[Intraosseous blockades and local injection of HYALREPAIR-02 Chondroreparant combination in low back pain treatment]. / Sochetanie vnutrikostnykh blokad i vnutrimyshechnoi lokal'noi in"ektsionnoi terapii s primeneniem flakonnoi formy Gialripaier 02 Khondroreparant pri lechenii boli v spine.

OBJECTIVE: Studying the effectiveness of the combined use of intraosseous blockades (IOB) and intramuscular local injection therapy using bottled forms of HYALREPAIR-02 Chondroreparant 02/10 in patients with lumbar dorsopathy and recurrent back pain syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 30 patients (16 men and 14 women) with chronic recurrent lumbar dorsopathy with pain and myofascial syndromes were examined. Group 1 included 17 patients, whose treatment included the use of IOB and intramuscular local injection therapy using bottled forms of HYALREPAIR-02 Chondroreparant 02/10. Group 2 included 13 patients who received only IOB. To assess the pain syndrome, a visual analogue pain scale (VAS), a Russian version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPBI), and a body diagram questionnaire were used. RESULTS: After the course of treatment, in both groups there was a decrease in the severity of pain according to VAS, RMBO, and a decrease in the area of pain distribution according to the Body Scheme questionnaire (p<0.05). The values on the RMBO questionnaire in both groups also decreased by more than 2 times compared to the initial value. A statistically more significant regression of pain syndrome and a decrease in disability were noted in group 1 (p<0.05). 2 months after the end of the course of treatment, the pain syndrome did not recur in any patient. Within 3 to 6 months, back pain recurred in 4 (23.5%) patients of the 1st group and in 6 (46.2%) patients of the 2nd group. A total of 90 IOB procedures were performed; no complications or side effects were noted. CONCLUSION: The combination of IOB and intramuscular local injection therapy using the vial form of HYALREPAIR-02 Chondroreparant in the treatment of patients with degenerative diseases of the spine and back pain is an effective and safe method of therapy. Such treatment strategy allowed to relieve back pain more effectively and improved long-term clinical outcome.

Specific features of T- and NK-cellular immunity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Profound immunological dysfunction is the key factor determining the development of infectious complications in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The aim of this work is to assess the features of the subpopulation composition of T-lymphocytes (T-helpers (Th), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tcyt), T regulatory cells (Treg), T-NK cells, naive Th, Th-memory, activated T-lymphocytes, TCRγδ cells) and NK cells in peripheral blood of patients with newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and receiving ibrutinib therapy. Hematological and immunophenotypic studies have been performed in 30 patients with previously untreated CLL, 122 patients on ibrutinib therapy and 20 healthy donors. The subpopulation composition of T-lymphocytes (Th, Tcyt, Treg, T-NK, naive T-helpers, memory T-helpers, TCRγδ cells, activated T-lymphocytes) and NK cells has been assessed on flow cytometer (FACSCanto II (BD)) using the following panel of monoclonal antibodies: CD45, CD19, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, TCRγδ, CD127, CD16, CD56, CD57 CD45RA, CD45R0, HLA-DR, CD25. Compared to controls all CLL samples were found to have higher the absolute number of T-lymphocytes, NK cells and their subpopulations, T-helpers (especially of memory T-cells), cytotoxic T-cells, regulatory T-cells, TCRγδ T-cells, activated T-lymphocytes, increased cytotoxic potential of NK cells in previously untreated CLL patients. Patients who received ibrutinib therapy have registered a positive trend towards recovery of the subpopulation composition of T-lymphocytes and NK-cells. CLL patients have been found to have quantitative and functional changes in the subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and NK cells, indicating dysregulation of the immune response, and a high risk of developing infections. Monitoring of immunological parameters for ibrutinib therapy make possible to estimate impact of ibrutinib on the adaptive anti-CLL immune response.

Comparative analysis of biofilm models to determine the efficacy of antimicrobials.

Biofilms are one of the greatest challenges in today's treatment of chronic wounds. While antimicrobials kill platonic bacteria within seconds, they are rarely able to harm biofilms. In order to identify effective substances for antibacterial therapy, cost-efficient, standardized and reproducible models that aim to mimic the clinical situation are required. In this study, two 3D biofilm models based on human plasma with immune cells (lhBIOM) or based on sheep blood (sbBIOM) containing S. aureus or P. aeruginosa, are compared with the human biofilm model hpBIOM regarding their microscopic structure (scanning electron microscopy; SEM) and their bacterial resistance to octenidine hydrochloride (OCT) and a sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) wound-irrigation solution. The three analyzed biofilm models show little to no reaction to treatment with the hypochlorous solution while planktonic S. aureus and P. aeruginosa cells are reduced within minutes. After 48 h, octenidine hydrochloride manages to erode the biofilm matrix and significantly reduce the bacterial load. The determined effects are qualitatively reflected by SEM. Our results show that both ethically acceptable human and sheep blood based biofilm models can be used as a standard for in vitro testing of new antimicrobial substances. Due to their composition, both fulfill the criteria of a reality-reflecting model and therefore should be used in the approval for new antimicrobial agents.

[Molecular Polymorphism of ß-Galactosidase LAC4 Genes in Dairy and Natural Strains of Kluyveromyces Yeasts].

The ability to ferment lactose is a characteristic peculiarity of dairy Kluyveromyces lactis yeasts; the vast majority of other yeast species are not able to assimilate this disaccharide. Molecular polymorphism of LAC4 genes encoding ß-galactosidase controlling lactose fermentation is not well studied, and the published data concern only a single strain (K. lactis var. lactis NRRL Y-1140) isolated from cream in the United States. We studied ß-galactosidase genes in lactose-fermenting К lactis strains isolated from dairy products and natural sources in different regions of the world using molecular karyotyping, Southern hybridization, and sequencing. It was established that the ability to ferment lactose in К. lactis var. lactis dairy yeasts is controlled by at least three polymeric LAC loci with different chromosomal localization: LAC1 (chromosome III), LAC2 (II), and LAC3 (IV). Most of the strains we studied had the LAC2 locus. A comparative analysis of ß-galactosidases of the Kluyveromyces genus yeasts and these enzymes from other yeasts was conducted for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis detected significant differences between the LAC4 proteins of yeasts of the Kluyveromyces genus (K. lactis, К. marxianus, К. aestuarii, К. nonfermentans, К. wickerhamii), Scheffersomyces stipitis, Sugiyamaella lignohabitans, and Debaryomyces hansenii. A correlation between ß-galactosidase sequences and ecological origin (dairy products and natural sources) of Kluyveromyces strains was found. The group of dairy strains is heterogeneous and includes К. lactis var. lactis and К. marxianus yeasts (99.80-100% similarity), which indicates a common origin of their LAC4 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of ß-galactosidases indicates a close genetic relationship of dairy and hospital strains of К. lactis var. lactis and К. marxianus. Clinical isolates are able to ferment lactose and appear to originate from the dairy yeasts.

Correction to: Primary immunodeficiencies in Central and Eastern Europe-the power of networking Report on the activity of the Jeffrey Modell Foundation Centers Network in Central and Eastern Europe.

Due to authors' internal mistake they have misspelled the name of one of the co-authors in this article.

Platysma and the cervical superficial musculoaponeurotic system - Comparative analysis of facial crease and platysmal band development.

OBJECTIVE: The superficial musculoaponeurotic system connects the mimic muscles to the skin, allowing mimic expressions with regional morphological architectural differences. The aim of this study was to perform an architectural analysis of the cervical platysma-skin interaction, determine the morphological implications in platysmal band development and compare the findings to the facial SMAS architectural types. METHOD: Full-thickness blocks of skin, SMAS and platysma from seven hemifaces (three male and two female) and full-thickness blocks of skin, SMAS and mimic muscles of the periorbital, perioral, forehead and midfacial regions from six hemifaces (three male and three female) of donor bodies were collected postmortem. Serial histological sections were cut and stained with Azan. After the morphological analysis, three-dimensional reconstruction of the tissue block was performed with AutoCAD. The morphological and mechanical properties of the different facial SMAS types were compared with those of the cervical SMAS. RESULTS: The architecture of the cervical SMAS (type V) consists of parallel, aligned septum fibrosus profundus and septum fibrosus superficialis tissue connected by vertical, aligned septa fibrotica commisurales tissue delimiting fatty tissue compartments transferring platysmal contractions to the skin. The facial morphological dynamic mimic pattern (SMAS types I, II and III) describes the point-by-point transfer of mimic muscle bundle contractions to the skin, explaining facial crease formation. The cervical morphological dynamic mimic pattern (SMAS type V) can be explained by dual traction force collimation over the septum fibrosus superficialis and profundus in platysmal band development. CONCLUSIONS: The cervical SMAS (type V) description supports the hypothesis that the SMAS and platysma have different morphological origins. The two different facial and cervical morphological dynamic mimic patterns support the phenotypical difference between facial fold and platysmal band development.

Primary immunodeficiencies in Central and Eastern Europe-the power of networking Report on the activity of the Jeffrey Modell Foundation Centers Network in Central and Eastern Europe.

Jeffrey Modell Foundation centers' network activities in Central and Eastern Europe (JMF CEE) have contributed to the development of care for patients with primary immunodeficiencies. On the data continuously collected from individual centers in participating countries since 2011, we demonstrate a steady improvement in a number of aspects concerning complex care for patients with primary immunodeficiencies. The presented data show an improvement of awareness about these rare diseases across the whole Central and Eastern European region, an increase in newly diagnosed patients as well as genetically confirmed cases, earlier establishment of diagnosis, and improved access to clinical treatment. We also present an active patient involvement that is reflected in the expansion of patient organization centers and their activities. The cooperation within the JMF CEE network has also contributed to greater international exposure of participating centers and further to the gradual development of research activities in the rapidly evolving field of primary immunodeficiencies. The improvement of all important aspects of the complex field of primary immunodeficiencies within the JMF CEE network documents the strength and advantages of the joint and coordinated networking.

Impact of probiotics on pathogen survival in an innovative human plasma biofilm model (hpBIOM).

BACKGROUND: Despite of medical advances, the number of patients suffering on non-healing chronic wounds is still increasing. This fact is attended by physical and emotional distress and an economic load. The majority of chronic wounds are infected of harmful microbials in a protecting extracellular matrix. These biofilms inhibit wound healing. Biofilm-growing bacteria developed unique survival properties, which still challenge the appropriate wound therapy. The present in-vitro biofilm models are not suitable for translational research. By means of a novel in-vivo like human plasma biofilm model (hpBIOM), this study systematically analysed the influence of 3 probiotics on the survival of five clinically relevant pathogenic microorganisms. METHODS: Human plasma was used to produce the innovate biofilm. Pathogenic microorganisms were administered to the plasma. By stimulating the production of a fibrin scaffold, stable coagula-like discs with integrated pathogens were produced. The five clinically relevant pathogens P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecium and C. albicans were challenged to the probiotics L. plantarum, B. lactis and S. cerevisiae. The probiotics were administered on top of the biofilm and the survival was quantified after 4 h and 24 h of incubation. For statistics, two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's HSD test was applied. P-value > 0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: SEM micrographs depicted the pathogens on the surface of the fibrin scaffold, arranged in close proximity and produced the glycocalyx. The application of probiotics induced different growth-reducing capacities towards the pathogens. B. lactis and S. cerevisiae showed slight bacteria-reducing properties. The survival of C. albicans was not affected at all. The most antimicrobial activity was detected after the treatment with L. plantarum. CONCLUSIONS: This study successfully reproduced a novel human biofilm model, which provides a human wound milieu and individual immune competence. The success of bacteriotherapy is dependent on the strain combination, the number of probiotics and the activity of the immune cells. The eradicating effect of L. plantarum on P. aeruginosa should be emphasized.

Histological, SEM and three-dimensional analysis of the midfacial SMAS - New morphological insights.

INTRODUCTION: The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) of the midface has a complex morphological architecture, and a multitude of controversial opinions exist regarding its in vitro appearance and clinical relevance. The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional architecture of the midfacial SMAS. METHOD: Histological and SEM analyses were performed on tissue blocks of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and mimic musculature of the midfacial region between the anterior parotid gland pole and lateral to the nasolabial fold and tissue blocks of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and parotid fascia. Blocks were collected postmortem from six formalin-fixed donor bodies. Serial histological sections were made, stained with Azan and digitized. Three-dimensional reconstructions and visualization of the tissue blocks were performed using AutoCAD. RESULTS: Two different SMAS architectures were found in the midfacial region: parotideal (type IV) and preparotideal (type I) SMAS. Type I SMAS showed three-dimensional interconnecting fibrous chambers embracing fat tissue lobules that cushioned the space between the skin and mimic musculature. Fibrous septa divided the mimic musculature surrounding the muscular bundles. Beneath the mimic muscular level, SMAS septa were oriented parallel to the muscular plane. Above the mimic muscular plane, SMAS septa were oriented perpendicularly, inserted into the skin. Type IV SMAS showed a parallel alignment of the fibrous septa to the skin level, anchoring the skin to the parotid fascia, presenting lymphatic nodes in the fat tissue compartments. The fat cells of the SMAS were enveloped in a fibrotic membrane at the border of the fibro-muscular septa. The SMAS blood supply comprised two subcutaneously epimuscularly spreading anastomosing vascular systems. CONCLUSIONS: Midfacial SMAS represents a functional unit with physical and immunological tasks appearing in two different morphological architecture types. A well-defined nomenclature is needed to prevent controversy.

Bacterial viability in oral biofilm after tooth brushing with amine fluoride or sodium fluoride.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) and amine fluoride (AmF) on bacterial viability in the oral cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Healthy subjects brushed their teeth with either fluoride free toothpaste, NaF- or AmF-containing toothpaste. Biofilm smears from different locations were collected before and immediately and 30 and 120 min after tooth brushing. The smears were stained with live/dead bacterial staining, and the number of the respective bacteria was counted. The data were statistically analyzed by comparing the numbers of bacteria before and after the application of no fluoride, NaF and AmF. RESULTS: The highest numbers of bacteria were found in the tongue biofilm, followed by the palatal and cheek biofilm. The lowest numbers were found in the mouth floor biofilm. After the application of AmF, no changes in the numbers of bacteria were found in the biofilms, except for the cheek, where they were reduced. After the application of NaF, the number of bacteria decreased significantly in all biofilms. After 120 min, bacterial regrowth was complete. CONCLUSIONS: AmF has only little effect on the bacterial viability of oral biofilms. NaF application reduces the number of living bacteria in the oral biofilms. This effect lasts not longer than 120 min.

[Sonographic characteristics of non-traumatic focal hourglass-like nerve constriction]. / Sonograficheskie kharakteristiki netravmaticheskoi fokal'noi konstriktsii nerva po tipu 'pesochnykh chasov'.

AIM: To describe the sonographic phenomenon of the focal 'hourglass-like constriction' of the peripheral nerves (FCPN). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors described 7 patients meeting the criteria for the diagnosis of neuralgic amyotrophy with unilateral FCPN identified with ultrasound in 4 cases and detected intraoperatively in 3 cases (preliminary ultrasound was not performed). The US scanner Sonoscape Pro mode gray scale in the transverse and longitudinal scanning, linear probe 8-15 MHz and Logiq9 scanner with elastography were used. RESULTS: FCPN was detected in the single nerve in 4 patients, in two nerves in 2 patients and in 3 nerves in one patient. Among all the nerves involved in the pathological process, the radial nerve and its branches were affected in 73% (8 nerves); the ulnar nerve was involved in 18% (2 nerves) and the musculo-cutaneous nerve in 9%. The length of the constriction of the peripheral nerve did not exceed 1.7 mm. The deformation coefficient (DC) of constriction area was 3.8 to .,9; the change in the elasticity in the form of an increase of DC to 5.9 when compared to the intact portion of the nerve and a decrease in echogenicity were observed in one patient. CONCLUSION: High-resolution ultrasound of the nerve can be an informative method for the diagnosis of idiopathic non-traumatic FCPN mononeuropathy.

The shift in seasonality of legionellosis in the USA.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from 2000 to 2014, reported cases of legionellosis per 100 000 population increased by 300% in the USA, although reports on disease seasonality are inconsistent. Using two national databases, we assessed seasonal patterns of legionellosis in the USA. We created a monthly time series from 1993 to 2015 of reported cases of legionellosis from the CDC, and from 1997 to 2006 of medical claims of legionellosis-related hospitalisation in older adults from the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS). We split the study time interval into two segments (before and after 2003), and applied a Poisson harmonic regression model to each dataset and each segment. The time series of monthly counts exhibited a significant shift of seasonal peaks from mid-September (9.676 ± 0.164 months) before 2003 to mid-August (8.452 ± 0.042 months) after 2003, along with an alarming increase in the amplitude of seasonal peaks in both CDC and CMS data. The lowest monthly reported cases of legionellosis in 2015 (281) exceed the maximum value reported before 2003 (206). We also observed a discrepancy between CDC and CMS data, suggesting that not all cases of legionellosis diagnosed by hospital-based laboratories were reported to the CDC. Improved reporting of legionellosis is required to better inform the public and organise disease prevention.

Seasonality and within-subject clustering of rotavirus infections in an eight-site birth cohort study.

Improving understanding of the pathogen-specific seasonality of enteric infections is critical to informing policy on the timing of preventive measures and to forecast trends in the burden of diarrhoeal disease. Data obtained from active surveillance of cohorts can capture the underlying infection status as transmission occurs in the community. The purpose of this study was to characterise rotavirus seasonality in eight different locations while adjusting for age, calendar time and within-subject clustering of episodes by applying an adapted Serfling model approach to data from a multi-site cohort study. In the Bangladesh and Peru sites, within-subject clustering was high, with more than half of infants who experienced one rotavirus infection going on to experience a second and more than 20% experiencing a third. In the five sites that are in countries that had not introduced the rotavirus vaccine, the model predicted a primary peak in prevalence during the dry season and, in three of these, a secondary peak during the rainy season. The patterns predicted by this approach are broadly congruent with several emerging hypotheses about rotavirus transmission and are consistent for both symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus episodes. These findings have practical implications for programme design, but caution should be exercised in deriving inferences about the underlying pathways driving these trends, particularly when extending the approach to other pathogens.

Morphological analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction of the SMAS surrounding the nasolabial fold.

BACKGROUND: The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), a structure that has been discussed with some controversy, has a complex morphological architecture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Histological analysis was performed on tissue blocks of the nasolabial fold (NLF) collected postmortem from formalin-fixed bodies of one male and one female donor. Serial histological sections were made, stained and digitized. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the histological structures were performed. Specimen- and location-specific differences were determined. SEM analysis of the NLF tissue block was performed. RESULTS: The NLF SMAS is a fibro-muscular, three-dimensional meshwork bolstered with fat cells. Two SMAS structure types were identified adjacent to the NLF. The cheek SMAS structure showed a regular, vertical and parallel alignment of the fibrous septa, building a three-dimensional meshwork of intercommunicating compartments. It changed its morphology, condensing while transiting the NLF and passing over to form an irregular structure in the upper lip region. SEM analysis demonstrated the connection between the fibrous meshwork and the fat cells. SMAS blood circulation expanded subcutaneously without perforating the fibro-muscular septa. CONCLUSIONS: The NLF has a recognizable condensed cheek SMAS structure and represents the transition zone between the two SMAS types. Specimen-specific morphological differences necessitate individual planning and area-specific surgical procedures.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the suborbicularis oculi fat and the infraorbital soft tissue.

The aim of this study was to reveal the histomorphological connections among the suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF), the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM), the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), the infraorbital fat and the skin. Full graft tissue blocks of the infraorbital region with the skin, SMAS, OOM and SOOF were collected post mortem from one female and two male formalin-fixed body donors. Serial histological sections were made, stained and digitized. Digitalization and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the histological meshwork were performed. SOOF was revealed as a fibro-adipose tissue underlying the OOM, which was strictly separated from the intraorbital fat pad by the orbital septum. SOOF, OOM and SMAS were connected by fibrous septa derived from the SOOF, traversing the OOM with division into multiple muscular bundles, continuing above the muscular plane by forming the SMAS and ending with skin insertion. In the infraorbital region, two different types of SMAS bordering the infraorbital fold have been recognized. Muscle cells have been demonstrated in the SMAS fibrous septa of both SMAS types. Together with the OOM, the SMAS and the skin, SOOF forms an anatomical functional unit. Muscular contraction of the OOM could be transferred by the SMAS to the skin level, producing periorbital mimic expression. The 3D reconstruction facilitates the comprehension of the morphological structure, its connections and space correlations in the infraorbital area. The morphological and topographical peculiarities of the infraorbital structures make it possible to conclude that surgical interventions in this area need to be elaborated and individualized.

[Taxonomic Genetics of Methylotrophic Yeast Genus Komagataella: New Biological Species K. kurtzmanii].

Genetic hybridization analysis revealed that industrially important species Komagataella kurtzmanii has re productive postzygotic isolation from K. pastoris, K. populi, K. phaffii, K. pseudopastoris, and K. ulmi. Therefore, it represents a new biological species of the genus Komagataella. The genetic data are in perfect agree ment with the molecular taxonomy of the genus Komagataella.

Parallel study about the effects of psychotherapy on patients with dental phobia determined by anxiety scores and saliva secretion and composition.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the success of psychotherapeutic treatment for dental phobia by measurement of anxiety using the dental anxiety score (DAS), the state trait anxiety score (STAI state), salivary cortisol and protein concentrations and the salivary secretion rate. Primary endpoint of the study was the comparison of the data before and after psychotherapeutic treatment. METHODS: Forty patients were included into the study. Twenty-four were allocated to the phobic group, 16 to the control group. Saliva was collected upon entering the dental clinic and again after three weeks of psychotherapy. The results were compared with those of a control group. The DAS and STAI questionnaires were completed at each visit. RESULTS: A reduction in DAS values was found after psychotherapy. However, the values remained significantly higher in the phobic group than in the controls. Similar results were found for STAI scores. A slightly higher salivary cortisol level was found in the phobic group. No changes occurred in cortisol or protein concentrations. The salivary secretion rate increased in the phobic patients after psychotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: It could be concluded that psychotherapy is effective in the treatment of dental phobic patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study has been retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (# DRKS00009552 ) on 10/19/15.

[THE METHODICAL APPROACHES TO DIAGNOSTIC OF NIGHT PAROXYSMAL HEMOGLOBINURIA].

The article presents diagnostic of night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria. The night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria is an orphan disease characterized by absence of GPI-anchor on blood cells as a result of mutation of PIG-A gene on the short arm of X-chromosome. The particular proteins bounded with GPI-anchor implement function of defense from activation of components of complement and development of membrane-attacking complex. The erythrocytes exposed to destruction in bloodstream are among the most impacted. Therefore, one of the main signs of night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria is complement-depending intravascular hemolysis which indicators for a long time played a key role in diagnostic of night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria. The actual technique of diagnostic of night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria is flow cytometry. The analysis of night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria clone is recommended to patients with hemolysis of unclear genesis, thrombosis of cerebral and abdominal veins, thrombocytopenia and macrocytosis and also patients with AA, myelodysplastic syndrome, myelofibrosis. The international protocol recommended by the International Society of Clinical Cytometry (2010) is implemented to diagnose night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria. The original technique of evaluation of reticulocytes was developed with purpose to detect night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria clone. The high correlation was substantiated between size of night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria clone measured among reticulocytes according to proposed mode and night paroxysmal hemoglobinuria clone measured among granulocytes and monocytes detected according international standardized approach.

New family of pectinase genes PGU1b-PGU3b of the pectinolytic yeast Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum.

Using yeast genome databases and literature data, we have conducted a phylogenetic analysis of pectinase PGU genes from Saccharomyces strains assigned to the biological species S. arboricola, S. bayanus (var. uvarum), S. cariocanus, S. cerevisiae, S. kudriavzevii, S. mikatae, S. paradoxus, and hybrid taxon S. pastorianus (syn. S. carlsbergensis). Single PGU genes were observed in all Saccharomyces species, except S. bayanus. The superfamily of divergent PGU genes has been documented in S. bayanus var. uvarum for the first time. Chromosomal localization of new PGU1b, PGU2b, and PGU3b genes in the yeast S. bayanus var. uvarum has been determined by molecular karyotyping and Southern hybridization.

Dentin abrasivity of various desensitizing toothpastes.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the abrasivity of various commercially available toothpastes that claim to reduce dentin hypersensitivity. METHODS: Dentin discs were prepared from 70 human extracted molars. The discs were etched with lemon juice for 5 min, and one half of the discs were covered with aluminum tape. Following this, they were brushed with 6 different toothpastes, simulating a total brushing time of 6 months. As a negative control, discs were brushed with tap water only. The toothpastes contained pro-arginine and calcium carbonate, strontium acetate, stannous fluoride, zinc carbonate and hydroxyapatite, new silica, or tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and hydroxyapatite. After brushing, the height differences between the control halves and the brushed halves were determined with a profilometer and statistically compared using a Mann-Whitney U test for independent variables. RESULTS: A significant difference (p < 0.001) in height difference between the controls and the toothpaste-treated samples was found in all cases, except for the stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste (p = 0.583). The highest abrasion was found in the toothpaste containing zinc carbonate and hydroxyapatite, and the lowest was found in the toothpaste containing pro-arginine and calcium carbonate. CONCLUSIONS: Desensitizing toothpastes with different desensitizing ingredients have different levels of abrasivity, which may have a negative effect on their desensitizing abilities over a long period of time.