Developing The Spiritual Health Curriculum Approach Based on Tyler's Model in Iran.

Background: Spiritual health education is known as an important element in its implementation in the health system, which has different approaches to its implementation. Spiritual health has a positive effect on health, longevity, and recovery from physical ailments. Without spirituality education, education cannot function properly in biological, psychological, spiritual, and social dimensions or reach its maximum capacity. The present study aimed to develop the spiritual health curriculum approach based on Tyler's model in Iran between 2020 and 2021. Methods: In this qualitative study, by using a directed content analysis method and using validated curriculum models (Tyler's model), we developed a new spiritual health curriculum approach for Iranian society. This study was done between April 2021 and February 2022. Results: Because the spiritual health curriculum in Iran should be based on the philosophical and social principles of Iran, a new approach to spiritual health education based on Tyler's model was developed. Conclusion: Tyler's Iranian-Islamic model, which is suitable for our Iranian-Islamic culture and is valid for developing spirituality, was introduced.

Spirituality in medical education: a concept analysis.

Spirituality in medical education is an abstract multifaceted concept, related to the healthcare system. As a significant dimension of health, the importance and promotion of this concept has received considerable attention all over the world. However, it is still an abstract concept and its use in different contexts leads to different perceptions, thereby causing challenges. In this regard, the study aimed to clarify the existing ambiguities of the concept of spirituality in medical education. Walker and Avant (Strategies for theory construction in nursing, Prentice Hall, Boston, 2011) concept analysis eight-step approach was used. After an extensive review of online national and international databases from 2000 to 2015, 180 articles and 3 books in English and Persian were retrieved for the purposes of the study. Analysis revealed that the defining attributes of spirituality in medical education are: teaching with all heart and soul, Life inspiring, ontological multidimensional connectedness, religious-secular spectrum, and socio-cultural intricacies. Moreover, innate wisdom, skillful treatment, transcendent education, and environmental requirements were antecedents to this concept, with the health of body and soul, intrapersonal development and elevation, and responsive treatment and education being its consequences. The defining attributes provided in this study can assist physicians, instructors, and professors to develop and implement evidence-based, health based and comprehensive education plans according to the guidelines of professional ethics and qualification of using spirituality in practice. The clarification of the noted concept facilitates further development of medical knowledge, research, and research instruments.

Data on the knowledge, attitude, and performance of Ph.D. students attending an educational course (Tehran, Iran).

The Department of Medical Education of Iran University of Medical Sciences organized a workshop on empowerment and familiarity with the teaching and learning principles. The data presented here is based on the effectiveness of this workshop. This data was acquired from 29 postgraduates who take part in a two-day educational course and instructional design workshop. The samples were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection tool was a questionnaire that consisted of 5 questions for demographic variables, 20 question about attitude and satisfaction, 30 questions on knowledge as pretest and posttest, and 3 questions about behavior and performance. The descriptive statistics of data were analyzed using SPSS-14. The mean score of pre-test and post-test in case of knowledge, attitude, and performance in teaching and instructional design were calculated. In addition, the viewpoints of educational departments on the third level of Kirkpatrick׳s model i.e. the students' post-workshop behavior change (transferring learning to the workplace) were obtained.

Integration of Spirituality in Medical Education in Iran: A Qualitative Exploration of Requirements.

Background. Healthcare system has needed to provide spiritual services, and one of the reasons for not addressing spirituality in this field is lack of training in this area. This study purpose is to explore and identify main requirements for designing this education, in Iran. Materials and Methods. This is a qualitative study with conventional content analysis method. 18 participants, who were main stakeholders in spirituality, medical education, and curriculum development, were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using semistructured interviews, which continued until data saturation. Results. Three main themes and their categories were extracted from analysis of data. The themes are (1) educational needs including clinical practice needs; (2) opportunities including rich background and backup, perceived clinical need, and right context of medical education for change; and (3) challenges including challenges in academic planning and barriers to implementation. Conclusion. All stakeholders acknowledged the need for addressing spirituality in formal medical education. It seems that implementation of such programs requires attention to facilitating factors and challenges proposed by those involved.