Adult growth hormone deficiency: current concepts.

The clinical syndrome of adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) was widely recognized in the 1980s. In this review, we first describe the clinical features and diagnosis of AGHD and then state the effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy for these patients. The main characteristics of AGHD are abnormal body composition, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and an impaired quality of life (QoL) due to decreased psychological well-being. For diagnosing AGHD, the international consensus guidelines have suggested that an insulin tolerance test (ITT) is the gold standard, but in Japan, the growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) test is available and is recommended as a convenient and safe GH stimulating test. The cut-off for diagnosing severe AGHD is a peak GH concentration of 9 g/L during the GHRP-2 test. Since 2006, GH therapy has been approved for Japanese patients with severe AGHD. For adults, GH replacement therapy should be initiated at a low dose (3 g/kg body weight/day), followed by individualized dose titration while monitoring patients' clinical status and serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations. A variety of favorable effects of GH replacement have been indicated; however, it has not yet been established fully whether there is a direct effect of GH treatment on reducing mortality.

Mechanism of repression of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 by growth hormone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

11ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß-HSD1) is an NADPH-dependent reductase that converts cortisone to cortisol in adipose tissue. We previously reported that GH and IGF-I decrease 11ß-HSD1 activity and mRNA levels in adipocytes. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) is involved in the production of NADPH, which is a coenzyme for 11ß-HSD1. The aim of the present study was to clarify further the mechanism of repression of 11ß-HSD1 activity by GH using linsitinib, an IGF-I receptor inhibitor. The suppression of 11ß-HSD1 mRNA by IGF-I was attenuated in the presence of 1 µM linsitinib (17.2% vs. 53.3% of basal level, P<0.05). 11ß-HSD1 mRNA levels in cells treated with GH in the presence of 1 µM linsitinib were not different from those in absence of linsitinib (35.9% vs. 33.9%). The increase in IGF-I mRNA levels with GH and 1 µM linsitinib was not different from that in the absence of linsitinib (359% vs. 347%). H6PDH mRNA levels were significantly decreased in cells treated with IGF-I for 8 and 24 h (55.6% and 33.7%, P<0.05). In the presence of 1 µM linsitinib, there was no repression of H6PDH mRNA (111.4%). H6PDH mRNA levels were significantly decreased in cells treated with GH in the absence of linsitinib for 24 h (55.9%, P<0.05), but not for 8 h (89.5%). The presence of 1 µM linsitinib also prevented repression of H6PDH mRNA by GH over 24 h (107.8%). These results suggest that GH directly represses 11ß-HSD1 mRNA rather than acting via the IGF-I receptor, and that GH represses H6PDH through locally produced IGF-I.

Adult growth hormone deficiency: current concepts.

The clinical syndrome of adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) was widely recognized in the 1980s. In this review, we first describe the clinical features and diagnosis of AGHD and then state the effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy for these patients. The main characteristics of AGHD are abnormal body composition, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and an impaired quality of life (QoL) due to decreased psychological well-being. For diagnosing AGHD, the international consensus guidelines have suggested that an insulin tolerance test (ITT) is the gold standard, but in Japan, the growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) test is available and is recommended as a convenient and safe GH stimulating test. The cut-off for diagnosing severe AGHD is a peak GH concentration of 9 g/L during the GHRP-2 test. Since 2006, GH therapy has been approved for Japanese patients with severe AGHD. For adults, GH replacement therapy should be initiated at a low dose (3 g/kg body weight/day), followed by individualized dose titration while monitoring patients' clinical status and serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations. A variety of favorable effects of GH replacement have been indicated; however, it has not yet been established fully whether there is a direct effect of GH treatment on reducing mortality.

Clinical features and therapeutic outcomes of acromegaly during the recent 10 years in a single institution in Japan.

Untreated acromegaly is associated with a twofold to fourfold increased mortality risk compared to the population. Recently, new therapeutic modalities have been developed and may contribute to an improvement in treatment outcomes in patients with acromegaly. In the current study we determined the clinical features and recent therapeutic outcomes in patients with acromegaly. The initial symptoms, selected therapeutic modalities, and outcomes in 125 patients with acromegaly (M/F, 49/76, 19-86 years) who were admitted to our institution between 2001 and 2010 were analyzed using medical charts. The basal GH levels and IGF-I SD scores in the patients ranged from 0.17 to 90.21 µg/L and 1.9-13.6, respectively. Acral enlargement (face, hands, and feet) without overt complications was essential to the diagnosis in 49 % of the patients. In these cases, it required 5 years to establish the diagnosis of acromegaly after symptom onset. Twenty (16 %) and 13 (10 %) patients had diabetes mellitus and hypertension 6 years prior to the diagnosis of acromegaly, respectively. In 35 patients with microadenomas, the rate of controlled cases following transsphenoidal surgery was 93 %. In 90 patients with macroadenomas, the remission rate was 79 % with multidisciplinary treatment. In cases in which the tumor extended beyond the lateral tangent of the internal carotid artery (Knosp grade ≥3), the remission rate was 33-56 %. Improvements in surgical techniques and medical therapies may contribute to increased rates of controlled cases in patients with acromegaly, although advanced lateral extension of the tumor remains a critical determinant of the therapeutic outcome.

Effects of GH assay standardization on evaluation of treatment outcomes for acromegaly in Japan.

In Japan, the growth hormone (GH) assay has been standardized since April 2005 through use of a uniform recombinant human GH (rhGH) standard. Since then, GH values measured using the rhGH standard have been approximately 40% lower than previous values measured using kit standards based on the WHO standards for hGH of pituitary origin. However, the Japanese criteria for evaluating treatment outcomes for acromegaly have remained the same: a nadir GH during a 75 g OGTT <1 µg/L is considered cured, 1≤GH<2.5µg/L is considered inadequately controlled, and ≥2.5 µg/L is considered poorly controlled, instead of these levels were lowered to 60%, i.e. from 1 to 0.6 µg/L for cured and from 2.5 to 1.5µg/L for inadequately controlled (termed as "newly proposed criteria" in this study). We investigated the effects of standardization of the GH assay on the evaluation of post-surgical disease activity in 50 patients with acromegaly (M/F 19/31, 21-72 yr.). Post-surgical nadir GH levels during OGTT were positively correlated with the IGF-I SD score 3 months after TSS. Five of 6 patients whose post-surgical nadir GH levels ranged between 0.6 and 1 µg/L had normal serum IGF-I levels 3 months after TSS. Rates of improvement in glucose metabolism did not differ when patients were classified based on the present criteria vs. the newly proposed criteria. In conclusion, the current Japanese remission criteria for acromegaly still accurately reflect post-surgical disease activity in most patients, though long-term observation is still required.

A case of esophageal cancer showing complete remission of nephrotic syndrome after esophagectomy.

Nephrotic syndrome associated with a malignant tumor may remit following resection of the tumor. This report documents a case of esophageal cancer with concurrent nephrotic syndrome in which a surgical resection of the tumor resulted in a complete remission of nephrotic syndrome. A 78-year-old male patient noticed edema of his lower legs in February 2009 and was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. An endoscopic examination revealed an indented lesion with a nearly semiannular low elevation on the posterior wall of the esophagus at 31 to 34 cm from the upper incisors, and a diagnosis of esophageal cancer was made. A two-stage operation was planned. In March 2009, a subtotal resection of the thoracic esophagus through a right thoracic approach and cervical external esophagostomy were performed, and in April 2009, antethoracic route esophagogastrostomy was performed. The urinary protein levels were negative by the 86th day of hospitalization, and the patient progressively improved and was discharged on the 91st hospital day. There has been no recurrence of esophageal cancer or relapse of nephrotic syndrome at 12 months following the operation. In esophageal cancer patients with nephrotic syndrome, surgical treatment should be undertaken because the remission of nephrotic syndrome may be expected following tumor resection. For this purpose, selecting the appropriate operative procedures and careful perioperative management, including nutritional management, are of profound importance.