Understanding the role of sex hormones in cancer for the transgender community.

Sex hormones are crucial for the body's development and function. Therefore, many transgender people seek hormone therapy as part of their transition. However, sex hormones modulate cancer risk. Studying sex hormones in cisgender and transgender populations will improve our knowledge of their biological role in cancer and reduce health disparities.

A new perspective of the structural complexity of HCMV-specific T-cell responses.

BACKGROUND: In studies exploring the effects of HCMV infection on immune system aging ('immunosenescence'), after organ transplantation or in other settings, HCMV-specific T-cell responses are often assessed with respect to purportedly 'immunodominant' protein subunits. However, the response structure in terms of recognized antigens and response hierarchies (architecture) is not well understood and actual correlates of immune protection are not known. METHODS: We explored the distribution of T-cell response sizes and dominance hierarchies as well as response breadth in 33 HCMV responders with respect to >200 HCMV proteins. RESULTS: At the individual responder level HCMV-specific T-cell responses were generally arranged in clear dominance hierarchies; interestingly, the number of proteins recognized by an individual correlated closely with the size of their biggest response. Target-specificity varied considerably between donors and across hierarchy levels with the presence, size, and hierarchy position of responses to purportedly 'immunodominant' targets being unpredictable. CONCLUSIONS: Predicting protective immunity based on isolated HCMV subunit-specific T-cell responses is questionable in light of the complex architecture of the overall response. Our findings have important implications for T-cell monitoring, intervention strategies, as well as the application of animal models to the understanding of human infection.