging System (R2-ISS) was published in 2022 and has been validated in several cohorts of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). In this study, we investigated a total of 860 patients with MM who received an upfront autologous stem cell transplantation between 2001 and 2021. The median age of the patients was 60 years, with a median overall survival (OS) of 123 months and median progression-free survival (PFS) of 70 months. We collected the variables included in the ISS, R-ISS, and R2-ISS systems as well as additional standard variables. Our analyses demonstrated that all 3 ISS series systems (ISS, R-ISS, and R2-ISS) exhibited robust discrimination in terms of both OS and PFS among our study cohort. The ISS system effectively stratified patients into 3 risk groups, whereas the R-ISS system accurately identified patients at extremely high or low risk. The R2-ISS system further refined risk stratification by dividing patients into 4 more balanced risk groups. Furthermore, we specifically focused on identifying variables that distinguished patients with OS < 3 years and OS > 10 years within the low-risk R2-ISS stages (I and II) and high-risk R2-ISS stages (III and IV). Our findings revealed that age, hemoglobin, and 1p deletion significantly influenced the classification of patients in the low-risk R2-ISS stage. Additionally, serum light chain, platelet count, age, and the presence of the t(14;16) translocation were found to affect high-risk classification.

A new role for the SRC family kinase HCK as a driver of SYK activation in MYD88 mutated lymphomas.

The SRC family kinase (SFK) HCK is transcriptionally upregulated and activated by mutated MYD88 (MYD88Mut), a key adaptor for Toll-receptor signaling. HCK activates BTK, AKT, and ERK in MYD88Mut lymphomas. SYK, a B-cell receptor (BCR) component, is activated in MYD88Mut lymphoma cells. Although the SFK LYN serves as a trigger for SYK activation in MYD88Mut ABC DLBCL cells, LYN activity is muted in MYD88Mut Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) cells. We therefore investigated a role for HCK in mediating SYK activation. Overexpression of wild-type (WT) (HCKWT) or gatekeeper mutated (HCKThr333Met) HCK in MYD88Mut lymphoma cells triggered SYK activation. Conversely, HCK knockdown reduced p-SYK in MYD88Mut lymphoma cells. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that HCK was complexed with p-SYK in MYD88Mut BCWM.1 and TMD8 cells, but not in MYD88 WT Ramos cells. Rescue experiments in MYD88Mut lymphoma cells expressing HCKThr333Met led to persistent HCK and SYK activation and resistance to the HCK inhibitor A419259. Treatment of primary MYD88Mut WM cells with A419259 reduced p-HCK and p-SYK expression. Taken together, our findings show that SYK is activated by HCK in MYD88Mut B-cell lymphomas cells, broaden the prosurvival signaling generated by aberrant HCK expression in response to MYD88Mut, and help define HCK as an important therapeutic target in MYD88Mut B-cell lymphomas.

Venetoclax in Previously Treated Waldenström Macroglobulinemia.

PURPOSE: BCL2 is overexpressed and confers prosurvival signaling in malignant lymphoplasmacytic cells in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Venetoclax is a potent BCL2 antagonist and triggers in vitro apoptosis of WM cells. The activity of venetoclax in WM remains to be clarified. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a multicenter, prospective phase II study of venetoclax in patients with previously treated WM (NCT02677324). Venetoclax was dose-escalated from 200 mg to a maximum dose of 800 mg daily for up to 2 years. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were evaluable, including 16 previously exposed to Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis). All patients were MYD88 L265P-mutated, and 17 carried CXCR4 mutations. The median time to minor and major responses was 1.9 and 5.1 months, respectively. Previous exposure to BTKis was associated with a longer time to response (4.5 v 1.4 months; P < .001). The overall, major, and very good partial response rates were 84%, 81%, and 19%, respectively. The major response rate was lower in those with refractory versus relapsed disease (50% v 95%; P = .007). The median follow-up time was 33 months, and the median progression-free survival was 30 months. CXCR4 mutations did not affect treatment response or progression-free survival. The only recurring grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse event was neutropenia (n = 14; 45%), including one episode of febrile neutropenia. Laboratory tumor lysis without clinical sequelae occurred in one patient. No deaths have occurred. CONCLUSION: Venetoclax is safe and highly active in patients with previously treated WM, including those who previously received BTKis. CXCR4 mutation status did not affect treatment response.

Long-term follow-up of ibrutinib monotherapy in treatment-naive patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.

Herein, we present the final report of a single-center, prospective phase II study evaluating ibrutinib 420 mg once daily in 30 treatment-naive patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM). The present study is registered with ClinicalTrials.Gov (NCT02604511). With a median follow-up of 50 months, the overall, major, and VGPR response rates were 100%, 87%, and 30%. The VGPR rate was numerically but not significantly lower in patients with than without CXCR4 mutations (14% vs. 44%; p = 0.09). The median time to a minor response was 0.9 months, and to a major response was 1.9 months, though were longer in those with mutated CXCR4 at 1.7 months (p = 0.07) and 7.3 months (p = 0.01). Six patients had disease progression. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was not reached, and the 4-year PFS rate was 76%. There was also a non-significant lower 4-year PFS rate in patients with than without CXCR4 mutations (59% vs. 92%; p = 0.06). The most common treatment-related adverse events were fatigue, upper respiratory infection, and hematoma. Atrial fibrillation occurred in 20% of patients. Ibrutinib monotherapy induced durable responses in treatment-naive patients with WM. CXCR4 mutations impacted VGPR attainment, time to major response, and 4-year PFS rate.

Natural history of Waldenström macroglobulinemia following acquired resistance to ibrutinib monotherapy.

Ibrutinib is highly active and produces long-term responses in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), but acquired resistance can occur with prolonged treatment. We therefore evaluated the natural history and treatment outcomes in 51 WM patients with acquired resistance to ibrutinib monotherapy. The median time between ibrutinib initiation and discontinuation was 2 years (range, 0.4-6.5 years). Following discontinuation of ibrutinib, a rapid increase in serum immunoglobulin M level was observed in 60% (29/48) of evaluable patients, of whom ten acutely developed symptomatic hyperviscosity. Forty-eight patients (94%) received salvage therapy after ibrutinib. The median time to salvage therapy after ibrutinib cessation was 18 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13-27). The overall and major response rates to salvage therapy were 56% and 44%, respectively, and the median duration of response was 48 months (95% CI: 34-not reached). Quadruple-class (rituximab, alkylator, proteasome inhibitor, ibrutinib) exposed disease (odds ratio [OR] 0.20, 95% CI: 0.05-0.73) and salvage therapy ≤7 days after discontinuing ibrutinib (OR 4.12, 95% CI: 1.07- 18.9) were identified as independent predictors of a response to salvage therapy. The 5-year overall survival (OS) following discontinuation of ibrutinib was 44% (95% CI: 26-75). Response to salvage therapy was associated with better OS after ibrutinib (hazard ratio 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.38). TP53 mutations were associated with shorter OS, while acquired BTK C481S mutations had no impact. Our findings reveal that continuation of ibrutinib until subsequent treatment is associated with improved disease control and clinical outcomes.

Response and survival predictors in a cohort of 319 patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia treated with ibrutinib monotherapy.

Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are the only FDA-approved treatments for Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Factors prognostic of survival and predictive of response to BTK inhibitors remained to be clarified. We evaluated 319 patients with WM to identify predictive and prognostic factors on ibrutinib monotherapy. Logistic and Cox proportional-hazard regression models were fitted for response and survival. Multiple imputation analyses were used to address bias associated with missing data. Major (partial response or better) and deep responses (very good partial response or better) were attained in 78% and 28% of patients. CXCR4 mutations were associated with lower odds of major (odds ratio [OR], 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-0.5; P < .001) and deep response (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.6; P = .001). CXCR4 mutations (hazard ratio [HR], 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4; P = .01) and platelet count 100 K/uL or less (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.9; P = .007) were associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS). We proposed a scoring system using these 2 factors. The median PFS for patients with 0, 1, and 2 risk factors were not reached, 5 years and 3 years (P < .001). Patients with 2 risk factors had HR 2.2 (95% CI, 1.3-3.8; P = .004) compared with 1 factor, and patients with 1 factor had HR 2.3 (95% CI, 1.1-5.1; P = .03) compared with 0 factors. Age ≥65 years was the only factor associated with overall survival (HR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4-7.0; P = .005). Multiple imputation analyses did not alter our results. Our study confirms the predictive and prognostic value of CXCR4 mutations in patients with WM treated with ibrutinib monotherapy.

Phase 1 study of ibrutinib and the CXCR4 antagonist ulocuplumab in CXCR4-mutated Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations are common in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Mutated CXCR4 (CXCR4Mut) impacts BTK-inhibitor response. We conducted a phase 1 trial of the CXCR4-antagonist ulocuplumab with ibrutinib in this first-ever study to target CXCR4Mut in WM. Ibrutinib was initiated at 420 mg/d with cycle 1 and continued until intolerance or progression; ulocuplumab was given cycles 1 to 6, with a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design. Each cycle was 4 weeks. Thirteen symptomatic patients, of whom 9 were treatment-naive patients were enrolled. Twelve were evaluable for response. At best response, their median serum immunoglobulin M declined from 5574 to 1114 mg/dL; bone marrow disease decreased from 65% to 10%, and hemoglobin increased from 10.1 to 14.2 g/dL (P < .001). The major and VGPR response rates were 100% and 33%, respectively, with VGPRs observed at lower ulocuplumab dose cohorts. Median times to minor and major responses were 0.9 and 1.2 months, respectively. With a median follow-up of 22.4 months, the estimated 2-year progression-free survival was 90%. The most frequent recurring grade ≥2 adverse events included reversible thrombocytopenia, rash, and skin infections. Ulocuplumab dose-escalation did not impact adverse events. The study demonstrates the feasibility of combining a CXCR4-antagonist with ibrutinib and provides support for the development of CXCR4-antagonists for CXCR4Mut WM. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03225716.

The HCK/BTK inhibitor KIN-8194 is active in MYD88-driven lymphomas and overcomes mutated BTKCys481 ibrutinib resistance.

Activating mutations in MYD88 promote malignant cell growth and survival through hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK)-mediated activation of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK). Ibrutinib binds to BTKCys481 and is active in B-cell malignancies driven by mutated MYD88. Mutations in BTKCys481, particularly BTKCys481Ser, are common in patients with acquired ibrutinib resistance. We therefore performed an extensive medicinal chemistry campaign and identified KIN-8194 as a novel dual inhibitor of HCK and BTK. KIN-8194 showed potent and selective in vitro killing of MYD88-mutated lymphoma cells, including ibrutinib-resistant BTKCys481Ser-expressing cells. KIN-8194 demonstrated excellent bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters, with good tolerance in rodent models at pharmacologically achievable and active doses. Pharmacodynamic studies showed sustained inhibition of HCK and BTK for 24 hours after single oral administration of KIN-8194 in an MYD88-mutated TMD-8 activated B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC DLBCL) and BCWM.1 Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) xenografted mice with wild-type BTK (BTKWT)- or BTKCys481Ser-expressing tumors. KIN-8194 showed superior survival benefit over ibrutinib in both BTKWT- and BTKCys481Ser-expressing TMD-8 DLBCL xenografted mice, including sustained complete responses of >12 weeks off treatment in mice with BTKWT-expressing TMD-8 tumors. The BCL_2 inhibitor venetoclax enhanced the antitumor activity of KIN-8194 in BTKWT- and BTKCys481Ser-expressing MYD88-mutated lymphoma cells and markedly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice with BTKCys481Ser-expressing TMD-8 tumors treated with both drugs. The findings highlight the feasibility of targeting HCK, a key driver of mutated MYD88 pro-survival signaling, and provide a framework for the advancement of KIN-8194 for human studies in B-cell malignancies driven by HCK and BTK.

Bone marrow involvement and subclonal diversity impairs detection of mutated CXCR4 by diagnostic next-generation sequencing in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia.

CXCR4 mutations impact disease presentation and treatment outcomes in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM). Non-uniform testing for CXCR4 mutations may account for discordant findings in WM clinical trials. We compared two approaches used in these trials for detection of the most common CXCR4 (S338X) variant: targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) using unselected bone marrow (BM) samples, and combined allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) and Sanger sequencing with unselected and CD19-selected BM samples. Our findings showed that targeted NGS frequently yielded false-negative results. Both CD19 selection and AS-PCR markedly improved detection of CXCR4S338X mutations. Sensitivity was adversely impacted by low BM involvement and CXCR4 mutation clonality.

Partial response or better at six months is prognostic of superior progression-free survival in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia patients treated with ibrutinib.

Ibrutinib is associated with durable responses in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM). We hypothesized that response depth is predictive of progression-free survival (PFS) in WM patients treated with ibrutinib. Using landmark analyses, we evaluated response depth in two cohorts of WM patients treated with ibrutinib monotherapy. The learning cohort was composed of 93 participants from two clinical trials, and the validation cohort of 190 consecutive patients treated off clinical trial. Rates of partial response (PR) or better at six months in learning and validation cohorts were 64% and 71% respectively (P = 0·29). In the learning cohort, three-year PFS rates for patients who attained PR or better at six months versus not were 81% and 57% respectively (P = 0·009). In the validation cohort, three-year PFS rates for patients who attained PR or better at six months versus not were 83% and 54% respectively (P = 0·008). In multivariate analyses, attaining PR or better at six months was associated with superior PFS in the learning [hazard ratio (HR) 0·38; P = 0·01] and validation cohorts (HR 0·18; P = 0·004). Attaining PR at six months on ibrutinib emerges as an intermediate outcome of interest and should be validated as surrogate for PFS in clinical trials evaluating Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in WM.

Epigenetic targeting of Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells with BET inhibitors synergizes with BCL2 or histone deacetylase inhibition.

Aim: Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a low-grade B-cell lymphoma characterized by overproduction of monoclonal IgM. To date, there are no therapies that provide a cure for WM patients, and therefore, it is important to explore new therapies. Little is known about the efficiency of epigenetic targeting in WM. Materials & methods: WM cells were treated with BET inhibitors (JQ1 and I-BET-762) and venetoclax, panobinostat or ibrutinib. Results: BET inhibition reduces growth of WM cells, with little effect on survival. This finding was enhanced by combination therapy, with panobinostat (LBH589) showing the highest synergy. Conclusion: Our studies identify BET inhibitors as effective therapy for WM, and these inhibitors can be enhanced in combination with BCL2 or histone deacetylase inhibition.

Ixazomib, dexamethasone, and rituximab in treatment-naive patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia: long-term follow-up.

Proteasome inhibition is a standard of care for the primary treatment of patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). We present the long-term follow-up of a prospective, phase II clinical trial that evaluated the combination of ixazomib, dexamethasone, and rituximab (IDR) in 26 treatment-naive patients with WM. IDR was administered as 6 monthly induction cycles followed by 6 every-2-month maintenance cycles. The MYD88 L265P mutation was detected in all patients, and CXCR4 mutations were detected in 15 patients (58%). The median time to response (TTR) and time to major response (TTMR) were 2 and 6 months, respectively. Patients with and without CXCR4 mutations had median TTR of 3 months and 1 month, respectively (P = .003), and median TTMR of 10 months and 3 months, respectively (P = .31). The overall, major, and very good partial response (VGPR) rates were 96%, 77%, and 19%, respectively. The rate of VGPR in patients with and without CXCR4 mutations were 7% and 36%, respectively (P = .06). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 40 months, the median duration of response (DOR) was 38 months, and the median time to next treatment (TTNT) was 40 months. PFS, DOR, and TTNT were not affected by CXCR4 mutational status. The safety profile was excellent with no grade 4 adverse events or deaths to date. IDR provides a safe and effective frontline treatment option for symptomatic patients with WM. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02400437.

Response and Survival Outcomes to Ibrutinib Monotherapy for Patients With Waldenström Macroglobulinemia on and off Clinical Trials.

Ibrutinib is the first approved therapy for symptomatic patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). The approval was based on a single, multicenter, phase II trial in previously treated WM patients. We sought to evaluate whether there were differences in clinical characteristics, response, and survival outcomes to ibrutinib monotherapy between WM patients treated on and off clinical trials. Treatment naïve and previously treated patients who received ibrutinib monotherapy at our institution and participated in two prospective studies (ON trial; n = 72) or a prospective database (OFF trial; n = 157) were included. The median times from WM diagnosis to ibrutinib initiation were 3.1 and 3.5 years for ON and OFF trial patients, respectively (p = 0.38). Similar rates of categorical response at 6, 12, and 24 months and at best response were also observed between ON trial and OFF trial patients. The 4-year PFS and OS rates for ON trial and OFF trial patients were 72% and 63%, respectively (log-rank p = 0.14) and 83% and 81%, respectively (log-rank p = 0.14). CXCR4 mutations impacted response and survival outcomes to ibrutinib monotherapy. The 4-year rates of ibrutinib discontinuation in ON and OFF trial patients were 36% and 44%, respectively (p = 0.11). Ibrutinib is effective in the routine clinical care of both treatment-naïve and previously treated WM patients. The findings of our study validate the efficacy of ibrutinib monotherapy reported in multiple phase II clinical trials.

Genomic evolution of ibrutinib-resistant clones in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia.

Ibrutinib is highly active in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) patients, but disease progression can occur due to acquired mutations in BTK, the target of ibrutinib, or PLCG2, the protein downstream of BTK. However, not all resistant patients harbour these alterations. We have performed a whole-exome sequencing study to identify alternative molecular mechanisms that can drive ibrutinib resistance. Our findings include deletions on chromosomes 6q, including homozygous deletions, and 8p, which encompass key regulators of BTK, MYD88/NF-κB, and apoptotic signalling. Moreover, we have identified recurring mutations in ubiquitin ligases, innate immune signalling, and TLR/MYD88 pathway regulators in ibrutinib-resistant WM patients.

SYK is activated by mutated MYD88 and drives pro-survival signaling in MYD88 driven B-cell lymphomas.

Activating MYD88 mutations promote pro-survival signaling through BTK and HCK, both targets of ibrutinib. Despite high response rates, complete responses to ibrutinib are lacking, and other MYD88 triggered pro-survival pathways may contribute to primary drug resistance. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling has been observed in lymphomas driven by mutated MYD88, even without activating the BCR pathway mutations. We identified activated SYK (p-SYK), a component of BCR in complex with MYD88 in MYD88-mutated WM and ABC DLBCL lymphoma cells. Confocal microscopy confirmed co-localization of MYD88 with SYK in MYD88-mutated cells. Knockdown of MYD88 or use of a MYD88 signaling inhibitor abrogated SYK activation, while expression of mutated but not wild-type MYD88 amplified p-SYK in MYD88-mutated and wild-type lymphoma cells. Knockdown of SYK or use of inhibitors targeting SYK blocked p-STAT3 and p-AKT signaling in MYD88-mutated cells. Cell viability analysis showed that combining ibrutinib and SYK inhibitors triggered synthetic killing of MYD88-mutated lymphoma cells. Our findings extend the spectrum of mutated MYD88 pro-survival signaling to include SYK directed BCR cross talk in MYD88-mutated lymphomas. Targeting SYK in combination with ibrutinib produces synthetic lethality, providing a framework for the clinical investigation of ibrutinib with SYK inhibitors in MYD88-mutated lymphomas.

Genomic Landscape of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia and Its Impact on Treatment Strategies.

Next-generation sequencing has revealed recurring somatic mutations in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), including MYD88 (95%-97%), CXCR4 (30%-40%), ARID1A (17%), and CD79B (8%-15%). Deletions involving chromosome 6q are common in patients with mutated MYD88 and include genes that modulate NFKB, BCL2, Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), and apoptosis. Patients with wild-type MYD88 WM show an increased risk of transformation and death and exhibit many mutations found in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The discovery of MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations in WM has facilitated rational drug development, including the development of BTK and CXCR4 inhibitors. Responses to many agents commonly used to treat WM, including the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib, are affected by MYD88 and/or CXCR4 mutation status. The mutation status of both MYD88 and CXCR4 can be used for a precision-guided treatment approach to WM.