The Los Angeles motor scale (LAMS) and ASPECTS score are independently associated with DSA ASITN collateral score.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is the treatment standard in eligible patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) secondary to large vessel occlusions (LVO). Studies have shown that good collateral status is a strong predictor of MT efficacy, thus making collateral status important to quickly assess. The Los Angeles Motor Scale is a clinically validated tool for identifying LVO in the field. The aim of this study is to investigate whether admission LAMS score is also associated with the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology (ASITN) collateral score on digital subtraction angiography (DSA). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study of consecutive patients presenting with AIS caused by LVO from 9/1/2017 to 10/1/2023 with diagnostically adequate DSA imaging. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data was collected through manual chart review. Both univariate and multivariate analysis were applied to assess associations. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 308 patients (median age: 68, IQR: 57.5-77) were included in the study. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that lower admission LAMS score (adjusted OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68-0.98, p < 0.05) and higher ASPECTS score (adjusted OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02-1.42, p < 0.05) were independently associated with good DSA ASITN collateral score of 3-4. CONCLUSIONS: Admission LAMS and ASPECTS score are both independently associated with DSA ASITN collateral score. This demonstrates the capability of LAMS to act as a surrogate marker of CS in the field.

The single-phase CTA Clot Burden Score is independently associated with DSA ASITN collateral score.

OBJECTIVES: The variation in quality and quantity of collateral status (CS) is in part responsible for a wide variability in extent of neural damage following acute ischemic stroke from large vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO). Single-phase CTA based Clot Burden Score (CBS) is a promising marker in estimating CS. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship of pretreatment CTA based CBS with the reference standard DSA based American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology (ASITN) CS. METHODS: In this retrospective study, inclusion criteria were as follows: a) Anterior circulation LVO confirmed on CTA from 9/1/2017 to 10/01/2023; b) diagnostic CTA; and c) underwent MT with documented DSA CS. Spearman's rank correlation analysis, multivariate logistic regression and ROC analysis was performed to assess the correlation of CTA CBS with DSA CS. p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 292 consecutive patients (median age = 68 years; 56.2% female) met our inclusion criteria. CTA CBS and DSA CS showed significant positive correlation (ρ = 0.51, p < 0.001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis CBS was found to be independently associated with DSA CS (adjusted OR = 1.83, p < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.54-2.19), after adjusting for age, sex, race, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, prior stroke or TIA, atrial fibrillation, premorbid mRS, admission NIH stroke scale, and ASPECTS. ROC analysis of CBS in predicting good DSA CS showed AUC of 0.76 (p < 0.001; 95%CI: 0.68-0.82). CBS threshold of > 6 has 84.6% sensitivity and 42.3% specificity in predicting good DSA CS. CONCLUSION: CTA CBS is independently associated with DSA CS and serves as a valuable supplementary tool for collateral status estimation. Further research is necessary to enhance our understanding of the role of CTA CBS in clinical decision-making for patients with AIS-LVO. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: CBS by indirectly estimating CS has shown to predict outcomes in AIS-LVO patients. No studies report association of CBS with reference standard DSA. In this study we further establish CBS as an independent marker of CS.

Hypoperfusion Intensity Ratio as an Indirect Imaging Surrogate in Patients With Anterior Circulation Large-Vessel Occlusion and Association of Baseline Characteristics With Poor Collateral Status.

BACKGROUND: Collateral status (CS) plays a crucial role in infarct growth rate, risk of postthrombectomy hemorrhage, and overall clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) secondary to anterior circulation large-vessel occlusions (LVOs). Hypoperfusion intensity ratio has been previously validated as an indirect noninvasive pretreatment imaging biomarker of CS. In addition to imaging, derangements in admission laboratory findings can also influence outcomes in patients with AIS-LVO. Therefore, our study aims to assess the relationship between admission laboratory findings, baseline characteristics, and CS, as assessed by hypoperfusion intensity ratio in patients with AIS-LVO. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this retrospective study, consecutive patients presenting with AIS secondary to anterior circulation LVO who underwent pretreatment computed tomography perfusion were included. The computed tomography perfusion data processed by RAPID (Ischema View, Menlo Park, CA) generated the hypoperfusion intensity ratio. Binary logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between patients' baseline characteristics, admission laboratory findings, and poor CS. A total of 221 consecutive patients with AIS-LVO between January 2017 and September 2022 were included in our study (mean±SD age, 67.0±15.8 years; 119 men [53.8%]). Multivariable logistic regression showed that patients with AIS caused by cardioembolic and cryptogenic causes (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.67; 95% CI, 1.20-5.97; P=0.016), those who presented with admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≥12 (adjusted OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.61-6.04; P=0.001), and male patients (adjusted OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.13-3.77; P=0.018) were associated with poor CS. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke caused by cardioembolic or cryptogenic causes, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of ≥12, and male sex were associated with poor CS, as defined by hypoperfusion intensity ratio in the patients with AIS-LVO.

Simplifying venous outflow: Prolonged venous transit as a novel qualitative marker correlating with acute stroke outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged venous transit (PVT), defined as presence of time-to-maximum ≥ 10 s within the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and/or torcula, is a novel, qualitatively assessed computed tomography perfusion surrogate parameter of venous outflow with potential utility in pretreatment acute ischemic stroke imaging for neuroprognostication. We aim to characterize the correlation between PVT and neurological functional outcomes in thrombectomy-treated patients. METHODS: A prospectively-collected database of large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombectomy was retrospectively analyzed. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and point-biserial correlations were performed between PVT status (i.e., no region, either SSS or torcula, or both), 90-day modified Rankin score (mRS), mortality (mRS 6), and poor functional outcome (mRS 4-6 vs 0-3). RESULTS: Of 128 patients, correlation between PVT and 90-day mRS (ρ = 0.35, p < 0.0001), mortality (r = 0.26, p = 0.002), and poor functional outcome (r = 0.27, p = 0.002) were significant. CONCLUSION: There is a modest, significant correlation between PVT and severity of neurological functional outcome. Consequently, PVT is an easily-ascertained, qualitative metric that may be useful as an adjunct for anticipating a patient's clinical course. Future analyses will determine the significance of incorporating PVT in clinical decision-making.

The Los Angeles motor scale (LAMS) is independently associated with CT perfusion collateral status markers.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS) is an objective tool that has been used to rapidly assess and predict the presence of large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the pre-hospital setting successfully in several studies. However, studies assessing the relationship between LAMS score and CT perfusion collateral status (CS) markers such as cerebral blood volume (CBV) index, and hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR) are sparse. Our study therefore aims to assess the association of admission LAMS score with established CTP CS markers CBV Index and HIR in AIS-LVO cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospectively collected, retrospectively reviewed analysis, inclusion criteria were as follows: a) CT angiography (CTA) confirmed anterior circulation LVO from 9/1/2017 to 10/01/2023, and b) diagnostic CT perfusion (CTP). Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between admission LAMS with CTP CS markers HIR and CBV Index. p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In total, 285 consecutive patients (median age = 69 years; 56 % female) met our inclusion criteria. Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for sex, age, ASPECTS, tPA, premorbid mRS, admission NIH stroke scale, prior history of TIA, stroke, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease and hypertension, admission LAMS was found to be independently associated with CBV Index (adjusted OR:0.82, p < 0.01), and HIR (adjusted OR:0.59, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: LAMS is independently associated with CTP CS markers, CBV index and HIR. This finding suggests that LAMS may also provide an indirect estimate of CS.

Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemic Stroke: A Review Integrating Clinical Imaging and Therapeutic Perspectives.

Ischemic stroke poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating ongoing exploration of its pathophysiology and treatment strategies. This comprehensive review integrates various aspects of ischemic stroke research, emphasizing crucial mechanisms, therapeutic approaches, and the role of clinical imaging in disease management. It discusses the multifaceted role of Netrin-1, highlighting its potential in promoting neurovascular repair and mitigating post-stroke neurological decline. It also examines the impact of blood-brain barrier permeability on stroke outcomes and explores alternative therapeutic targets such as statins and sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling. Neurocardiology investigations underscore the contribution of cardiac factors to post-stroke mortality, emphasizing the importance of understanding the brain-heart axis for targeted interventions. Additionally, the review advocates for early reperfusion and neuroprotective agents to counter-time-dependent excitotoxicity and inflammation, aiming to preserve tissue viability. Advanced imaging techniques, including DWI, PI, and MR angiography, are discussed for their role in evaluating ischemic penumbra evolution and guiding therapeutic decisions. By integrating molecular insights with imaging modalities, this interdisciplinary approach enhances our understanding of ischemic stroke and offers promising avenues for future research and clinical interventions to improve patient outcomes.

CT Perfusion Derived rCBV < 42% Lesion Volume Is Independently Associated with Followup FLAIR Infarct Volume in Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion.

Pretreatment CT Perfusion (CTP) parameter rCBV < 42% lesion volume has recently been shown to predict 90-day mRS. In this study, we aim to assess the relationship between rCBV < 42% and a radiographic follow-up infarct volume delineated on FLAIR images. In this retrospective evaluation of our prospectively collected database, we included acute stroke patients triaged by multimodal CT imaging, including CT angiography and perfusion imaging, with confirmed anterior circulation large vessel occlusion between 9 January 2017 and 10 January 2023. Follow-up FLAIR imaging was used to determine the final infarct volume. Student t, Mann-Whitney-U, and Chi-Square tests were used to assess differences. Spearman's rank correlation and linear regression analysis were used to assess associations between rCBV < 42% and follow-up infarct volume on FLAIR. In total, 158 patients (median age: 68 years, 52.5% female) met our inclusion criteria. rCBV < 42% (ρ = 0.56, p < 0.001) significantly correlated with follow-up-FLAIR infarct volume. On multivariable linear regression analysis, rCBV < 42% lesion volume (beta = 0.60, p < 0.001), ASPECTS (beta = -0.214, p < 0.01), mTICI (beta = -0.277, p < 0.001), and diabetes (beta = 0.16, p < 0.05) were independently associated with follow-up infarct volume. The rCBV < 42% lesion volume is independently associated with FLAIR follow-up infarct volume.

CT perfusion based rCBF <38% volume is independently and negatively associated with digital subtraction angiography collateral score in anterior circulation large vessel occlusions.

BACKGROUND: Collateral status (CS) is an important biomarker of functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to large vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO). Pretreatment CT perfusion (CTP) parameters serve as reliable surrogates of collateral status (CS). In this study, we aim to assess the relationship between the relative cerebral blood flow less than 38% (rCBF <38%), with the reference standard American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology (ASITN) collateral score (CS) on DSA. METHODS: In this prospectively collected, retrospectively reviewed analysis, inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) CT angiography (CTA) confirmed anterior circulation large vessel occlusion from 9/1/2017 to 10/01/2023; (b) diagnostic CT perfusion; and (c) underwent mechanical thrombectomy with documented ASITN CS. The ratios of the CTP-derived CBF values were calculated by dividing the values of the ischemic lesion by the corresponding values of the contralateral normal region (which were defined as rCBF). Spearman's rank correlation and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the relationship of rCBF <38% lesion volume with DSA ASITN CS. p ≤ .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In total, 223 patients [mean age: 67.77 ± 15.76 years, 56.1% (n = 125) female] met our inclusion criteria. Significant negative correlation was noted between rCBF <38% volume and DSA CS (ρ = -0.37, p < .001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, rCBF <38% volume was found to be independently associated with worse ASITN CS (unadjusted OR: 3.03, 95% CI: 1.60-5.69, p < .001, and adjusted OR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.34-5.50, p < .01). CONCLUSION: Greater volume of tissue with rCBF <38% is independently associated with better DSA CS. rCBF <38% is a useful adjunct tool in collateralization-based prognostication. Future studies are needed to expand our understanding of the role of rCBF <38% within the decision-making in patients with AIS-LVO.

The Relative Cerebral Blood Volume (rCBV) < 42% Is Independently Associated with Collateral Status in Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion.

Background: The pretreatment CT perfusion (CTP) marker the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) < 42% lesion volume has recently been shown to predict 90-day functional outcomes; however, studies assessing correlations of the rCBV < 42% lesion volume with other outcomes remain sparse. Here, we aim to assess the relationship between the rCBV < 42% lesion volume and the reference standard digital subtraction angiography (DSA)-derived American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology (ASITN) collateral score, hereby referred as the DSA CS. Methods: In this retrospective evaluation of our prospectively collected database, we included acute stroke patients triaged by multimodal CT imaging, including CT angiography and perfusion imaging, with confirmed anterior circulation large vessel occlusion between 1 September 2017 and 1 October 2023. Group differences were assessed using the Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-Square test. Spearman's rank correlation and logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between rCBV < 42% and DSA CS. Results: In total, 222 patients (median age: 69 years, 56.3% female) met our inclusion criteria. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, taking into account age, sex, race, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, the admission National Institute of Health stroke scale, the premorbid modified Rankin score, the Alberta stroke program early CT score (ASPECTS), and segment occlusion, the rCBV < 42% lesion volume (adjusted OR: 0.98, p < 0.05) was independently associated with the DSA CS. Conclusion: The rCBV < 42% lesion volume is independently associated with the DSA CS.

Predictors of mTICI 2c/3 over 2b in patients successfully recanalized with mechanical thrombectomy.

OBJECTIVE: For patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large vessel occlusions (LVO), mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is the treatment standard of care in eligible patients. Modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) grades of 2b, 2c, and 3 are all considered successful reperfusion; however, recent studies have shown achieving mTICI 2c/3 leads to better outcomes than mTICI 2b. This study aims to investigate whether any baseline preprocedural or periprocedural parameters are predictive of achieving mTICI 2c/3 in successfully recanalized LVO patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study of consecutive patients presenting with AIS caused by a LVO from 1 January 2017 to 1 January 2023. Baseline and procedural data were collected through chart review. Univariate and multivariate analysis were applied to determine significant predictors of mTICI 2c/3. RESULTS: A total of 216 patients were included in the study, with 159 (73.6%) achieving mTICI 2c/3 recanalization and 57 (26.4%) achieving mTICI 2b recanalization. We found that a higher groin puncture to first pass time (OR = 0.976, 95%CI: 0.960-0.992, p = 0.004), a higher first pass to recanalization time (OR = 0.985, 95%CI: 0.972-0.998, p = 0.029), a higher admission NIHSS (OR = 0.949, 95%CI: 0.904-0.995, p = 0.031), and a lower age (OR = 1.032, 95%CI: 1.01-1.055, p = 0.005) were associated with a decreased probability of achieving mTICI 2c/3. INTERPRETATION: A lower groin puncture to first pass time, a lower first pass to recanalization time, a lower admission NIHSS, and a higher age were independent predictors of mTICI 2c/3 recanalization.

Assessing the Relationship between LAMS and CT Perfusion Parameters in Acute Ischemic Stroke Secondary to Large Vessel Occlusion.

BACKGROUND: The Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS) is a rapid pre-hospital scale used to predict stroke severity which has also been shown to accurately predict large vessel occlusions (LVOs). However, to date there is no study exploring whether LAMS correlates with the computed tomography perfusion (CTP) parameters in LVOs. METHODS: Patients with LVO between September 2019 and October 2021 were retrospectively reviewed and included if the CTP data and admission neurologic exams were available. The LAMS was documented based on emergency personnel exams or scored retrospectively using an admission neurologic exam. The CTP data was processed by RAPID (IschemaView, Menlo Park, CA, USA) with an ischemic core volume (relative cerebral blood flow [rCBF] < 30%), time-to-maximum (Tmax) volume (Tmax > 6 s delay), hypoperfusion index (HI), and cerebral blood volume (CBV) index. Spearman's correlations were performed between the LAMS and CTP parameters. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients were included, of which there were 9 intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA), 53 proximal M1 branch middle cerebral artery M1, and 23 proximal M2 branch occlusions. Overall, 26 patients had LAMS 0-3, and 59 had LAMS 4-5. In total, LAMS positively correlated with CBF < 30% (Correlation Coefficient (CC): 0.32, p < 0.01), Tmax > 6 s (CC:0.23, p < 0.04), HI (CC:0.27, p < 0.01), and negatively correlated with the CBV index (CC:-0.24, p < 0.05). The relationships between LAMS and CBF were < 30% and the HI was more pronounced in M1 occlusions (CC:0.42, p < 0.01; 0.34, p < 0.01 respectively) and proximal M2 occlusions (CC:0.53, p < 0.01; 0.48, p < 0.03 respectively). The LAMS also correlated with a Tmax > 6 s in M1 occlusions (CC:0.42, p < 0.01), and negatively correlated with the CBV index in M2 occlusions (CC:-0.69, p < 0.01). There were no significant correlations between the LAMS and intracranial ICA occlusions. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our preliminary study indicate that the LAMS is positively correlated with the estimated ischemic core, perfusion deficit, and HI, and negatively correlated with the CBV index in patients with anterior circulation LVO, with stronger relationships in the M1 and M2 occlusions. This is the first study showing that the LAMS may be correlated with the collateral status and estimated ischemic core in patients with LVO.

Clinical applications of arterial spin labeling of the intracranial compartment in vascular anomalies-A case-based review.

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a magnetic resonance perfusion technique that allows for quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF) without the use of contrast or radiation. Several applications of ASL have been described in diagnosis of strokes and stroke mimics, intracranial tumors, and other conditions. Various vascular anomalies exhibit specific CBF patterns that correlate with different signal intensities on ASL. In this case-based review, we demonstrate the utility of ASL in diagnosis and surveillance of vascular anomalies in the intracranial compartment.