RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty (KA-TKA), in which femoral component is placed 3-5° of internal rotation relative to mechanically aligned (MA)-TKA, may have a potential risk of patellofemoral malalignment. This study aimed to assess patellofemoral alignment and compare the data between KA-TKA and MA-TKA, and the relationship with patellofemoral radiographic parameters and patient reported outcomes. METHODS: Among patients who underwent TKA in 2015 and 2016 in our institute, 28 KA-TKAs with a metal-backed patellar component were retrospectively assessed for patellofemoral alignment, and 28 MA-TKAs with a metal-backed patellar component served as controls. A year postoperatively, patellar tilt and shift at 30°, 60°, and 90° knee flexion were measured on Merchant views and compared between the two TKAs. Implant positioning in each patient was assessed based on preoperative CT images and correlations of femoral component positioning with patellar tilt/shift were assessed. RESULTS: Patellar shift at 30° flexion was significantly greater in KA-TKA than in MA-TKA (p = 0.04), whereas patellar tilt angle was comparable between the two TKAs. No statistical correlation was evident between femoral component positioning and patellar shift/tilt, regardless of knee flexion angle in the two TKAs. Knee Society Score 2011 at 1 year follow-up was comparable in all subcategories between the two TKAs. CONCLUSION: Radiographic analysis of KA-TKA revealed lateral shift of the patella at 30° knee flexion at 1 year postoperatively, however patients with patellar shift were asymptomatic. Further long-term observation is required to examine the impact of KA-TKA on the patellofemoral complication.
Assuntos
Artroplastia do Joelho , Prótese do Joelho , Osteoartrite do Joelho , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Humanos , Articulação do Joelho/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Patela/diagnóstico por imagem , Patela/cirurgia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
We previously showed that mice lacking pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exhibit attenuated light-induced phase shift. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we performed gene expression analysis of laser capture microdissected suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNs) and found that lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is involved in the impaired response to light stimulation in the late subjective night in PACAP-deficient mice. L-PGDS-deficient mice also showed impaired light-induced phase advance, but normal phase delay and nonvisual light responses. Then, we examined the receptors involved in the response and observed that mice deficient for type 2 PGD2 receptor DP2/CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells) show impaired light-induced phase advance. Concordant results were observed using the selective DP2/CRTH2 antagonist CAY10471. These results indicate that L-PGDS is involved in a mechanism of light-induced phase advance via DP2/CRTH2 signaling.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Oxirredutases Intramoleculares/fisiologia , Lipocalinas/fisiologia , Animais , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/efeitos da radiação , Genes/genética , Genes/fisiologia , Hibridização In Situ , Oxirredutases Intramoleculares/metabolismo , Luz , Lipocalinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Polipeptídeo Hipofisário Ativador de Adenilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Polipeptídeo Hipofisário Ativador de Adenilato Ciclase/fisiologia , Núcleo Supraquiasmático/metabolismoRESUMO
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is implicated in maintaining homeostasis of the internal environment in mammals. Therefore, changes occurring in the ANS can cause alterations of physiological phenomena. Ethyl hexanoate (EH) is known as the aroma component of apples. To study the action of ethyl hexanoate on physiological phenomena, we examined the effect of an intragastric (IG) injection of 1â¯mL/kg body weight of 0.1â¯ppm EH solution on sympathetic nerve activity innervating the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) in anesthetized rats. Consequently, IG administration of EH increased activity of the sympathetic nerves innervating both the BAT and WAT. In addition, the effects of the IG injection on body temperature above the interscapular BAT and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration were also examined in conscious rats. In this attempt IG injection of EH elevated both the body temperature and plasma FFA levels. Furthermore, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy eliminated the effects of EH on sympathetic nerves innervating BAT and WAT. These findings suggest that EH causes excitations of sympathetic nerves innervating BAT and WAT, and enhances thermogenesis and lipolysis via the afferent vagus nerve. Thus, these present findings also suggest the possibility that EH might have anti-obesity effects.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo Marrom/inervação , Tecido Adiposo Branco/inervação , Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Caproatos/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Termogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
We previously obtained evidence suggesting that physical exercise increases the release of L-carnosine (CAR) from muscles and that CAR affects autonomic neurotransmission and physiological phenomena in rats. It has also been reported that exercise elicits an increase in activity of the sympathetic nerve innervating the skeletal muscle. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of CAR application, onto the surface of the right femoral muscle, on activity of the sympathetic nerve innervating the left femoral muscle, in urethane-anesthetized rats. Topical application of 10 pg (44.2 fmol) of CAR increased either skeletal muscle sympathetic nerve activity (skeletal muscle-SNA) or skeletal muscle blood flow (skeletal muscle-BF) of the contralateral skeletal muscle. Furthermore, thioperamide, a histamine H3-antagonist, inhibited the increase in skeletal muscle-SNA, and butoxamine, a ß2-antagonist, abolished the increase in skeletal muscle-BF caused by topical application of CAR. The present results suggest that CAR released from muscles during physical exercise might affect skeletal muscle-SNA and skeletal muscle-BF on the opposite side of the body via a CAR evoked effect in muscles.
Assuntos
Carnosina/farmacologia , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/efeitos dos fármacos , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/fisiologia , Butoxamina/farmacologia , Injeções Intramusculares , Cinética , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Músculo Esquelético/inervação , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/irrigação sanguínea , Simpatolíticos/farmacologia , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologiaRESUMO
The autonomic nervous system innervates various peripheral tissue functions. Various external stimuli affect autonomic nerve activity, however, there is little information about the involvement of sensory receptors in the responses. The TRPA1 is a calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel which plays a crucial role in the susceptibility to various stimuli. ß-Eudesmol, an oxygenated sesquiterpene found in hop essential oil and beer, activates the TRPA1. Intragastric administration of ß-eudesmol decreased efferent adrenal sympathetic nerve activity (ASNA) in rats, whereas subcutaneous administration did not. ASNA suppression by ß-eudesmol was not observed in TRPA1 knockout rats. The ß-eudesmol derived ASNA suppression was partially, but significantly, eliminated by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats, suggesting the afferent vagal nerve from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain is involved in the effect of ß-eudesmol on ASNA. Our results indicate that ß-eudesmol suppresses ASNA, partly through TRPA1 and the afferent vagus nerve. These findings introduce the physiological significance of the TRPA1 in the control of ASNA.
Assuntos
Glândulas Suprarrenais/inervação , Glândulas Suprarrenais/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano/farmacologia , Fibras Simpáticas Pós-Ganglionares/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/metabolismo , Canal de Cátion TRPA1/deficiência , Glândulas Suprarrenais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Vias Eferentes/efeitos dos fármacos , Vias Eferentes/metabolismo , Epinefrina/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Transgênicos , Ratos Wistar , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano/química , Fibras Simpáticas Pós-Ganglionares/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Restoration of the natural joint line is a cornerstone for kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative orientation of the tibial growth plate (GP) with respect to the tibial plateau (TP) for possible application in predicting natural joint line for knees with highly advanced osteoarthritis patient at the time of kinematically aligned TKA. METHODS: Images from computed tomography (CT) of 27 normal knees (9 males, 18 females; mean age, 31.6 years) were studied. Geometry of the GP was extracted from CT images, and its moment-of-inertia axes were calculated for the whole GP and the medial and lateral halves. Angular orientations of each GP axis with respect to the TP plane were measured in anatomical coordinates. RESULTS: The TP and GP planes were oriented in 2.3 ± 1.8° of varus and 1.1 ± 1.9° of valgus relative to the tibial mechanical axis, respectively. With respect to the TP plane, the whole GP plane was inclined in 3.4 ± 1.5° of valgus. Orientation of the GP plane differed drastically between medial and lateral halves. The medial GP was in 4.9 ± 2.9° of varus and 1.8 ± 2.5° of anterior inclination, and the lateral half was in 10.4 ± 2.4° of valgus and 18.6 ± 4.0° of anterior inclination relative to the TP. CONCLUSIONS: Angular orientation of the original TP plane can be predicted in reference to the GP plane and may provide reasonable guidance for the target bone resection angle of the tibia in kinematically aligned TKA.
Assuntos
Artroplastia do Joelho/métodos , Lâmina de Crescimento/anatomia & histologia , Tíbia/anatomia & histologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropometria/métodos , Mau Alinhamento Ósseo/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Lâmina de Crescimento/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Orientação , Osteoartrite do Joelho/patologia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Valores de Referência , Tíbia/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of rats decreases significantly following exposure to the odor generated from the Maillard reaction of protein digests with xylose. This study identified active odorants that affect blood pressure and demonstrated the mechanism of action. RESULTS: Among the four potent odorants that contribute most to the odor of the Maillard reaction sample, 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF) and 5-methyl-2-pyrazinemethanol (MPM) decreased SBP significantly. The earliest decrease in blood pressure was observed 5 min after exposure to DMHF. Application of zinc sulfate to the nasal cavity eliminated the effect. Furthermore, gastric vagal (parasympathetic) nerve activity was elevated and renal sympathetic nerve activity was lowered after exposure to DMHF. CONCLUSION: It is indicated that DMHF affects blood pressure through the olfactory system, and the mechanism for the effect of DMHF on blood pressure involves the autonomic nervous system. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Furanos/química , Odorantes/análise , Percepção Olfatória , Animais , Reação de Maillard , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
PURPOSE: Knee adduction moment (KAM) has been recognized as a good clinical surrogate for medial tibiofemoral joint loading and is associated with implant durability after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to examine the effects of joint line obliquity in kinematically aligned TKA (KA-TKA) on KAM during gait. METHODS: The study enrolled 21 knees from 18 patients who underwent cylindrical axis reference KA-TKA and a matched group of 21 knees from 18 patients who underwent mechanically aligned (MA)-TKA as controls. Gait analyses were performed the day before TKA and at an overall mean of 2.6 years postoperatively. First peak KAM and variables associated with frontal knee kinetics were determined and compared between groups. RESULTS: In KA-TKA, the proximal tibia was resected with 3.4° ± 1.5° of varus in relation to the mechanical axis, and the final femorotibial shaft axis was 176.7° ± 3.8° with KA-TKA and 174.4° ± 3.0° with MA-TKA. KAM was significantly smaller with KA-TKA than with MA-TKA (p < 0.032). Regarding variables affecting KAM, significant differences were evident between the two TKAs for knee adduction angle (p = 0.0021), lever arm (p = 0.028), and Δlever arm (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In KA-TKA, joint line obliquity reduced peak KAM during gait, despite slight varus limb alignment, and this reduced KAM in KA-TKA can tolerate constitutional varus alignment. In clinical settings, KA-TKA thus represents a promising technical option for patients with large coronal bowing of the shaft carrying a risk of increased KAM after TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
Assuntos
Artroplastia do Joelho/métodos , Articulação do Joelho/fisiopatologia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Feminino , Marcha/fisiologia , Genu Varum/diagnóstico por imagem , Genu Varum/fisiopatologia , Genu Varum/cirurgia , Humanos , Articulação do Joelho/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , Prótese do Joelho , Masculino , Osteoartrite do Joelho/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Amplitude de Movimento ArticularRESUMO
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel, which is activated by various noxious or irritant substances in nature. TRPA1 activators have been generally recognized as noxious, however, foods and beverages containing TRPA1 activators are preferably consumed; the reasons for this discrepancy are not well understood. We demonstrate that TRPA1 is involved in the stimulatory appetite control mechanism. ß-Eudesmol is an oxygenated sesquiterpene contained in medicinal or edible plants which activates TRPA1. Oral administration of ß-eudesmol brought significant increments in food intake in rats and elevated plasma ghrelin levels. Gastric vagal nerve activity (GVNA) has been reported to affect feeding behavior. In vivo electrophysiological measurement of GVNA revealed that oral-ingestion of ß-eudesmol significantly increased GVNA. This GVNA elevation was eliminated by TRPA1 inhibitor (HC-030031) treatment prior to ß-eudesmol administration. The physiological effects of ß-eudesmol, for example, incremental increase in food intake, ghrelin elevation and activation of GVNA, were significantly reduced in TRPA1 knockout rats. Our results indicated that ß-eudesmol stimulates an increase in appetite through TRPA1, and suggests why TRPA1 activator containing foods and beverages are preferably consumed.
Assuntos
Apetite/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxigênio/química , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano/farmacologia , Canal de Cátion TRPA1/metabolismo , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Grelina/sangue , Ativação do Canal Iônico/efeitos dos fármacos , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenótipo , Ratos Wistar , Receptores Histamínicos H3 , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano/administração & dosagem , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano/química , Estômago/inervação , Canal de Cátion TRPA1/antagonistas & inibidores , Nervo Vago/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The bioactive peptides Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP) and Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) are believed to improve blood pressure and arterial function. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the action of these peptides, we investigated their effects upon autonomic neurotransmission and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Both IPP and VPP caused a significant reduction in cutaneous arterial sympathetic nerve activity (CASNA) and reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP); however, both of these effects were eliminated following sub-diaphragmatic vagotomy. On the other hand, captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, reduced MAP without changing CASNA, and maintained this hypotensive effect following vagotomy. Moreover, the effects of IPP and VPP upon CASNA were observed following gastric administration but not by duodenal administration. These results suggest that IPP and VPP reduce CASNA via the stomach and afferent vagus nerve, thus causing reductions in MAP in SHR.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/efeitos dos fármacos , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/farmacologia , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Captopril/farmacologia , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona , DNA Helicases , Proteínas de Drosophila , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição , VagotomiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The flexion-extension axis (FEA) of the femur is substantially changed after mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to a discrepancy in bone cut thickness between the posterior and distal femoral regions. This study assessed the bony gap changes and FEA displacement caused by this problem in osteoarthritis patients. METHODS: The study enrolled 60 knees from 60 patients for whom primary TKA was planned due to medial knee osteoarthritis. All patients underwent computed tomography, and 3-dimensional (3D) bone models were reconstructed on 3D-planning software. Bone cuts of the distal femur and proximal tibia were simulated to be perpendicular to each mechanical axis. Bony gap change was computed as the difference in bone cut thickness between medial and lateral compartments. Each femoral condyle was assessed for potential FEA displacement, as the difference in bone cut thickness between posterior and distal femoral regions. RESULTS: The mean magnitude of bony gap discrepancy necessary for mediolateral balancing was 1.6 ± 3.3 mm (range -7 to 8.2 mm) at 0° extension and -0.2 ± 2.6 mm (range -6.4 to 4.3 mm) at 90° flexion. At least 2 mm of bony gap discrepancy at 0° extension and 90° flexion was found in 40 patients (67%) and 26 patients (43%), respectively. In terms of femoral bone cut, posterior bone cut thickness was significantly larger than distal bone cut thickness in the medial compartment (p < 0.001). Bony gap discrepancy between distal and posterior regions of the femoral condyle was ≥2 mm in 28 patients (47%). CONCLUSIONS: This study focused on two flaws of mechanically aligned TKA in OA patients. Substantial numbers of patients inevitably required >2 mm of medial collateral ligament release at 0° extension and showed a bone cut discrepancy between distal and posterior regions, carrying a risk of FEA displacement and subsequent unnatural knee motions during knee extension and flexion. Level of evidence IV.
Assuntos
Artroplastia do Joelho/efeitos adversos , Artroplastia do Joelho/métodos , Mau Alinhamento Ósseo/fisiopatologia , Fêmur/cirurgia , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Mau Alinhamento Ósseo/diagnóstico por imagem , Mau Alinhamento Ósseo/etiologia , Simulação por Computador , Feminino , Fêmur/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Prótese do Joelho , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoartrite do Joelho/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoartrite do Joelho/fisiopatologia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Risco , Tíbia/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
PURPOSE: Reproducing a functional flexion-extension axis (FEA) of the femur is key to achieving successful collateral ligament balance and joint line in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study compared the feasibility of cylindrical axis (CA)-reference bone cut and articular surface-reference bone cuts in reproducing the FEA for Japanese osteoarthritis patients. METHODS: The study enrolled 122 knees from 86 patients who underwent primary TKA due to grade III or IV osteoarthritis. Data from pre-operative CT were reconstructed into three-dimensional (3D) models using 3D-planning software. Cylindrical radii of the condyles were measured, and femoral bone cut angles relative to anatomical landmarks were determined in the coronal and axial reference planes based on CA-reference and articular surface-reference methods. RESULTS: Mean cylindrical radii for medial and lateral femoral condyles were 17.4 ± 1.6 and 17.3 ± 1.4 mm, respectively. Of the 122 knees, 46 exhibited >1 mm of difference between condyles. Fifty-three and 22 knees exhibited >2° of angular difference between CA-reference and articular surface-reference bone cuts in the coronal and axial planes. Mean angle of the CA and surgical epicondylar axis in 3D space was 4.6 ± 2.1°. As practical parameters for TKA, the angle between CA and IM rod was significantly larger than that between the distal articular surface line and IM rod in the coronal plane (p < 0.0001), indicating that CA-reference involves a smaller valgus bone cut of the distal femur than articular surface reference. CONCLUSIONS: CA-reference bone cut of the femur is preferable to articular surface-reference bone cut for reproducing FEA in Japanese OA patients, in whom more than one-third of knees exhibited asymmetry of radii between medial and lateral condyles. In clinical practice, the CA-reference bone cut represents a good technical option for kinematically aligned TKA in the Japanese population.
Assuntos
Artroplastia do Joelho/métodos , Fêmur/fisiologia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Suporte de Carga/fisiologia , Idoso , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Cadáver , Ligamentos Colaterais/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Bone tunnel creation techniques influence the 3-dimensional (3D) position of bone tunnels and graft-bending angle in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study assessed graft-bending angle and 3D characteristics of femoral bone tunnels and compared them between outside-in (OI) and transportal (TP) techniques. METHODS: Participants comprised 64 patients who underwent anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction, allocated to OI and TP groups (n = 32 each). The graft orientation plane exhibiting the largest graft-bending angle at the femoral tunnel aperture with the knee in extension was reconstructed from CT data using 3D imaging software. In this plane, graft-bending angle was compared between the OI and TP techniques. RESULTS: Although positionings of the intra-articular apertures of the femoral and tibial bone tunnels were similar, several spatial parameters of bone tunnels differed between techniques. Graft-bending angles of both anteromedial and posterolateral bundles were significantly more acute with the OI technique than with the TP technique. On coronal-plane CT, angle of the bone tunnel axis relative to the distal condylar axis correlated negatively with graft-bending angle, while in the axial plane, angle of the bone tunnel axis relative to the posterior condylar axis correlated positively with graft-bending angle. Lysholm score, pivot shift test, and anteroposterior laxity at >2.5-year follow-up demonstrated no significant differences between techniques. DISCUSSION: Different bone tunnel directions in OI and TP techniques substantially affected graft-bending angle , despite similar positionings of the intra-articular apertures. Graft-bending angle with the OI technique was acute, but risk of posterior blowout of the lateral femoral condyle was decreased. Surgeons should create the femoral tunnel while considering an obtuse graft-bending angle without increasing the risk of posterior blowout. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
Assuntos
Reconstrução do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/métodos , Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Fêmur/cirurgia , Tendões/transplante , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
This study aimed to assess the effects of down-sizing and lateralizing of the tibial component (reduction osteotomy) on gap balancing in TKA, and the clinical feasibility of an uncemented modular trabecular metal tibial tray in this technique. Reduction osteotomy was performed for 39 knees of 36 patients with knee OA with a mean tibiofemoral angle of 21° varus. In 20 knees, appropriate gap balance was achieved by release of the deep medial collateral ligament alone. Flexion gap imbalance could be reduced by approximately 1.7° and 2.8° for 4-mm osteotomy and 8-mm osteotomy, respectively. Within the first postoperative year, clinically-stable tibial component subsidence was observed in 9 knees, but it was not progressive, and the clinical results were excellent at a mean follow-up of 3.3 years.
Assuntos
Artroplastia do Joelho/métodos , Osteotomia/métodos , Tíbia/cirurgia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Artroplastia do Joelho/instrumentação , Ligamentos Colaterais/cirurgia , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Joelho/cirurgia , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , Prótese do Joelho , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Alta do Paciente , Período Pós-Operatório , Amplitude de Movimento ArticularRESUMO
Obesity is the principal symptom of metabolic syndrome, which refers to a group of risk factors that increase the likelihood of atherosclerosis. In recent decades there has been a sharp rise in the incidence of obesity throughout the developed world. Iso-α-acids, the bitter compounds derived from hops in beer, have been shown to prevent diet-induced obesity by increasing lipid oxidation in the liver and inhibition of lipid absorption from the intestine. Whereas the sharp bitterness induced by effective dose of iso-α-acids precludes their acceptance as a nutrient, matured hop bittering components (MHB) appear to be more agreeable. Therefore, we tested MHB for an effect on ameliorating diet-induced body fat accumulation in rodents. MHB ingestion had a beneficial effect but, compared to iso-α-acids and despite containing structurally similar compounds, acted via different mechanisms to reduce body fat accumulation. MHB supplementation significantly reduced body weight gain, epididymal white adipose tissue weight, and plasma non-esterified free fatty acid levels in diet-induced obese mice. We also found that uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT) was significantly increased in MHB-fed mice at both the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, MHB administration in rats induced the ß-adrenergic signaling cascade, which is related to cAMP accumulation in BAT, suggesting that MHB could modulate sympathetic nerve activity innervating BAT (BAT-SNA). Indeed, single oral administration of MHB elevated BAT-SNA in rats, and this elevation was dissipated by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Single oral administration of MHB maintained BAT temperature at a significantly higher level than in control rats. Taken together, these findings indicate that MHB ameliorates diet-induced body fat accumulation, at least partly, by enhancing thermogenesis in BAT via BAT-SNA activation. Our data suggests that MHB is a useful tool for developing functional foods or beverages to counteract the accumulation of body fat.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo Marrom/efeitos dos fármacos , Humulus/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiologia , Termogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/metabolismo , Animais , Cerveja , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/metabolismo , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Obesos , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ratos Wistar , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/metabolismo , Proteína Desacopladora 1 , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
L-Carnosine is synthesized in mammalian muscles and brain and affects autonomic neurotransmission and physiological phenomena. To clarify the role of l-carnosine, the effects of intraduodenal administration of l-carnosine on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (muscle-SNA) and blood flow (BF) were examined. The changes in muscle-SNA and BF were examined using electrophysiological and Doppler flowmeter in urethane-anesthetized rats. The effect of propranolol, a ß-adrenergic antagonist, on the increase in muscle BF due to l-carnosine was also examined. Low dose (1µg/300g body weight [bw]) of l-carnosine increased both muscle-SNA and muscle BF, while high dese (100mg/300g bw) of l-carnosine decreased both muscle-SNA and muscle BF. Furthermore, propranolol eliminated the increase in muscle BF caused by a low dose of l-carnosine. These results suggest that l-carnosine has dose-dependent effects on muscle BF via changes in muscle-SNA, and the ß-adrenergic receptor is implicated in the increase in muscle BF due to l-carnosine.
Assuntos
Carnosina/farmacologia , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Músculo Esquelético/inervação , Propranolol/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Fluxo Sanguíneo RegionalRESUMO
This review summarizes the effects of olfactory stimulation with grapefruit and lavender oils on autonomic nerve activity and physiological function. Olfactory stimulation with the scent of grapefruit oil (GFO) increases the activity of sympathetic nerves that innervate white and brown adipose tissues, the adrenal glands, and the kidneys, decreases the activity of the gastric vagal nerve in rats and mice. This results in an increase in lipolysis, thermogenesis, and blood pressure, and a decrease in food intake. Olfactory stimulation with the scent of lavender oil (LVO) elicits the opposite changes in nerve activity and physiological variables. Olfactory stimulation with scent of limonene, a component of GFO, and linalool, a component of LVO, has similar effects to stimulation with GFO and LVO, respectively. The histamine H1-receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine, abolishes all GFO-induced changes in nerve activity and physiological variables, and the hitstamine H3-receptor antagonist, thioperamide, eliminates all LVO-induced changes. Lesions to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and anosmic treatment with ZnSO4 also abolish all GFO- and LVO-induced changes. These findings indicate that limonene and linalool might be the active substances in GFO and LVO, and suggest that the suprachiasmatic nucleus and histamine are involved in mediating the GFO- and LVO-induced changes in nerve activity and physiological variables.
Assuntos
Vias Autônomas/fisiologia , Citrus paradisi , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Olfato/fisiologia , Animais , Relógios Circadianos/fisiologia , Histamina/metabolismo , Humanos , LavandulaRESUMO
Splenic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) modulates cellular immune functions such as splenic natural killer cell activity. Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 enhances splenic natural killer cell activity. Here, we examined whether S-PT84 affects splenic natural killer activity through splenic SNA in BALB/c mice. Splenic SNA was significantly decreased following the administration of S-PT84. This phenomenon was inhibited by pretreatment with thioperamide (histamine H3 receptor antagonist), suggesting that S-PT84 directly affected splenic SNA. Thioperamide also inhibited the increase in splenic natural killer activity by S-PT84. Thus, the change in splenic natural killer activity by S-PT84 may be partially modulated through SNA.
Assuntos
Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Lactobacillus/fisiologia , Baço/imunologia , Baço/inervação , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
Lactobacilli provide several health benefits to mammals, including humans. We previously observed that in rats, intraduodenal injection of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 elevated efferent gastric vagal nerve activity (efferent-GVNA), while Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 suppressed efferent-GVNA, and thereby increased or decreased food intake. To determine the function of Lactobacillus brevis (SBC8803), its effect on food intake was examined by providing food containing heat-killed SBC8803 to mice. We observed that administration of SBC8803 elevated food intake. Because the afferent intestinal vagal nerve (IVN) is hypothesized to be involved in efferent-GVNA changes, we examined the effect of intraduodenal administration of heat-killed SBC8803 on efferent-GVNA and afferent-IVN activity (IVNA) in rats. In this study, we found that intraduodenal administration of heat-killed SBC8803 increased both efferent-GVNA and afferent-IVNA in rats. Moreover, IV administration of the serotonin 3 receptor antagonist granisetron eliminated the effects of SBC8803 on efferent-GVNA and afferent-IVNA. These findings suggest that heat-killed SBC8803 enhances appetite by elevating digestion and absorption abilities via changes in autonomic neurotransmission that might be mediated by the serotonin 3 receptor.
Assuntos
Apetite , Levilactobacillus brevis , Transmissão Sináptica , Nervo Vago/fisiologia , Vias Aferentes/efeitos dos fármacos , Vias Aferentes/fisiologia , Animais , Duodeno , Ingestão de Alimentos , Vias Eferentes/efeitos dos fármacos , Vias Eferentes/fisiologia , Granisetron/farmacologia , Intestinos/inervação , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Antagonistas da Serotonina/farmacologia , Estômago/inervação , Nervo Vago/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
When mammals are exposed to an odor, that odor is expected to elicit a physiological response in the autonomic nervous system. An unpleasant aversive odor causes non-invasive stress, while a pleasant odor promotes healing and relaxation in mammals. We hypothesized that pleasant odors might reduce a stress response previously induced by an aversive predator odor. Rats were thus exposed to pleasant and unpleasant odors in different orders to determine whether the order of odor exposure had an effect on the physiological response in the autonomic nervous system. The first trial examined autonomic nerve activity via sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve response while the second trial examined body temperature response. Initial exposure to a pleasant odor elicited a positive response and secondary exposure to an unpleasant odor elicited a negative response, as expected. However, we found that while initial exposure to an unpleasant odor elicited a negative stress response, subsequent secondary exposure to a pleasant odor not only did not alleviate that negative response, but actually amplified it. These findings were consistent for both the autonomic nerve activity response trial and the body temperature response trial. The trial results suggest that exposure to specific odors does not necessarily result in the expected physiological response and that the specific order of exposure plays an important role. Our study should provide new insights into our understanding of the physiological response in the autonomic nervous system related to odor memory and discrimination and point to areas that require further research.