Criticizing Danaher's Approach to Superficial State Deception.

If existing or future robots appear to have some capacity, state or property, how can we determine whether they truly have it or whether we are deceived into believing so? John Danaher addresses this question by formulating his approach to what he refers to as superficial state deception (SSD) from the perspective of his theory termed ethical behaviourism (EB), which was initially designed to determine the moral status of robots. In summary, Danaher believes that focusing on behaviour is sufficient to determine whether SSD occurs. My general claim is that Danaher's approach to SSD based on EB is implausible since it results in the impossibility of conceptualizing SSD, e.g., it does not enable determining whether or not SSD occurs in a particular case. Moreover, I show how Danaher's approach to SSD needs to be transformed to become plausible. To make my point, I (1) examine the main features of EB and distinguish its two versions by showing how Danaher revised the original EB in response to criticism; (2) discuss Danaher's approach to the problem of deception from the perspective of EB; (3) criticize that approach by showing that it requires revisions analogous to those that have already been recommended in reference to EB, and (4) propose an alternative method for determining the presence of SSD that covers diverse, plausible approaches to SSD.

The analytic ideal and its countertransferential vicissitudes.

The analytic ideals internalized during training become the analyst's internal object and fulfil the function of aspiration. With regard to Freud's words about the psychoanalysis as an 'impossible profession', doomed to failures, I consider the countertransferential vicissitudes of the analytic ideal. I argue that the analytic ideal needs to be recognized by the analyst as the ego ideal. I accept, following Hanly, that the ego ideal is about the state of becoming. If the ideal is experienced by the analyst, as Britton puts it, as the unrealized, sought-after and mourned narcissistic potential of the self, then such an ideal remains an object of aspiration and supports analysts in work. Under the influence of the patient's projection, the relationship between the ego and the ideal changes, as well as the superego and the ideal ego. When these changes are narrowed to symbolic equations between them, the analytic ideal is no longer aspiration and the countertransference is enacted. The clinical vignette illustrates countertransference en-actments and working through both the countertransference and its enactments. I discuss three scenarios of the countertransference and its enactments. I argue that the analyst's development requires him to distinguish himself from the analytic ideal. This requires recognising the loss of the object and one's own 'ideal and omnipotent potential'.

Athyrium distentifolium used for bioindication at different altitudes in the Tatra National Park (South Poland).

This research is a continuation of investigations on the biogeochemistry of metal accumulation of the fern Athyrium distentifolium in the Tatra National Park in Poland. This species, abundantly growing throughout the Tatra mountains, was sampled from sites with identical type of bedrocks (granites/gneisses) at various altitudes between 1000 and 2050 m a.s.l. Concentrations of the elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured in the fern. This investigation was done to verify the hypothesis that differences in the elemental composition of A. distentifolium (growing on the same type of substrate) reflect the differences of the atmospheric metal deposition at various altitudes. We verified this hypothesis using the Market Basket Analysis technique. MBA revealed that at low altitude (1000-1500 m a.s.l.) A. distentifolium contains very low concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. At a medium altitude (1501-1700 m a.s.l.) the fern contains a very high concentration of Pb and at a high altitude (1701-2050 m a.s.l.) the fern contains very high concentrations of Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn. The different altitudes on which A. distentifolium grew influenced the concentrations of elements accumulated in this species. Our investigation pointed out that A. distentifolium is able to accumulate elevated levels of metals and therefore may be used in controlling metal pollution. In addition A. distentifolium gives comparable bioindicative results as the moss P. schreberi in the same Tatra mountains. As the investigated species has a wide circumpolar distribution in mountains of the Northern hemisphere therefore it may be used in controlling long range metal pollution in such mountainous areas.