A review on the encapsulation of "eco-friendly" compounds in natural polymer-based nanoparticles as next generation nano-agrochemicals for sustainable agriculture and crop management.

Crop management techniques and sustainable agriculture offer a comprehensive farming method that incorporates social, economic, and ecological factors. Sustainable agriculture places a high priority on soil health, water efficiency, and biodiversity conservation in order to develop resilient and regenerative food systems that can feed both the current and future generations. Our goal in this review is to give a thorough overview of current developments in the use of polysaccharides as raw materials for the encapsulation of natural chemicals in nanoparticles as novel crop protection products. The search for recent research articles and latest reviews has been carried out through pubmed, google scholar, BASE as search engines. Offer cutting-edge solutions for sustainable crop management that satisfy the demands of an expanding population, comply with changing legal frameworks, and address environmental issues by encasing natural compounds inside polysaccharide-based nanoparticles. A variety of natural substances, such as essential oils, plant extracts, antimicrobials compounds and miRNA, can be included in these nanoparticles. These materials have many advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and controlled release of active compounds. Thanks to their action mechanism, they are able to mediate hormone signaling and gene expression in different plant physiological aspects, as well as enhance their tolerance to abiotic stress conditions. Sustainable agriculture can be supported by this type of treatments, correctly developing food safety through the production of non-toxic nanoparticles, low-cost industrial scale-up and the use of biodegradable materials. Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles have a wide range of uses in agriculture: they improve crop yields, encourage "eco-friendly" farming methods and can decrease the concentrations of active ingredient used, providing an accurate and affective dosage without damaging further species, as well as avoiding treatment resistance risks. These nanoparticles can also reduce the negative effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, contributing to the environmentally friendly agricultural development. Furthermore, the application of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles is consistent with the expanding trend of green and sustainable agriculture.

Polyphenolic extracts from Diospyros kaki and Vitis vinifera by-products stimulate cytoprotective effects in bacteria-cell host interactions by mediation of transcription factor Nrf2.

BACKGROUND: The intestinal and skin epithelium play a strong role against bacterial stimuli which leads to inflammation and oxidative stress when overwhelmed. Polyphenols from fruit-rich diets and by-products show promise against bacterial deleterious effects; however, their antibacterial and health-promoting effects remain understudied. PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the impact of polyphenolic extracts of grape (GrPE), persimmon (PePE) and pomegranate (PoPE) by-products on bacterial pathogen-host interactions, focusing beyond growth inhibition to explore their effects on bacterial adhesion, invasion, and modulation of host responses. METHODS: The microdilution method, as well as the tetrazolium based MTT cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay with crystal violet staining were used to identify extracts sub-inhibitory concentrations that interfere with bacterial adhesion, invasion or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) effect on cell hosts without compromising host viability. The cytoprotective effects of extracts were assessed in a knock-down model of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). RESULTS: All extracts demonstrated significant reductions in pathogen adhesion to Caco-2 and HaCaT cells while preserving cellular integrity. Notably, PePE exhibited specific efficacy against Salmonella enterica adhesion, attributed mostly to its gallic acid content, whereas PoPE reduced S. enterica invasion in Caco-2 cells. The extracts supported the prevalence of non-pathogenic and commensal strains of intestinal and skin surfaces, selectively reducing pathogenic adhesion. The extracts mitigated the oxidative stress, enhanced the barrier function, and modulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-challenged cells. GrPE, rich in anthocyanins, and PePE were found to mediate their protective effects through Nrf2 activation, while PoPE exerted multifaceted actions independent of Nrf2. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the therapeutic potential of GrPE, PePE, and PoPE in shaping bacterial-host interactions, endorsing their utility as novel nutraceuticals for both oral and topical applications to prevent potential bacterial infections through innovative mechanisms.

Exploring the viral landscape of saffron through metatranscriptomic analysis.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), a historically significant crop valued for its nutraceutical properties, has been poorly explored from a phytosanitary perspective. This study conducted a thorough examination of viruses affecting saffron samples from Spanish cultivars, using high-throughput sequencing alongside a systematic survey of transcriptomic datasets from Crocus sativus at the Sequence Read Archive. Our analysis unveiled a broad diversity and abundance, identifying 17 viruses across the 52 analyzed libraries, some of which were highly prevalent. This includes known saffron-infecting viruses and previously unreported ones. In addition, we discovered 7 novel viruses from the Alphaflexiviridae, Betaflexiviridae, Potyviridae, Solemoviridae, and Geminiviridae families, with some present in libraries from various locations. These findings indicate that the saffron-associated virome is more complex than previously reported, emphasizing the potential of phytosanitary analysis to enhance saffron productivity.

Food and human health applications of edible mushroom by-products.

Mushroom waste can account for up to 50% of the total mushroom mass. Spent mushroom substrate, misshapen mushrooms, and mushroom stems are examples of mushroom byproducts. In ancient cultures, fungi were prized for their medicinal properties. Aqueous extracts containing high levels of ß-glucans as functional components capable of providing prebiotic polysaccharides and improved texture to foods have been widely used and new methods have been tested to improve extraction yields. Similarly, the addition of insoluble polysaccharides controls the glycemic index, counteracting the effects of increasingly high-calorie diets. Numerous studies support these benefits in vitro, but evidence in vivo is scarce. Nonetheless, many authors have created a variety of functional foods, ranging from yogurt to noodles. In this review, we focus on the pharmacological properties of edible mushroom by-products, and the possible risks derived from its consumption. By incorporating these by-products into human or animal feed formulations, mushroom producers will be able to fully optimize crop use and pave the way for the industry to move toward a zero-waste paradigm.

Autoinducers modulation as a potential anti-virulence target of bacteria by phenolic compounds.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the effects of phenolic extracts from grape (GrPE), pomegranate (PoPE), and persimmon (PePE) by-products on bacterial virulence activities such as biofilms, motility, energy-dependent efflux pumps, and ß-lactamase activity, which are modulated primarily by quorum sensing (QS), defining their potential applications. METHOD: The microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs) of the extracts against reference pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial mode of action was determined by labelling bacterial cells in in vivo cell-tracking experiments. RESULTS: Antibiograms showed that PoPE inhibited bacteria at lower concentrations, and PePE had a stronger effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Both extracts caused significant cell membrane damage (CMD), whereas GrPE did not. At SICs, all extracts showed anti-QS activity, especially PePE, which inhibited violacein and pyocyanin production at 1/128 × MIC. Additionally, QS autoinducers found in Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were modulated by the extracts; PePE showed the highest modulation. Antibiofilm assays revealed that GrPE, at MIC and 2 × MIC, acted as a potent antibiofilm agent against biofilms of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, which was related to disruption of swarming motility by GrPE. All extracts, especially PoPE, exerted a potent effect against the activation of efflux pumps of P. aeruginosa as well as ß-lactamase activity in K. pneumoniae. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the anti-virulence potential of the extracts may be related to their effect as extracellular autoinducer modulators. This study allowed to define potential applications of these extracts.