Dual PD-L1/SOX10 Immunohistochemistry Combined With Digital Imaging Enhances Stratification Accuracy of Patients With Metastatic Melanoma.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has demonstrated an overall survival benefit in patients with advanced melanoma. Though the significance of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on melanoma cells as a predictive biomarker of response remains inconclusive, some reports indicate that a PD-L1 expression of <1% of tumor cells may be associated with better outcomes with dual immunotherapy. Adequate patient selection for combination therapy is critical given the higher frequency of adverse effects compared with monotherapy. Immunohistochemical (IHC) PD-L1 interpretation in tumor cells is challenging when inflammatory cells are present and cutoffs are low. We studied 36 metastatic melanoma biopsies from Immune checkpoint inhibitor-naive patients, previously stained and scored for PD-L1 IHC using the tumor proportion score (TPS). Cases were classified into 3 groups: <1%, 1% to 5%, and >5%. After de-coverslipping, SRY-related HMG-box-10 (SOX10) IHC was performed on PD-L1 IHC slides with a red chromogen, and subsequently scanned and scored by ≥2 dermatopathologists. This assessment determined that 25% of cases (9/36) had a TPS ≥ 1%, in contrast to the single IHC assay (63.8%). The majority of the 1-5% group (11/13, 84.6%) underwent a change of category to <1% TPS. In the >5% group, 60% of cases (6/10) were downgraded to <1% and 1% to 5% (4 and 2 cases, respectively). Our study suggests that PD-L1 IHC evaluation could benefit from dual PD-L1/SOX10 IHC. Dual IHC is expected to decrease the interference caused by PD-L1 expression on inflammatory cells, and digital imaging proves useful for the preservation and analysis of stains. Refining PD-L1 evaluation in metastatic melanoma may improve clinical decisions between single and combination immunotherapy, with potentially profound consequences in response and quality of life.

Stem cell activity-coupled suppression of endogenous retrovirus governs adult tissue regeneration.

Mammalian retrotransposons constitute 40% of the genome. During tissue regeneration, adult stem cells coordinately repress retrotransposons and activate lineage genes, but how this coordination is controlled is poorly understood. Here, we observed that dynamic expression of histone methyltransferase SETDB1 (a retrotransposon repressor) closely mirrors stem cell activities in murine skin. SETDB1 ablation leads to the reactivation of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs, a type of retrotransposon) and the assembly of viral-like particles, resulting in hair loss and stem cell exhaustion that is reversible by antiviral drugs. Mechanistically, at least two molecularly and spatially distinct pathways are responsible: antiviral defense mediated by hair follicle stem cells and progenitors and antiviral-independent response due to replication stress in transient amplifying cells. ERV reactivation is promoted by DNA demethylase ten-eleven translocation (TET)-mediated hydroxymethylation and recapitulated by ablating cell fate transcription factors. Together, we demonstrated ERV silencing is coupled with stem cell activity and essential for adult hair regeneration.

Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum-Like Features in Poroma: An Unusual Morphologic Pattern of Poroma or True Synchronous Occurrence of 2 Distinct Neoplasms?

ABSTRACT: Poromas are benign adnexal neoplasms of eccrine origin, believed to arise from the outer layer of acrosyringia and upper dermal eccrine ducts, with a predilection for glabrous skin. They typically present as a pink or red papule with a surrounding thin moat on the palms and soles. We report a case of poroma with histopathologic features reminiscent of syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP). A 70-year-old woman presented with a 2.0 cm pedunculated nodule on the left suprapubic abdomen. Histopathologically, the lesion predominantly displayed features of a conventional poroma but also included areas with endophytic invaginations lined by large, plump epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and occasional decapitation secretion, alongside a stroma rich in plasma cells-characteristics suggestive of SCAP. However, definitive bilayers with myoepithelial cells were not observed. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the tumor cells were positive for TRPS1 (particularly around SCAP-like areas) and CEA (indicating ductal differentiation), but negative for BRAF V600E and NUT. The diagnosis of poroma with apocrine differentiation mimicking SCAP was favored. This unusual morphologic variation in poromas is rare, with fewer than 5 cases documented in the literature. These SCAP-like features likely represent a variation within the morphologic spectrum of poromas rather than the presence of 2 synchronous tumors. Our case highlights the importance of recognizing such variations in poroid neoplasms to ensure accurate diagnosis.

Mucosal Melanoma: Review from a Pathologist Point of View.

Mucosal melanomas are rare malignant tumors arising from the epithelia lining the inner mucosal surfaces of the body. Unlike cutaneous melanoma, we have a limited understanding of mucosal melanomas is currently limited. Mucosal melanomas are characterized by genetic alterations quite distinct from cutaneous melanomas; however, their causative and promoting factors are unknown. These melanomas are characteristically diagnosed at a later stage due to their occult locations, leading to a worse prognosis. Dedicated staging systems for mucosal melanomas exist only for sinonasal and conjunctival melanomas. Therefore, risk stratification of patients with mucosal melanomas, particularly those arising from the anogenital area, is challenging. Recent studies have shown that minor modifications of the AJCC 8th Edition cutaneous melanoma staging system can group patients fairly robustly; however, the proposed T-categorization systems have yet to be validated in larger cohorts. We summarize the demographic, clinical, histopathologic, and molecular features of common subtypes of mucosal melanomas and highlight the outstanding needs in this field.

Digital Papillary Adenocarcinoma: The Detection of Low-Risk Human Papillomaviruses and the BRAF p.V600E Mutation in a Subset of Cases.

Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPA) is a rare malignant neoplasm which arises from the sweat glands and has metastatic potential. DPA exhibits a wide range of architectural features and exhibits low-grade to high-grade features, so distinguishing DPA from benign skin neoplasms, including acral hidradenoma, poses significant diagnostic challenges. The recent literature suggests a strong association between DPA and human papillomavirus (HPV) 42, a low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) subtype, and a possible association between DPA and BRAF p.V600E. To explore these associations, we assessed the utility of in situ hybridization (ISH) for LR-HPV (types 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for BRAF p.V600E in diagnosing DPA and distinguishing DPA from acral hidradenoma. With institutional review board approval, we retrospectively identified 15 specimens of DPA (from 13 patients) and 3 cases of acral hidradenoma. Of the 13 DPA cases, 6 were negative for LR-HPV and BRAF p.V600E; 6 were positive for only LR-HPV; and 1 was positive for only BRAF p.V600E but negative for LR-HPV. All three cases of acral hidradenoma were negative for LR-HPV and BRAF p.V600E. As our sample size is limited, larger studies are needed to assess the value of detecting LR-HPV and BRAF p.V600E in the distinction of DPA and acral hidradenoma. However, our findings indicate a stronger association of DPA with LR-HPV than with BRAF p.V600E.

Histologic and Genomic Analysis of Conjunctival SCC in African and American Cohorts Reveal UV Light and HPV Signatures and High Tumor Mutation Burden.

Purpose: Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (conjSCC) is more prevalent and aggressive in sub-Saharan African countries compared with the rest of the world. This study aims to compare the genomic, immunophenotypic, and histologic features between patients from the United States and Ethiopia, to identify etiopathogenic mechanisms and unveil potential treatment strategies. Methods: We compared histologic features and mutational profiles using whole exome sequencing, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) status, PD-L1 expression, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in conjSCC tumors of patients from Ethiopia (ETH; n = 25) and the United States (from MD Anderson [the MDA cohort]; n = 29). Genomic alterations were compared with SCCs from other anatomic sites using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Results: Solar elastosis was seen in 78% of ETH and 10% of MDA samples. Thicker tumors had higher density of CD8+ and CD3+ cells. HPV status was similar between the cohorts (ETH = 21% and MDA = 28%). The mean tumor mutation burden (TMB) was significantly higher in conjSCC (3.01/Mb, log10) and cutaneous SCC compared other SCC subtypes. ETH samples had higher TMB compared to the MDA cohort (3.34 vs. 2.73). Mutations in genes associated with ultraviolet light (UV) signature were most frequently encountered (SBS7b = 74% and SBS7a = 72%), with higher prevalence in the ETH cohort, whereas SBS2 and SBS13 signatures were more common among MDA HPV+ conjSCCs. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that UV exposure may play a major role in conjSCC, with a higher prevalence in the ETH cohort compared with the MDA cohort, where HPV also contributes.

Complete Response to Immunotherapy Using Pembrolizumab in a Patient With Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Nodal Metastasis.

A 92-year-old woman presented with a large bulbar conjunctival mass in the OD. She also had a palpable parotid mass which on fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed to be metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. The conjunctival mass was biopsied to confirm the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma with positive programmed cell death ligand 1 expression and a high tumor mutation burden. She was treated with pembrolizumab and had complete resolution of the conjunctival mass and the associated parotid metastasis after just 2 cycles of treatment. This case underscores the promising role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, especially when surgery is associated with significant ocular morbidity, in patients who may not be good surgical candidates, or in patients with metastasis.

Differential Upregulation of Th1/Th17-Associated Proteins and PD-L1 in Granulomatous Mycosis Fungoides.

Granulomatous Mycosis Fungoides (GMF) is a rare form of mycosis fungoides (MF) characterized by a granulomatous infiltrate associated with the neoplastic lymphoid population and is considered to have a worse prognosis compared with regular MF. The upregulation of the T helper (Th) axis, especially Th17, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory/infectious granulomatous cutaneous diseases, but its role in GMF is still not elucidated to date. In this study, we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of Th1 (Tbet), Th2 (GATA-3), Th17 (RORγT), T regulatory (Foxp3), and immune checkpoint (IC) (PD-1 and PD-L1) markers in a cohort of patients with GMF and MF with large cell transformation (MFLCT). Skin biopsies from 49 patients (28 GMF and 21 MFLCT) were studied. Patients with GMF were associated with early clinical stage (p = 0.036) and lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.042). An increased percentage of cells positive for Tbet (p = 0.017), RORγT (p = 0.001), and PD-L1 (p = 0.011) was also observed among the GMF specimens, while a stronger PD-1 intensity was detected in cases of MFLCT. In this cohort, LCT, RORγT < 10%, Foxp3 < 10%, age, and advanced stage were associated with worse overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis. GMF demonstrated Th1 (cellular response) and Th17 (autoimmunity) phenotype, seen in early MF and granulomatous processes, respectively, which may be related to the histopathological appearance and biological behavior of GMF. Further studies involving larger series of cases and more sensitive techniques are warranted.

Spitz melanocytic neoplasms with MLPH::ALK fusions: Report of two cases with previously unreported features and literature review.

ALK-fused Spitz melanocytic neoplasms are a distinct subgroup of melanocytic lesions exhibiting unique histopathologic characteristics. These lesions often manifest as exophytic or polypoid tumors, characterized by fusiform-to-epithelioid melanocytes arranged in a nested, fascicular, or plexiform growth pattern. Several fusion partners of the ALK gene have been identified in spitzoid melanocytic neoplasms, with TPM3 and DCTN1 being the most prevalent. Less common fusion partners include NPM1, TPR, CLIP1, GTF3C2, EEF2, MYO5A, KANK1, and EHBP1. The MLPH gene, which encodes melanophilin (MLPH), playing a crucial role in regulating skin pigmentation by acting as a linker between RAB27A and myosin Va during melanosome transport, has also recently been recognized as a rare fusion partner of ALK in Spitz melanocytic neoplasms. Currently, there exists a sparse documentation within English literature, illustrating a limited number of cases featuring MLPH::ALK fusion in Spitz melanocytic neoplasms. In this report, we present two additional cases, including a previously unreported instance of Spitz melanoma, contributing to the expanding knowledge on ALK-fused Spitz melanocytic neoplasms. In addition, we provide a comprehensive review of the clinical, histopathologic, and molecular features observed in documented cases with this novel fusion.

TRPS1 expression in non-melanocytic cutaneous neoplasms: an immunohistochemical analysis of 200 cases.

BACKGROUND: Although trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) was initially thought to be highly sensitive and specific for carcinomas and mesenchymal tumors of mammary origin, more recent data suggest its expression is not limited to breast neoplasms but also can be seen in other cutaneous neoplasms, such as extramammary Paget disease and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ. METHODS: Two-hundred cases of non-melanocytic cutaneous neoplasm, including basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) (n = 41), SCCs (n = 35), Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) (n = 25), and adnexal neoplasms (n = 99), were tested for TRPS1 expression using a monoclonal anti- TRPS1 rabbit anti-human antibody. RESULTS: TRPS1 expression was present in almost all cases of SCC (94%), with a median H-score of 200, while it was either absent or only focally present in most BCCs (90%), with a median H-score of 5. The difference between BCCs and SCCs in H-score was significant (p < .001). All MCCs (100%) lacked TRPS1 expression. TRPS1 expression was frequently seen in most adnexal neoplasms, benign and malignant, in variable intensity and proportion but was consistently absent in apocrine carcinomas. All endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinomas (EMPSGCs) (100%, 6/6) showed diffuse and strong TRPS1 immunoreactivity, with a median H-score of 300, which was significantly different (p < .001) than that of BCCs. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that TRPS1 may be an effective discriminatory marker for BCCs and SCCs. It also has a role in distinguishing BCCs from EMPSGCs.

Nectin-4 expression in a subset of cutaneous adnexal carcinomas: A potential target for therapy with enfortumab vedotin.

BACKGROUND: Enfortumab vedotin (EV) is an antibody-drug conjugate directed against Nectin-4 that is used to treat urothelial carcinoma. Nectin-4 is inherently expressed in the skin and adnexal structures. Since therapeutic options for cutaneous adnexal carcinomas are limited, we sought to evaluate Nectin-4 expression in adnexal carcinomas and benign adnexal neoplasms to identify tumors that are potentially targetable with EV. METHODS: Eight sebaceous carcinomas (seven periocular and one lymph node metastasis), eight digital papillary adenocarcinomas, seven squamoid eccrine ductal carcinomas, eight poromas, eight trichilemmomas, and seven sebaceous adenomas were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for anti-Nectin-4 antibody. H-scores for Nectin-4 expression were calculated. RESULTS: Benign adnexal neoplasms had a significantly lower mean (±SD) Nectin-4 H-score (142.6 ± 39.1) than did the adnexal carcinomas (198 ± 90.8; p = 0.006). Nectin-4 was expressed in 91% (21/23) of adnexal carcinomas. Sebaceous carcinomas frequently exhibited high expression of Nectin-4 (88% [7/8]), with a mean (±SD) H-score (258.1 ± 58.4) significantly higher than those for digital papillary adenocarcinomas (197.5 ± 52.5; p = 0.035) and squamoid eccrine ductal carcinomas (131.4 ± 114.1; p = 0.031). Sebaceous carcinomas also had significantly higher H-scores than did sebaceous adenomas (186.4 ± 25.0; p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Increased Nectin-4 expression in a subset of cutaneous adnexal carcinomas, particularly sebaceous carcinomas, reveals that EV is a potential therapeutic option for these tumors.

TRPS1 expression in primary and secondary extramammary Paget diseases: An immunohistochemical analysis of 93 cases.

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) predominantly manifests de novo as primary EMPD, with less than 30 % of cases associated with underlying internal malignancy (secondary EMPD). Differentiating primary from secondary EMPDs based solely on histopathology poses challenges, often necessitating supplementary screening, such as endoscopy or imaging studies, to definitively exclude underlying carcinomas like colonic adenocarcinoma. Recently, TRPS1 immunohistochemistry, initially identified as a sensitive and specific marker for carcinomas and mesenchymal tumors of mammary origin, has been proposed for EMPD. In this study, we conducted a systematic assessment of TRPS1 expression across 93 EMPD cases, comprising 82 primary EMPDs and 11 secondary EMPDs. Our aim was to assess the potential utility of TRPS1 as a marker to differentiate between primary and secondary EMPDs. Our findings revealed that 88 % (72/82) of primary EMPDs displayed TRPS1 expression, while secondary EMPDs consistently lacked TRPS1 expression (100 %; 11/11). Within the primary EMPD group, consistent TRPS1 immunoreactivity was observed in lesions originating outside the perianal region, such as the groin/inguinal area, axilla, and trunk. Interestingly, a majority (91 %; 10/11) of primary EMPDs originating in the perianal region exhibited an absence of TRPS1 expression. Upon excluding cases of perianal primary EMPDs, the sensitivity and specificity of TRPS1 for primary EMPDs reached 100 %. Our findings suggest that TRPS1 expression holds notable sensitivity and specificity for primary EMPDs, particularly when arising from non-perianal cutaneous sites. Hence, in suitable clinical contexts, TRPS1 immunohistochemistry may emerge as a promising and valuable tool for distinguishing primary and secondary EMPDs.

Phenotypic switch in mycosis fungoides: A tertiary cancer center experience.

BACKGROUND: Changes in immunophenotype in mycosis fungoides (MF) are rarely reported, making this phenomenon a diagnostic challenge with unclear significance for the disease's biological behavior. This study examines a large series of MF patients who exhibited a phenotype switch (PS) and analyzes their clinical and histopathologic characteristics. DESIGN: Institutional files were searched for MF cases exhibiting PS between 2010 and 2020. Clinical, follow-up, and histopathological data were collected. RESULTS: Forty-two biopsies from 32 patients (13 women and 19 men, median age 67.5) showed PS. Eight patients (25 %) experienced multiple PS during their disease course. The median time for PS was 22 months from the initial diagnosis. In 5 cases tested, identical TCR clone peaks were detected in the immunophenotypically distinct lesions. Median follow-up was 14.5 months. Among deceased patients, median time from MF diagnosis to PS was 20.6 months, while among the patients who were still alive, median time was 44.1 months. CONCLUSION: MF biopsies can show PS during the course of the disease and may indicate a change in clinical behavior. 28.1 % of patients displayed more than one PS, further indicating high plasticity of MF cells. No obvious association was found between PS and therapy initiation or response. Features that appeared to portend a worse clinical course were earlier PS in the course of the disease and PS from CD4-/CD8-to CD8+, and CD8+ to CD4-/CD8-. Awareness of this phenomenon is crucial to avoid misdiagnosing phenotypically distinct lymphomas as second primaries and to alert clinicians about potential changes in the disease's clinical course.

Outcomes of Treatment With Neoadjuvant Cemiplimab for Patients With Advanced, Resectable Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Secondary Analysis of a Phase 2 Clinical Trial.

This secondary analysis of a phase 2 clinical trial examines long-term survival for resectable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck according to pathologic response.

PRAME and LEF1 in Combined Deep Penetrating Nevus and Combined Blue Nevus: Utility and Pitfalls.

ABSTRACT: Deep penetrating nevi (DPN), particularly those showing combined features, or combined deep penetrating nevi (CDPN), may show histopathological resemblance to blue nevus (BN) and melanoma. Preferentially Expressed Antigen in MElanoma (PRAME) is a marker that helps distinguish melanoma from benign melanocytic lesions. Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) has been proposed to be used in conjunction with ß-catenin for diagnosis of DPN. The immunohistochemical expression of PRAME and LEF1 was evaluated in 10 DPN (including 6 CDPN and 2 DPN-like proliferations with atypical features), 16 BN (including combined and cellular BN), and 2 melanomas with features of DPN or BN. PRAME was negative in most DPN (n = 10/10, n = 9/10, one case with discrepancy between readers) and all BN (n = 16/16), while the 2 melanomas included were positive (n = 2/2). All DPN were positive for LEF1 (n = 9/9) while only a subset of BN were positive (n = 6/16, P = 0.0028; n = 5/16, P = 0.001, per both readers). LEF1 seemed to be easier to interpret than ß-catenin because of its nuclear pattern of expression. The expression of LEF1 in the regular nevus component of combined BN presents a potential pitfall in practice because it may lead to misinterpretation of LEF1 as positive in the BN component of the lesion. However, a subset (approximately one-third) of combined BN seemed to show true LEF1 expression. Taking into account pitfalls in interpretation, the combinatorial panel of PRAME and LEF1, in addition to conventional histopathological features, may be useful to distinguish CDPN from combined BN and other benign and malignant mimics.

Telomerase reverse transcriptase immunohistochemical expression is sensitive but not specific for TERT gene amplification in acral melanoma.

BACKGROUND: TERT gene amplification (TGA) is a mechanism of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) upregulation frequently utilized by acral melanomas (AMs). Currently, the utility of TERT immunohistochemistry (IHC) to predict TGA status in AMs is poorly documented. METHODS: AMs (26 primary and 3 metastatic) and non-acral cutaneous melanomas (6 primary) were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using anti-TERT antibody to demonstrate protein expression and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess genomic copy number alteration. The relationship between TERT immunoreactivity and TGA confirmed by FISH was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: TERT expression was seen in 50% (13/26) of primary and 100% (3/3) of metastatic AMs and 50% (3/6) of primary non-acral cutaneous melanomas. TGA was found in 15% (4/26) and 67% (2/3) of primary and metastatic AMs and 17% (1/6) of non-acral cutaneous melanomas. The intensity of TERT immunoreactivity correlated with TGA (p = 0.04) and a higher TERT copy number-to-control ratio in AMs, with a correlation coefficient of 0.41 (p = 0.03). The sensitivity and specificity of TERT immunoreactivity for predicting TGA in AMs were 100% and 57%, with corresponding positive and negative predictive values of 38% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical utility of TERT IHC to predict TGA status in AMs appears to be limited given its low specificity and positive predictive value.

Beta-Blocker Use Is Associated With Worse Relapse-Free Survival in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer.

PURPOSE: Although beta-blockers (BBs) have been hypothesized to exert a beneficial effect on cancer survival through inhibition of beta-adrenergic signaling pathways, clinical data on this issue have been inconsistent. We investigated the impact of BBs on survival outcomes and efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma, or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (skin SCC), independent of comorbidity status or cancer treatment regimen. METHODS: Patients (N = 4,192) younger than 65 years with HNSCC, NSCLC, melanoma, or skin SCC treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2010 to 2021 were included. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analyses adjusting for age, sex, TNM staging, comorbidities, and treatment modalities were performed to assess the effect of BBs on survival outcomes. RESULTS: In patients with HNSCC (n = 682), BB use was associated with worse OS and DFS (OS: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.67; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.62; P = .027; DFS: aHR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.63; P = .027), with DSS trending to significance (DSS: aHR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.96 to 2.41; P = .072). Negative effects of BBs were not observed in the patients with NSCLC (n = 2,037), melanoma (n = 1,331), or skin SCC (n = 123). Furthermore, decreased response to cancer treatment was observed in patients with HNSCC with BB use (aHR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.38; P = .022). CONCLUSION: The effect of BBs on cancer survival outcomes is heterogeneous and varies according to cancer type and immunotherapy status. In this study, BB intake was associated with worse DSS and DFS in patients with head and neck cancer not treated with immunotherapy, but not in patients with NSCLC or skin cancer.

Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Detection in the Age of Advanced Technology: A Review.

Skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis in the United States, with approximately one in five Americans expected to be diagnosed within their lifetime. Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most prevalent type of skin cancer, and as cases rise globally, physicians need reliable tools for early detection. Artificial intelligence has gained substantial interest as a decision support tool in medicine, particularly in image analysis, where deep learning has proven to be an effective tool. Because specialties such as dermatology rely primarily on visual diagnoses, deep learning could have many diagnostic applications, including the diagnosis of skin cancer. Furthermore, with the advancement of mobile smartphones and their increasingly powerful cameras, deep learning technology could also be utilized in remote skin cancer screening applications. Ultimately, the available data for the detection and diagnosis of skin cancer using deep learning technology are promising, revealing sensitivity and specificity that are not inferior to those of trained dermatologists. Work is still needed to increase the clinical use of AI-based tools, but based on the current data and the attitudes of patients and physicians, deep learning technology could be used effectively as a clinical decision-making tool in collaboration with physicians to improve diagnostic efficiency and accuracy.

Review of the Tumor Microenvironment in Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

It is widely known that tumor cells of basal and squamous cell carcinoma interact with the cellular and acellular components of the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth and progression. While this environment differs for basal and squamous cell carcinoma, the cellular players within both create an immunosuppressed environment by downregulating effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and promoting the release of pro-oncogenic Th2 cytokines. Understanding the crosstalk that occurs within the tumor microenvironment has led to the development of immunotherapeutic agents, including vismodegib and cemiplimab to treat BCC and SCC, respectively. However, further investigation of the TME will provide the opportunity to discover novel treatment options.