Relationship between the number of drugs used during percutaneous coronary intervention and adverse events in patients with chronic coronary syndrome: Analysis of CLIDAS database.

Background: Polypharmacy is associated with an increased risk of adverse events due to the higher number of drugs used. This is particularly notable in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), who are known to use a large number of drugs. Therefore, we investigated polypharmacy in patients with CCS, using CLIDAS, a multicenter database of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Method and results: Between 2017 and 2020, 1411 CCS patients (71.5 ± 10.5 years old; 77.3 % male) were enrolled. The relationship between cardiovascular events occurring during the median follow-up of 514 days and the number of drugs at the time of PCI was investigated. The median number of drugs prescribed was nine. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, transient ischemic attack, or unstable angina, occurred in 123 patients, and all-cause mortality occurred in 68 patients. For each additional drug, the adjusted hazard ratios for MACE and all-cause mortality increased by 2.069 (p = 0.003) and 1.102 (p = 0.010). The adjusted hazard ratios for MACE and all-cause mortality were significantly higher in the group using nine or more drugs compared to the group using eight or fewer drugs (1.646 and 2.253, both p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that an increase in the number of drugs used for CCS may be associated with MACE and all-cause mortality. In patients with CCS, it might be beneficial to minimize the number of medications as much as possible, while managing comorbidities and using guideline-recommended drugs.

Change in pulse pressure and cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: The CLIDAS study.

Background: Limited data exist on the prognostic value of changes in pulse pressure (PP, the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) during hospitalization for patients with coronary artery disease who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: In the Clinical Deep Data Accumulation System (CLIDAS), we studied 8,708 patients who underwent PCI. We aimed to examine the association between discharge PP and cardiovascular outcomes. PP was measured before PCI and at discharge. Patients were divided into five groups (quintiles) based on the change in PPQ1 (-18.0 ± 9.9 mmHg), Q2 (-3.8 ± 2.6), Q3 (reference; 3.7 ± 2.0), Q4 (11.3 ± 2.6), and Q5 (27.5 ± 11.2). We then analyzed the relationship between PP change and outcomes. Results: The mean patient age was 70 ± 11 years, with 6,851 (78 %) men and 3,786 (43 %) having acute coronary syndrome. U-shaped relationships were observed for the incidence rates of major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (MACCE, a composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke), revascularization, and hospitalization for heart failure (HF). After adjusting for confounding factors, higher PP at discharge was associated with an increased risk of MACCE (adjusted hazard ratio 1.41; 95 %CI, 1.06-1.87 in Q5 [73.9 ± 9.3 mmHg]). Evaluating PP change revealed a U-shaped association with MACCE (1.50; 1.11-2.02 in Q1 and 1.47; 0.98-2.20 in Q5). Additionally, Q5 had a higher risk for hospitalization for HF (1.37; 1.00-1.88). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate a U-shaped association between changes in PP and cardiovascular outcomes. This data suggests the significance of blood pressure control during hospitalization for patients who have undergone PCI.

Serum mature and furin-cleaved proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels and their association with cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients with cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous studies have not found a consistent association between circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels and the risk of cardiovascular events partly due to measurement methods that cannot distinguish between uncleaved and furin-cleaved forms of PCSK9. METHODS: This is a prespecified sub-study of the REAL-CAD study which is a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial to compare high- versus low-dose statin in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). The primary endpoint was major adverse cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events (MACCE) defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal ischemic stroke, or unstable angina requiring emergency hospitalization. In this case-cohort study, serum mature (uncleaved) and furin-cleaved PCSK9 levels obtained at 6 months after randomization were measured among 426 participants who developed MACCE (cases) and 1,478 randomly selected participants (sub-cohort). RESULTS: From 1,478 patients in sub-cohort, the Cox proportional hazards models with a pseudolikelihood method for case-cohort design revealed that the risk of the primary endpoint in patients with the highest quartile of mature PCSK9 levels was similar to that in the lowest quartile (hazard ration [HR] 0.809; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.541-1.209). Similarly, the HR for the highest to lowest quartiles of furin-cleaved PCSK9 was 0.948 [95% CI, 0.645-1.392] (P = 0.784). Compared to the lowest quartile, neither serum mature nor furin-cleaved PCSK9 levels predicted MACCE. CONCLUSIONS: In a large-scale secondary prevention cohort, serum mature and furin-cleaved PCSK9 levels did not provide useful information for predicting future cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients with stable CAD.

Corrigendum to "Impact of heart failure severity and major bleeding events after percutaneous coronary intervention on subsequent major adverse cardiac events" [Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk and Prev. 2023 Jun 25:18:200193].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcrp.2023.200193.].

Achievement of guideline-recommended target blood pressure is associated with reducing the risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in Japanese coronary artery disease patients -the CLIDAS study.

The Japanese Society of Hypertension have established a blood pressure (BP) target of 130/80 mmHg for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We evaluated the data of 8793 CAD patients in the Clinical Deep Data Accumulation System database who underwent cardiac catheterization at six university hospitals and the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (average age 70 ± 11 years, 78% male, 43% with acute coronary syndrome [ACS]). Patients were divided into two groups based on whether or not they achieved the guideline-recommended BP of <130/80 mmHg. We analyzed the relationship between BP classification and major adverse cardiac and cerebral event (MACCE) separately in two groups: those with ACS and those with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). During an average follow-up period of 33 months, 710 MACCEs occurred. A BP below 130/80 mmHg was associated with fewer MACCEs in both the overall (hazard ratio [HR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70-1.00, p = 0.048) and the ACS group (HR 0.67, 95%CI 0.51-0.88, p = 0.003). In particular, stroke events were also lower among those with a BP below 130/80 mmHg in both the overall (HR 0.69, 95%CI 0.53-0.90, p = 0.006) and ACS groups (HR 0.44, 95%CI 0.30-0.67, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the achievement of BP guidelines was associated with improved outcomes in CAD patients, particularly in reducing stroke risk among those with ACS.

Significance of Persistent Inflammation in Patients With Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Insights From the REAL-CAD Study.

Background: The prognostic implications of persistent low-grade inflammation in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) are underexplored. The REAL-CAD (Randomized Evaluation of Aggressive or Moderate Lipid Lowering Therapy with Pitavastatin in Coronary Artery Disease) study demonstrated the benefit of higher intensity pitavastatin in Japanese patients with CCS. Objectives: This prespecified subanalysis of the REAL-CAD study aimed to assess the prognostic effect of the persistent low-grade inflammation represented by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in CCS patients. Methods: The present analysis involved patients without events until 6 months after randomization and whose hs-CRP levels were available at baseline and 6 months (n = 10,460). The primary endpoint was the composite of cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, and unstable angina hospitalization. Landmark analyses evaluated the prognostic impact of continuous inflammation in 4 groups based on the median levels of hs-CRP (0.5 mg/L for both) at baseline and 6 months. The 4 groups included patient with persistently low, elevated (increased), reduced, and persistently high hs-CRP. Results: Adjusted Cox proportional hazard analyses demonstrated an increased risk of the primary endpoint in the group with persistently high hs-CRP when compared to the group with persistently low hs-CRP as a reference (adjusted HR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.18-1.89; P = 0.001), but with a similar risk in the group with elevated (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.77-1.49, P = 0.68) and reduced (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.66-1.27; P = 0.60) hs-CRP. Conclusions: The study shows that persistent low-grade inflammation is associated with poor outcomes and underscores the need to address residual inflammatory risk in CCS patients. (Randomized Evaluation of Aggressive or Moderate Lipid Lowering Therapy With Pitavastatin in Coronary Artery Disease [REAL-CAD]; NCT01042730).

Optimizing Timing of Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy to Enhance Intravenous Carboplatin Concentration.

Despite advances in systemic chemotherapy, patients with gastric cancer (GC) and peritoneal metastases (PMs) continue to have poor prognoses. Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of Paclitaxel (PTX) combined with systemic chemotherapy shows promise in treating PMs from GC. However, methods of drug administration need to be optimized to maximize efficacy. In this study, we utilized a mouse model with PMs derived from a human GC cell line, administering PTX either IP or intravenously (IV), and Carboplatin (CBDCA) IV 0, 1, and 4 days after PTX administration. The PMs were resected 30 min later, and concentrations of PTX and CBDCA in resected tumors were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results indicated that PTX concentrations were higher with IP administration than with IV administration, with significant differences observed on days 0 and 1. CBDCA concentrations 4 days post-IP PTX administration were higher than with simultaneous IV PTX administration. These findings suggest that IP PTX administration enhances CBDCA concentration in peritoneal tumors. Therefore, sequential IV administration of anti-cancer drugs appears more effective than simultaneous administration with IP PTX, a strategy that may improve prognoses for patients with PMs.

Heart failure promotes multimorbidity through innate immune memory.

Patients with heart failure (HF) often experience repeated acute decompensation and develop comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease and frailty syndrome. Although this suggests pathological interaction among comorbidities, the mechanisms linking them are poorly understood. Here, we identified alterations in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as a critical driver of recurrent HF and associated comorbidities. Bone marrow transplantation from HF-experienced mice resulted in spontaneous cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in recipient mice, as well as increased vulnerability to kidney and skeletal muscle insults. HF enhanced the capacity of HSCs to generate proinflammatory macrophages. In HF mice, global chromatin accessibility analysis and single-cell RNA-seq showed that transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) signaling was suppressed in HSCs, which corresponded with repressed sympathetic nervous activity in bone marrow. Transplantation of bone marrow from mice in which TGF-ß signaling was inhibited similarly exacerbated cardiac dysfunction. Collectively, these results suggest that cardiac stress modulates the epigenome of HSCs, which in turn alters their capacity to generate cardiac macrophage subpopulations. This change in HSCs may be a common driver of repeated HF events and comorbidity by serving as a key carrier of "stress memory."

Peptide mimetic NC114 induces growth arrest by preventing PKCδ activation and FOXM1 nuclear translocation in colorectal cancer cells.

The peptide mimetic, NC114, is a promising anticancer compound that specifically kills colorectal cancer cells without affecting normal colon epithelial cells. In our previous study, we observed that NC114 inhibited the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, with significant downregulation of both Ser 675-phosphorylated ß-catenin and its target genes, cyclin D1 and survivin. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for its cytotoxic effect has not yet been fully characterized. In the present study, we demonstrated that NC114 prevented cell cycle progression from S to G2/M phase by downregulating cell cycle-related gene expression, and also induced growth arrest in SW480 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. A novel covariation network analysis combined with transcriptome analysis revealed a series of signaling cascades affected by NC114 treatment, and identified protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) and forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) as important regulatory factors for NC114-induced growth arrest. NC114 treatment inhibits the activation of PKCδ and its kinase activity, which suppresses MEK/ERK signaling. Attenuated MEK/ERK signaling then results in a reduction in FOXM1 phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of FOXM1 and ß-catenin. Consequently, formation of a T-cell factor-4 (TCF4)/ß-catenin transcription complex in the nucleus is inhibited and transcription of its target genes, such as cell cycle-related genes, is downregulated. The efficacy of NC114 on tumor growth was confirmed in a xenograft model. Collectively, elucidation of the mechanism by which NC114 induces growth arrest in colorectal cancer cells should provide a novel therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer treatment.

Metabolomic Profiling of Mice with Tacrolimus-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Carnitine Deficiency in Renal Tissue.

Tacrolimus (TAC)-induced chronic nephrotoxicity (TAC nephrotoxicity) has a detrimental effect on long-term kidney graft survival. However, the pathogenesis of TAC nephrotoxicity remains largely unknown. We explored it by focusing on metabolic changes in renal tissues. In this study, mice were separated into TAC and control groups (n = 5/group). TAC was administered to the TAC group (1 mg/kg/d for 28 days) subcutaneously. The control group was similarly treated with normal saline. Renal tissue metabolomes were evaluated. Renal fibrosis was observed only in the TAC group. Metabolomic analysis showed that carnitine and related metabolites were substantially lower in the TAC group than in the control group, presumably due to impaired biosynthesis and reabsorption. Low carnitine levels impair antioxidation in renal tissues and ß-oxidation in mitochondria, which may lead to renal tissue damage. This metabolomic analysis revealed that carnitine deficiency in renal tissue appears to explain TAC nephrotoxicity.

A Simple, Fast, Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method to Quantify NAD(H) in Biological Samples: Plasma NAD(H) Measurement to Monitor Brain Pathophysiology.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor in redox reactions and an essential mediator of energy metabolism. The redox balance between NAD+ and NADH affects various diseases, cell differentiation, and aging, and in recent years there has been a growing need for measurement techniques with improved accuracy. However, NAD(H) measurements, representing both NAD+ and NADH, have been limited by the compound's properties. We achieved highly sensitive simultaneous measurement of NAD+ and NADH under non-ion pairing, mobile phase conditions of water, or methanol containing 5 mM ammonium acetate. These were achieved using a simple pre-treatment and 7-min analysis time. Use of the stable isotope 13C5-NAD+ as an internal standard enabled validation close to BMV criteria and demonstrated the robustness of NAD(H) determination. Measurements using this method showed that brain NAD(H) levels correlate strongly with plasma NAD(H) levels in the same mouse, indicating that NAD(H) concentrations in brain tissue are reflected in plasma. As NAD(H) is involved in various neurodegenerative diseases and cerebral ischemia, as well as brain diseases such as mitochondrial myopathies, monitoring changes in NADH levels in plasma after drug administration will be useful for development of future diagnostics and therapeutics.

Association between Non-Lipid Residual Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease Treated with Pitavastatin: An Observation from the REAL-CAD Study.

AIMS: We aimed to investigate the association between non-lipid residual risk factors and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) who achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ＜100 mg/dL from the Randomized Evaluation of Aggressive or Moderate Lipid Lowering Therapy with Pitavastatin in Coronary Artery Disease (REAL-CAD) study. METHODS: The REAL-CAD study was a prospective, multicenter, open-label trial. As a sub-study, we examined the prognostic impact of non-lipid residual risk factors, including blood pressure, glucose level, and renal function, in patients who achieved LDL-C ＜100 mg/dL at 6 months after pitavastatin therapy. Each risk factor was classified according to severity. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal ischemic stroke, and unstable angina requiring emergency hospitalization. RESULTS: Among 8,743 patients, the mean age was 68±8.2 years, and the mean LDL-C level was 84.4±18 mg/dL. After adjusting for the effects of confounders, an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 showed the highest risk of the primary outcome (hazard ratio [HR] 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45-2.53). The combination of eGFR ≤ 60 and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.0% also showed the highest risk of all-cause death (HR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.72-3.41). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with stable CAD treated with pitavastatin and who achieved guidelines-directed levels of LDL-C, eGFR and HbA1c were independently associated with adverse events, suggesting that renal function and glycemic control could be residual non-lipid therapeutic targets after statin therapy.

BNP level predicts bleeding event in patients with heart failure after percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between heart failure (HF) severity measured based on brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and future bleeding events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: The Academic Research Consortium for High Bleeding Risk presents a bleeding risk assessment for antithrombotic therapy in patients after PCI. HF is a risk factor for bleeding in Japanese patients. METHODS: Using an electronic medical record-based database with seven tertiary hospitals in Japan, this retrospective study included 7160 patients who underwent PCI between April 2014 and March 2020 and who completed a 3-year follow-up and were divided into three groups: no HF, HF with high BNP level and HF with low BNP level. The primary outcome was bleeding events according to the Global Use of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries classification of moderate and severe bleeding. The secondary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Furthermore, thrombogenicity was measured using the Total Thrombus-Formation Analysis System (T-TAS) in 536 consecutive patients undergoing PCI between August 2013 and March 2017 at Kumamoto University Hospital. RESULTS: Multivariate Cox regression showed that HF with high BNP level was significantly associated with bleeding events, MACE and all-cause death. In the T-TAS measurement, the thrombogenicity was lower in patients with HF with high BNP levels than in those without HF and with HF with low BNP levels. CONCLUSIONS: HF with high BNP level is associated with future bleeding events, suggesting that bleeding risk might differ depending on HF severity.

Regional Variations in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Mortality in Japan: An Ecological Study.

Introduction: As the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary across regions and countries, the relationship between regional characteristics, such as the distribution of physicians and hospital beds, and COVID-19 mortality was assessed in the 47 prefectures of Japan. Methods: This ecological study was based on the number of patients with COVID-19 by prefecture during the seventh wave of COVID-19 in Japan (June-October 2022). COVID-19 mortality was indexed as the number of COVID-19 deaths divided by the number of new COVID-19 cases. Data on regional factors, such as population size, number of physicians, and hospital beds by prefecture, were obtained from government statistics. Correlations between regional characteristics and COVID-19 mortality index were analyzed by dividing the 47 prefectures into two groups at the median level of population size (more populated group [MPG] ≥ 1.6 million and less populated group [LPG] < 1.6 million). Results: The COVID-19 mortality index (mean 12.7, minimum-maximum: 4.7-25.7) was correlated negatively with the number of physicians per hospital bed (r = -0.386, p = 0.007) and positively with the number of long-term care facilities per 10,000 population (r = 0.397, p = 0.006) and aging rate (the proportion of population aged ≥ 65 years) (r = 0.471, p = 0.001). The two groups varied with respect to the number of physicians (28.7 physicians in the LPG vs. 26.1 physicians in the MPG, p = 0.038) and hospital beds (156 beds in the LPG vs. 119 beds in the MPG, p < 0.001) per 10,000 population. In the multiple regression analysis, the COVID-19 mortality index was correlated negatively with the number of physicians per hospital bed (ß = -0.543, p = 0.024) and positively with the aging rate (ß = 0.434, p = 0.032) in the LPG, with nonsignificant correlations in the MPG. Conclusions: The data may suggest a need of improvement in the distribution of physicians and hospital beds in the healthcare system in regions with smaller and older populations to reduce the rate of COVID-19.

Multi-Omics of Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection: Calcium Transport Impairment Predisposes Aortas to Dissection.

Several genetic defects, including a mutation in myosin heavy chain 11 (Myh11), are reported to cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (FTAAD). We recently showed that mice lacking K1256 of Myh11 developed aortic dissection when stimulated with angiotensin II, despite the absence of major pathological phenotypic abnormalities prior to stimulation. In this study, we used a comprehensive, data-driven, unbiased, multi-omics approach to find underlying changes in transcription and metabolism that predispose the aorta to dissection in mice harboring the Myh11 K1256del mutation. Pathway analysis of transcriptomes showed that genes involved in membrane transport were downregulated in homozygous mutant (Myh11ΔK/ΔK) aortas. Furthermore, expanding the analysis with metabolomics showed that two mechanisms that raise the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration-multiple calcium channel expression and ADP-ribose synthesis-were attenuated in Myh11ΔK/ΔK aortas. We suggest that the impairment of the Ca2+ influx attenuates aortic contraction and that suboptimal contraction predisposes the aorta to dissection.

Impact of heart failure severity and major bleeding events after percutaneous coronary intervention on subsequent major adverse cardiac events.

Background: Heart failure (HF) is associated with a high bleeding risk after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Additionally, major bleeding events increase the risk of subsequent major adverse cardiac events (MACE). However, whether brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and major bleeding events following PCI are associated with MACE and all-cause death remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of HF severity or bleeding on subsequent MACE and all-cause death. Methods: The Clinical Deep Data Accumulation System (CLIDAS), a multicenter database involving seven hospitals in Japan, was developed to collect data from electronic medical records. This retrospective analysis included 7160 patients who underwent PCI between April 2014 and March 2020 and completed a three-year follow-up. Patients were divided according to the presence of HF with high BNP (HFhBNP) (>100 pg/ml) and major bleeding events within 30 days post-PCI (30-day bleeding): HFhBNP with bleeding (n = 14), HFhBNP without bleeding (n = 370), non-HFhBNP with bleeding (n = 74), and non-HFhBNP without bleeding (n = 6702). Results: In patients without 30-day bleeding, HFhBNP was a risk factor for MACE (hazard ratio, 2.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-3.07) and all-cause death (hazard ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.60-2.23). Among HFhBNP patients, MACE incidence was higher in patients with 30-day bleeding than in those without bleeding, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.075). The incidence of all-cause death was higher in patients with bleeding (p = 0.001). Conclusions: HF with high BNP and bleeding events in the early stage after PCI might be associated with subsequent MACE and all-cause death.

Residual Coronary Risk Factors Associated With Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Treated With High- vs. Low-Dose Statin Therapy　- REAL-CAD Substudy.

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear which comorbidities, other than lipid parameters, or combination of comorbidities, best predicts cardiovascular events in patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD) treated with statins. Therefore, we aimed to identify the nonlipid-related prognostic factors and risk stratification of patients with stable CAD enrolled in the REAL-CAD study.Methods and Results: Blood pressure, glucose level, and renal function were considered as risk factors in the 11,141 enrolled patients. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal ischemic stroke, and unstable angina. The secondary composite endpoint was the primary endpoint and/or coronary revascularization. A significantly worse prognosis at the primary endpoint was observed in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤60 group, and the combination of eGFR ≤60 and HbA1c ≥6.0 was the worst (hazard ratio (HR) 1.66; P<0.001). However, even in the eGFR >60 group, systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg met the secondary endpoint (HR 1.33; P=0.006), and the combination of eGFR ≤60 and HbA1c ≥6.0 was also the worst at the secondary endpoint (HR 1.35; P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Regarding nonlipid prognostic factors contributing to the incidence of cardiovascular events in statin-treated CAD patients, renal dysfunction was the most significant, followed by poor glucose control and high SBP.

Anatomical Targeting of Anticancer Drugs to Solid Tumors Using Specific Administration Routes: Review.

Despite remarkable recent progress in developing anti-cancer agents, outcomes of patients with solid tumors remain unsatisfactory. In general, anti-cancer drugs are systemically administered through peripheral veins and delivered throughout the body. The major problem with systemic chemotherapy is insufficient uptake of intravenous (IV) drugs by targeted tumor tissue. Although dose escalation and treatment intensification have been attempted in order to increase regional concentrations of anti-tumor drugs, these approaches have produced only marginal benefits in terms of patient outcomes, while often damaging healthy organs. To overcome this problem, local administration of anti-cancer agents can yield markedly higher drug concentrations in tumor tissue with less systemic toxicity. This strategy is most commonly used for liver and brain tumors, as well as pleural or peritoneal malignancies. Although the concept is theoretically reasonable, survival benefits are still limited. This review summarizes clinical results and problems and discusses future directions of regional cancer therapy with local administration of chemotherapeutants.

Differential prediction of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I, but not N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, in different pitavastatin doses on cardiovascular events in stable coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine whether high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I (hsTnI) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) could predict future major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with high- or low-dose of pitavastatin. METHODS: This was a case-cohort analysis of the REAL-CAD study, a randomized trial of high- or low-dose (4 or 1 mg/day) pitavastatin therapy in patients with stable CAD. We examined the MACE risk according to the quartile of hsTnI and NT-proBNP at baseline. RESULTS: A total of 1336 and 1396 patients including 582 MACE cases were randomly examined into the hsTnI and NT-proBNP cohort, respectively. Both higher levels of hsTnI and NT-proBNP at baseline were significantly associated with increased risk of MACE (p < 0.001, respectively). When separately analyzed in statin dose, the higher marker levels were significantly associated with higher MACE risk in all cohorts (p < 0.001 in all cohorts). After multivariable adjustment, hsTnI levels were significantly associated with MACE risk in low-dose statin group (HR 2.54, p = 0.0001); however, in high-dose pitavastatin therapy, a significant association was diminished in MACE risk among the quartiles of baseline hsTnI levels (p = 0.154). Conversely in the NT-proBNP cohort, the association between NT-proBNP levels and MACE risk was constantly observed regardless of pitavastatin dose even after multivariable adjustment (both p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with high hsTnI levels had high risk of MACE in low-dose statin group, but not in high-dose, suggesting that high-dose statin treatment might decrease MACE risk in stable CAD patients with high hsTnI levels.