Beneficial effects of apremilast on genital ulcers, skin lesions, and arthritis in patients with Behçet's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the clinical efficacy of apremilast for oral ulcers (OUs), extra-oral manifestations, and overall disease activity in patients with Behçet's disease (BD). METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science Core Collection. Studies assessing the treatment effects of apremilast in BD were included. The odds ratios (ORs) of being symptom-free for individual manifestations and mean difference (MD) of Behçet's Disease Current Activity Form (BDCAF) scores were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at 12 and 24 weeks using a random-model meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of 259 screened articles, eight were included. After 12 weeks of apremilast treatment the OR of symptom-free was as followings: OUs, 45.76 (95% CI, 13.23-158.31); genital ulcers, 4.56 (95% CI, 2.47-8.44); erythema nodosum, 3.59 (95% CI, 1.11-11.61); pseudofolliculitis, 2.81 (95% CI, 1.29-6.15); and arthritis, 3.55 (95% CI, 1.71-7.40). Furthermore, BDCAF scores at 12 weeks were significantly reduced (MD=-1.38; -1.78 to -0.99). However, the proportion of oral-ulcer-free patients increased at 24 weeks (OR = 14.88; 4.81 to 46.07). CONCLUSIONS: The currently accumulated data indicate an improvement in mucocutaneous and articular symptoms by short-term apremilast treatment in patients with BD.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) with COVID-19: Insights from simultaneous familial Kawasaki Disease cases.

Recently, an increasing number of SARS-CoV-2 patients with COVID-19 syndrome, which overlaps with Kawasaki Disease (KD), have been reported, supporting the suggestion that infection is one of the triggers of KD. We summarized the reports of simultaneous familial KD cases to better understand the etiopathogenesis of both KD and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) related to COVID-19. Here we discuss the etiology of these syndromes from the point of view of infection and genetic susceptibility.

First report of hepatobiliary Mycobacterium avium infection developing obstructive jaundice in a patient with neutralizing anti-interferon-gamma autoantibodies.

This study describes a patient who experienced hepatobiliary Mycobacterium avium infection associated with neutralizing anti-interferon gamma (IFN-γ) autoantibodies during treatment for disseminated M. avium disease. Hepatobiliary M. avium infection should be considered in jaundiced patients with neutralizing anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies, including those receiving antimycobacterial therapy for disseminated M. avium disease.

Health-related QOL of elderly patients with pulmonary M. avium complex disease in a university hospital.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the clinical characteristics and health-related quality of life (HQOL) of elderly patients with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (pMAC) disease. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate HQOL using the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and to investigate the predictors of HQOL changes among elderly patients with pMAC disease. METHODS: This prospective cohort registry was conducted at Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between May 2012 and July 2015 and included 84 patients with pMAC disease aged 75 years who had completed the HQOL questionnaire and 48 patients with pMAC disease who had been followed up and completed the HQOL questionnaire in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, respectively. RESULTS: In cross-sectional analyses, elderly patients with pMAC disease had significantly lower role-physical, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional and role/social component scores than the general Japanese elderly population. Analysis of covariance revealed that patients with cavitary lesions had significantly worse physical functioning and SGRQ scores (P < 0.05). Longitudinal analysis showed that under-treatment, short duration of disease and positive sputum smear at baseline were predictors of worse HQOL at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with pMAC disease have reduced HQOL. Further large studies on HQOL are required to refine the use of this parameter in the treatment of these patients.

Comparison of antipseudomonal ß-lactams for febrile neutropenia empiric therapy: systematic review and network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness and safety of antipseudomonal ß-lactam empiric monotherapy for febrile neutropenia by network meta-analysis. METHODS: Searches using Pubmed, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE and Web of Science Core Collection were carried out in June 2016. English articles, non-English articles, full-length articles, short articles and conference abstracts were allowed. Eligible trial design was a parallel-group individual randomization. We included febrile neutropenia adult and paediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy for either solid tumours or haematological malignancies and treated with intravenous antipseudomonal ß-lactams for initial empiric therapy. Protocol was registered with PROSPERO ID 42016043377. RESULTS: Of 1275 articles detected by the search, 50 studies with 10 872 patients were finally included. Among the guideline-recommended cefepime, meropenem, imipenem/cilastatin, piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftazidime; imipenem/cilastatin showed the highest odds of treatment success without modification, which was the primary endpoint, based on the random-effect model network analysis. Ceftazidime was related to lower treatment success rate without modification compared with imipenem/cilastatin with OR of 0.71 (95% CI 0.57-0.89, p 0.006). Imipenem/cilastatin showed the lowest odds of all-cause death. Patients treated with cefepime had higher risk for all-cause death compared with those treated with imipenem/cilastatin (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.11-3.78, p 0.029). Any adverse event was significantly more prevalent in the imipenem/cilastatin arm; however, there was no difference concerning adverse events leading to discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Imipenem/cilastatin, piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem may be reasonable first-choice medications for empiric therapy of febrile neutropenia.

Gene expression signatures associated with the resistance to imatinib.

Imatinib (imatinib mesylate, STI-571, Gleevec) is a selective BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been used as a highly effective chemoagent for treating chronic myelogenous leukemia. However, the initial response to imatinib is often followed by the recurrence of a resistant form of the disease, which is major obstacle to many therapeutic modalities. The aim of this study was to identify the gene expression signatures that confer resistance to imatinib. A series of four resistant K562 sublines was established with different imatinib dosage (200, 400, 600 and 800 nM) and analyzed using microarray technology. The transcripts of the genes showing universal or dose-dependent expression changes across the resistant sublines were identified. The gene sets associated with the imatinib-resistance were also identified using gene set enrichment analysis. In the resistant K562 sublines, the transcription- and apoptosis-related expression signatures were upregulated, whereas those related to the protein and energy metabolism were downregulated. Several genes identified in this study such as IGF1 and RAB11A have the potential to become surrogate markers useful in a clinical evaluation of imatinib-resistant patients without BCR-ABL mutation. The expression signatures identified in this study provide insights into the mechanism of imatinib-resistance and are expected to facilitate the development of an effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategy.