Different Protein Sources of Larval Diet on the Rearing of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae): Biological and Nutritional Analyses.

Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) is considered an important pest in Neotropical countries. The laboratory rearing of this species should reproduce conditions in nature; thus, special attention is required to the nutritional quality of diets for larval development. Protein components (wheat germ) are costly and account for most production costs in lab insect rearing. In this sense, this work aimed to identify ingredients to replace wheat germ, without compromising diet quality for the lab rearing of A. fraterculus. We tested diets composed of whole rice flour, corn flour, and a mixture of whole wheat flour + soybean flour as substitutes for wheat germ as well as a raw wheat germ diet, considered the control. The protein sources used in the larval diet influenced the biological performance of both the larval and adult stages of A. fraterculus during six generations. The diet containing corn flour and wheat germ showed similar results in the different developmental parameters. The diet with rice flour also provided adequate biological development for A. fraterculus throughout its life cycle and was nutritionally similar to the control. As it is local product, rice flour can replace wheat germ (costly imported product) in artificial diets for A. fraterculus, reducing production costs by roughly 30% without compromising the biological and nutritional parameters of the insects. Faced with this, the rice flour can be considered suitable for the mass rearing of A. fraterculus in the laboratory.

Mating behavior and oviposition of Palpita forficifera (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is considered the main pest of the olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) in Brazil and Uruguay. The aim of this work was to study the mating and oviposition behavior of P. forficifera in the field and laboratory. In the field, the sex emitting the mating pheromone was determined and in the laboratory, the rate of emergence of males and females; the age, time and duration of mating; number of copulations and oviposition time of P. forficifera were recorded. The field results showed that it was possible to capture up to five males per trap in just one night in traps with the presence of female P. forficifera. Copulation occurs between the seventh and twenty-third day of life and is most frequent during the third and sixth hours of scotophase. The average duration of the first copulation was 174 min, with 35% of couples recopulating, and there were cases of up to five copulations. Oviposition times were concentrated between 20:00 and 02:00. The results obtained provide insight into the reproductive behavior of P. forficifera and are useful for future studies aimed at identifying the sex pheromone to improve monitoring of the pest in olive orchards.

Spatial and temporal dispersion of Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in orchards infested with Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) is an endoparasitoid and promising fruit fly control agent. The objective of the study was to determine the spatial (horizontal and vertical) and temporal dispersion of D. areolatus in the field. To evaluate the horizontal and temporal dispersion, two peach orchards were selected. In each orchard, 50 points were marked at different distances from the central point, from where 4,100 couples of D. areolatus were released. Four hours after release, parasitism units (PU) (3 per point) were fixed to the trees at a height of 1.5 m from the ground. The PUs were composed of ripe apples artificially infested with second instar larvae of Anastrepha fraterculus (30 larvae/fruit). For the evaluation of vertical dispersion, in an olive orchard six points were selected (trees of ≈4 m in height). Each tree was divided into three heights in relation to the ground (1.17, 2.34, and 3.51 m). Doryctobracon areolatus was able to disperse horizontally at a distance >60 m from the release point. However, the highest parasitism rates [15-45% (area 1); 15-27% (area 2)] were observed up to 25 m. Higher percentages of parasitism and of recovered offspring occur in the first days after the release of the parasitoid (2 DAR). As for vertical dispersion, D. areolatus parasitized A. fraterculus larvae up to the highest attachment height of the evaluated PUs (3.51). The results showed the potential use of D. areolatus in the management of fruit flies in the field.

Biology and Fertility Life Tables for Palpita forficifera (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Reared on Three Olive Cultivars and Privet.

Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the main pest of the olive tree (Olea europaea L. Oleaceae) in Brazil. This study investigated the biology of P. forficifera reared on different hosts and elaborated the corresponding fertility life table for a better understanding of its development. Biology of P. forficifera was studied using olive cultivars Arbequina, Arbosana and Koroneiki and the alternative host privet (Ligustrum lucidum Ait., Oleaceae), under controlled conditions of temperature (25 ± 2°C), relative humidity (60 ± 10%), and photophase (14 h). We evaluated duration and viability of egg, larva, and pupa stages; number and duration of instars; sex ratio; pupa weight; duration of preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition periods; fecundity and longevity. The fertility life table was elaborated from these parameters. Larvae fed with privet had longer larval stage, and consequently, egg-pupa period. Larva viability was lower in cv. Arbosana, which reflected in lower viability in the egg-pupa period. Larvae fed with cv. Koroneiki originated females with higher fecundity. From the joint assessment of the biological parameters and the fertility life tables, cv. Koroneiki provided the greatest population increase, while cv. Arbosana impaired P. forficifera development. Thus, in areas of high occurrence of this species, cv. Arbosana should be considered as the more indicated cultivar for the establishment of new olive groves.

Persistência de agrotóxicos utilizados na produção integrada de maçã a Trichogramma pretiosum / Persistence of pesticides used in integrated production of apple to Trichogramma pretiosum

No sistema de Produção Integrada de Maçã (PIM) o controle biológico de pragas é uma importante tática de controle, no entanto, a sua utilização pode ser limitada pela utilização de agrotóxicos. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a persistência (duração da atividade nociva) de dez agrotóxicos recomendados na PIM sobre o parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum. Insetos adultos foram expostos ao contato com resíduos de agrotóxicos pulverizados sobre folhas de videira cv. Isabel, sendo avaliado o efeito residual dos agrotóxicos sobre o parasitismo de T. pretiosum, aos 3, 10, 17, 24 e 31 dias após a pulverização, de acordo com a metodologia sugerida pela IOBC. O parâmetro utilizado para classificar os agrotóxicos foi a redução no parasitismo. Os resultados demonstraram que os produtos comerciais/ingredientes ativos (g ou mL da formulação comercial.100 L-1): o inseticida Malathion® 1000 CE/malationa (100) e os fungicidas Domark® 100 CE/tetraconazole (50), Manzate® 800/mancozebe (200), Mancozebe Sipcam®/mancozebe (200) e Metiltiofan®/tiofanato metilico (90) foram classificados como de vida curta (< 5 dias de ação nociva); o inseticida/acaricida Vertimec® 18 CE/abamectina (100) como levemente persistente (5-15 dias de ação nociva), o inseticida Lorsban® 480 BR/clorpirifós (150) como moderadamente persistente (16-30 dias de ação nociva) e os inseticidas Imidan® 500 PM/fosmete (200) e Sevin® 480 SC/carbaril (360) e o fungicida/acaricida Kumulus® DF/enxofre (600) como persistentes (> 31 dias de ação nociva) a T. pretiosum.

In the Integrated Production of Apple (IPA) the biological control is an important control tactics, however, it may be limited by the use of pesticides. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the persistence (duration of harmful activity) of ten pesticides indicated in the IPA on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum. Insect adults were exposed to pesticide residues on the leaves of vine cv. Isabel. The residue effect was evaluated on parasitism of T. pretiosum, at 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after the treatment, using the IOBC standard methodology. The reduction in capacity of parasitism of T. pretiosum was used to measure the effect of the pesticides. The results showed that the products, commercial name/active ingredient (g or mL commercial formulation.100 L-1), insecticide Malathion® 1000 CE/malathion (100) and the fungicides Domark® 100 CE/tetraconazol (50), Manzate® 800 /mancozeb (200), Mancozeb Sipcam® /mancozeb (200) and Metiltiofan® /thiophanate-methyl (90) were classified as short lived (< 5 days); the insecticide/acaricid Vertimec® 18 CE/abamectin (100) as slightly persistent (5-15 days of harmful action), the insecticide Lorsban® 480 BR/chlorpyrifos (150) as moderately persistent (16-30 days of harmful action), the insecticides Imidan® 500 PM/phosmet (200) and Sevin® 480 SC/carbaryl (360) and the fungicide/acaricid Kumulus® DF/sulphur (600) were persistent (> 31 days of harmful action) to T. pretiosum.

Seletividade de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro nos estágios imaturos de Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) / Selectivity of pesticides used in peach production to immature stages of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Neste trabalho foi avaliada em condições de laboratório a seletividade dos produtos fitossanitários (g ou mL produto comercial 100L-1) abamectina (80), carbaril (360), deltametrina (40), dimetoato (120), enxofre (600), etofenproxi (150), fentiona (100), fenitrotiona (150), fosmete (200), glufosinato de amônio (2L ha-1), óleo mineral (2000) e triclorfom (300), utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro, em relação a diferentes estágios imaturos de desenvolvimento do parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983. Os bioensaios consistiram na pulverização direta dos produtos fitossanitários sobre ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879), contendo, em seu interior, o parasitóide em distintos estágios de desenvolvimento. A porcentagem de emergência de adultos do parasitóide foi avaliada. Reduções na emergência (RE) de adultos em relação à testemunha foram calculadas e os produtos fitossanitários classificados de acordo com índices propostos pela IOBC/WPRS. Produtos fitossanitários à base de abamectina, deltametrina, dimetoato, enxofre, etofenproxi, fosmete, glufosinato de amônio e óleo mineral não apresentaram reduções na emergência e foram classificados como inócuos (<30 por cento RE). Inseticidas à base de carbaril, fenitrotiona e triclorfom reduziram a porcentagem de emergência de adultos em todos os estágios imaturos de desenvolvimento do parasitóide, sendo levemente nocivos (30-79 por cento RE) ou moderadamente nocivos (80-99 por cento RE), conforme o estágio de desenvolvimento, enquanto que fentiona reduziu apenas nos estágios de pré-pupa e pupa, sendo classificado como levemente nocivo (30-79 por cento RE) para estes estágios. A associação dos métodos químico e biológico, na cultura do pessegueiro, é viável para os produtos fitossanitários inócuos quando T. atopovirilia encontra-se nos estágios imaturos de desenvolvimento.

The selectivity of the pesticides (g or mL commercial product 100L-1) abamectin (80), carbaryl (360), deltamethrin (40), dimethoate (120), ethofenprox (150), fenthion (100), fenitrothion (150), glufosinate ammonium (2L ha-1), mineral oil (2000), phosmet (200), sulphur (600) and trichlorphon (300) used in peach orchards was evaluated under laboratory conditions, expounded in different immature stages of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983. Bioassays were carried out by direct applied of treatments on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) with the immature stages egg-larva, pre-pupa and pupa of T. atopovirilia. The percentage of emergence adult parasitoids was assessed. Reduction in the emergence adult compared with the control was measure and the pesticides were classified according to IOBC/WPRS. Abamectin, deltamethrin, dimethoate, ethofenprox, glufosinate ammonium, mineral oil, phosmet and sulphur were not affected and were harmless (<30 percent). The insecticides carbaryl, fenitrothion and trichlorphon affected the emergence adult in all developmental stages and were slightly harmful (30-79 percent) or moderately harmful (80-99 percent) according developmental stage. Fenthion affected to pre-pupa and pupa stages and was slightly harmful (30-79 percent). The association between biological and chemical control, in peach orchards, is possible for the pesticides harmless and immature stages of T. atopovirilia.

Susceptibilidade de lagartas dos biótipos milho e arroz de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a inseticidas com diferentes modos de acão / Susceptibility of caterpillars of the biotypes corn and rice of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to insecticides with different action manners

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a susceptibilidade de lagartas dos biótipos milho e arroz de Spodoptera frugiperda, a inseticidas com diferentes modos de acão. Os insetos foram coletados em milho e em arroz irrigado no agroecossistema de várzea, município de Pelotas, região que produz milho e arroz irrigado (lado a lado). Os experimentos foram realizados, em condicões controladas de temperatura (25 n 1ºC), umidade relativa (70 n 10 por cento) e fotofase (14 horas), utilizando-se folhas do híbrido de milho Pionner 30F33 (40 dias após a emergência). As folhas pulverizadas em torre de Potter calibrada para aplicacão de um volume de calda de 1,7 n 0,305mg cm-2, foram colocadas em recipientes de plásticos com tampa, sendo individualizadas 25 lagartas de 3º ínstar de cada biótipo de S. frugiperda. Os inseticidas e concentracões avaliados foram: clorpirifós [Lorsban 480 BR, 0,960g i.a. L-1 (Organofosforado)], lambda-cialotrina [Karate Zeon 50 CE, 0,003g i.a. L-1 (Piretróide sintético)], lufenuron [Match CE, 0,006g i.a. L-1 (Aciluréia)], methoxifenozide [Intrepid 240 SC, 0,158g i.a. L-1 (Diacilhidrazina)] e spinosad [Tracer, 0,960g i.a. L-1 (Naturalyte)]. A avaliacão da mortalidade foi realizada 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas após o tratamento. O biótipo milho de S. frugiperda foi menos suscetível aos inseticidas lambda-cialotrina, lufenuron e methoxifenozide. Os inseticidas clorpirifós e spinosad foram eficientes no controle das lagartas dos biótipos milho e arroz de S. frugiperda.