Ultrasonic evaluation of influence of hard acrylic resin denture on blood flow of mandibular denture supporting mucosa utilizing duplex color Doppler studies: An in vivo study.

AIMS: To determine the influence of hard acrylic denture base materials on the blood flow of mandibular denture supporting mucosa over a period of six months time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Select fifteen edentulous patients of age 55-75 years. The blood flow of the mandibular denture supporting mucosa was measured bilaterally in the molar region and in the incisor region utilizing Ultrasound colour Doppler (2D and Duplex Imaging). Measurements were performed prior to denture insertion and later after the dentures were worn for 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months and 6 months. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Mean blood flow as measured by Ultrasound colour Doppler were tabulated significant changes if any at various time interval in comparison to baseline was assessed by Kruskalwallis ANOVA test followed by Wilkoxan sign rank test for pairwise comparison. (In the present study, P < 0.05 was considered as the level of significance). RESULTS: The denture supporting mucosa exhibited a progressive reduction in the blood flow both with hard denture. The blood flow change with hard denture was a reversible condition as the blood flow improved at the end of six months. Kruskalwallis ANOVA test revealed no significant change in the blood flow at any interval of time in comparison to base value (P = 0.133). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the study denture supporting mucosa exhibited a progressive reduction in the blood flow with hard denture which was reversible.

"Ormocer an innovative technology": A replacement for conventional cements and veneer? A comparative in vitro analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study was designed to assess shear bond strength (SBS) of ormocer flowable (OF) resin as a luting agent, ormocer as an indirect veneer material with portrayal of modes of failures using scanning electron microscope (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty maxillary central incisors were divided into Group I, II, and III with 20 samples each based on luting cement used. They were OF, self-adhesive (SA) cement, and total etch (TE) cement. These groups were subdivided into "a" and "b" of ten each based on the type of veneering materials used. Veneer discs were fabricated using Ormocer restorative (O) and pressable ceramic (C). Specimens were thermocycled and loaded under universal testing machine for SBS. The statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey honest significant difference method. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed between the Groups I and II (P < 0.05). The highest mean bond strength when using ormocer veneer was obtained with the Group Ia (19.11 ± 1.92 Mpa) and lowest by Group IIa (8.1 ± 1.04 Mpa), whereas the highest mean bond strength while using ceramic veneer was of similar range for Group Ib (18.04 ± 4.08 Mpa) and Group IIIb (18.07 ± 1.40 Mpa). SEM analysis revealed OF and TE presented mixed type of failure when compared with SA where failure mode was totally adhesive. CONCLUSION: OF was found equally efficient like TE. Bond strength of ormocer as a veneer was not inferior to ceramic making it one of the promising additions in the field of dentistry.

Analysis of the curve of Spee and the curve of Wilson in adult Indian population: A three-dimensional measurement study.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: When reconstructing the occlusal curvatures dentists often use a 4-inch radii arc as a rough standard based on Monson spherical theory. The use of an identical radius for the curve of Spee for all patients may not be appropriate because each patient is individually different. The validity of application of this theory in the Indian population and the present study has been undertaken. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study is an attempt to evaluate the curve of Spee and curve of Wilson in young Indian population using three dimensional analysis. This study compared the radius and the depth of right and left, maxillary and mandibular curves of Spee and the radius of maxillary and mandibular curves of Wilson in males and females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cusp tips of canines, buccal cusp tips of premolars and molars and palatal/lingual cusp tips of second molars of 60 maxillary and 60 mandibular casts were obtained. Three-dimensional (x, y, z) coordinates of the cusp tips of the molars, premolars, and canines of the right and left sides of the maxilla and mandible were obtained with three dimensional coordinate measuring machine. The radius and the depth of right and left, maxillary and mandibular curves of Spee and the radius of maxillary and mandibular curves of Wilson were measured by means of computer software Metrologic-XG. Pearson's correlation test and Independent t-test were used to test the statistical significance (α=.05). CONCLUSION: The values of curve of Spee and curve of Wilson in Indian population obtained from this study were higher than the 4 inch (100 mm) radius proposed by Monson. These findings suggest ethnic differences in the radius of curve of Spee and curve of Wilson.

Biometric Denture Space- Concept of Neutral Zone Revisited Using A Hydrocolloid Impression Material.

Though the concept of neutral zone in making complete denture and its significance are well known, the material of choice has always been experimented to achieve better results. Recording of neutral zone using irreversible hydrocolloid (Alginate) as a material of choice would make the way of recording the neutral zone easier, as well as comfortable for the patient, when compared with other materials used for the purpose. This article describes the method of recording the biometric denture space (neutral zone) using hydrocolloid impression material which is most commonly used in everyday dental practice.

A Paradigm shift in the concept for making dental impressions.

Digital dental impression is a revolutionary technological advancement that so surpasses the accuracy and efficiency of former techniques for obtaining replicas of prepared teeth for the purpose of fabricating restorations that its adoption by dentists is rapidly eclipsing the use of elastomeric impression materials. The ultimate goals of dentists dedicated to quality restorative dentistry are to make their treatment of patients as accurate, stressless, and efficient as possible. By elimination of the everyday problems described above, there is no question that the significant advantages of digital impressions will make intraoral digital scanning standard procedure in most dental offices within the next several years. Furthermore, digital impressions have proven to reduce remakes and returns, as well as increase overall efficiency. The patient also benefits by being provided a far more positive experience. Finally, through the use of digital impression making, it has been determined that laboratory products become more consistent and require less chair time at insertion.

Rapid prototyping and stereolithography in dentistry.

The word rapid prototyping (RP) was first used in mechanical engineering field in the early 1980s to describe the act of producing a prototype, a unique product, the first product, or a reference model. In the past, prototypes were handmade by sculpting or casting, and their fabrication demanded a long time. Any and every prototype should undergo evaluation, correction of defects, and approval before the beginning of its mass or large scale production. Prototypes may also be used for specific or restricted purposes, in which case they are usually called a preseries model. With the development of information technology, three-dimensional models can be devised and built based on virtual prototypes. Computers can now be used to create accurately detailed projects that can be assessed from different perspectives in a process known as computer aided design (CAD). To materialize virtual objects using CAD, a computer aided manufacture (CAM) process has been developed. To transform a virtual file into a real object, CAM operates using a machine connected to a computer, similar to a printer or peripheral device. In 1987, Brix and Lambrecht used, for the first time, a prototype in health care. It was a three-dimensional model manufactured using a computer numerical control device, a type of machine that was the predecessor of RP. In 1991, human anatomy models produced with a technology called stereolithography were first used in a maxillofacial surgery clinic in Viena.

Fiber reinforced composites in prosthodontics - A systematic review.

Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC), prostheses offer the potential advantages of optimized esthetics, low wear of the opposing dentition and the ability to bond the prosthesis to the abutment teeth, thereby compensating for less-than-optimal abutment tooth retention and resistance form. These prostheses are composed of two types of composite materials: Fiber-composites to build the substructure and hybrid or micro fill particulate composites to create the external veneer surface. This article reviews the various types of FRCs and its mechanical properties.

Loop connectors in dentogenic diastema.

Patients with a missing tooth along with diastema have limited treatment options to restore the edentulous space. The use of a conventional fixed partial denture (FPD) to replace the missing tooth may result in too wide anterior teeth leading to poor esthetics. Loss of anterior teeth with existing diastema may result in excess space available for pontic. This condition presents great esthetic challenge for prosthodontist. If implant supported prosthesis is not possible because of inadequate bone support, FPD along with loop connector may be a treatment option to maintain the diastema and provide optimal esthetic restoration. Here, we report a clinical case where FPD along with loop connector was used to achieve esthetic rehabilitation in maxillary anterior region in which midline diastema has been maintained.

Enhanced aesthetics with all ceramics restoration.

The demand for the dentist to achieve excellence in esthetics and function has driven modern advances in materials and restoration fabrication. The development of various casting alloys and precise casting systems has contributed to the successful use of metal-based restorations. However, patient requests for more aesthetic and biologically "safe" materials that have led to an increased demand for metal-free restorations. The following case presentation illustrates a successful aesthetic and functional application of this exciting computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing-digital zirconia-based system for a natural smile.

Expanding digits of a maxillofacial prosthodontist.

Complete or partial loss of a finger is the most commonly encountered problem in prosthetic dentistry. The etiology of missing digit may either be congenital or acquired. Trauma is the most common cause for acquired defect of the digit. Loss of a digit results in functional and psychological impact on quality-of-life of the patient. This article portrays about the prosthetic management of a patient with an acquired defect of finger.

Combination restoration in full mouth rehabilitation.

Successful restoration of the dentition requires plenty of contemporary and conventional treatment techniques and planning and attachment retained partial dentures are one such kind of treatment modality in prosthodontics. Satisfactory restoration in a patient with a partially edentulous situation can be challenging especially when unilateral or bilateral posterior segment of teeth is missing. One such treatment modality is attachment-retained cast partial dentures. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of a case with maxillary complete denture and opposing cast partial denture with precision attachment.

Correlation between arch form and facial form: A cross sectional study.

Arch form is a key determinant in teeth position. Teeth selection and placement must be based on the functional and esthetic needs of the patient. Keeping in mind, the biomechanics involved with the prosthesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between arch form and facial form. About 40 individuals in the age group of 20-25 years were involved in the study. The arch form and facial form were analyzed statistically to check for any correlation. It was found that, 63.63% of leptoprosophic individuals had squarish arch form while, 54.6% of mesoprosophic faces had ovoid arch form.

Comparative evaluation of the three different surface treatments - conventional, laser and Nano technology methods in enhancing the surface characteristics of commercially pure titanium discs and their effects on cell adhesion: An in vitro study.

The surface area of the titanium dental implant materials can be increased by surface treatments without altering their shape and form, thereby increasing the biologic properties of the biomaterial. A good biomaterial helps in early cell adhesion and cell signaling. In this study, the commercially pure titanium surfaces were prepared to enable machined surfaces to form a control material and to be compared with sandblasted and acid-etched surfaces, laser treated surfaces and titanium dioxide (20 nm) Nano-particle coated surfaces. The surface elements were characterized. The biocompatibility was evaluated by cell culture in vitro using L929 fibroblasts. The results suggested that the titanium dioxide Nano-particle coated surfaces had good osteoconductivity and can be used as a potential method for coating the biomaterial.

Evaluation depth of the curve of Spee in class I, class II, and class III malocclusion: A cross sectional study.

Occlusal plane is an essential consideration when multiple long-span posterior restorations are designed. When restorations are added to an existing tooth arrangement characterized by rotated, tipped, or extruded teeth, excursive interferences may be incorporated, resulting in detrimental squeal. The curve of Spee, which exists in the ideal natural dentition, allows harmony to exist between the anterior tooth and condylar guidance. This curve exists in the sagittal plane and is the best viewed from a lateral aspect. It permits total posterior disclusion on mandibular protrusion, given proper anterior tooth guidance. It is unclear that whether the curve of Spee is a description of the occlusal surface of each arch separately or in maximal intercuspation. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the depth of curve of Spee between the class I, class II, class III and to investigate the relationship of depth of curve of Spee with over jet, over-bite.

Relationship between occlusal plane and ala-tragus line in dentate individuals: A Clinical pilot study.

Many methods have been used to establish the occlusal plane in complete denture prosthodontics. However, no single method seems to be fully accepted. Anteriorly, esthetic considerations help define the occlusal plane, and posteriorly the tongue, retromolar pad, and Stenson's duct are considered. Some dentists bisect the space between the residual ridges. The technique of using the ala-tragus line (Camper's line) to establish the occlusal plane is well documented. However, definitions of the ala-tragus line cause confusion, because the exact points of reference do not agree. For example, the glossary of prosthodontic terms states that the ala-tragus line runs from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to the superior border of the tragus of the ear while Spratley' describes it as running from the center of the ala to the center of the tragus. This article concerns us the exact relationship between the occlusal plane and ala-tragus line in dentate individuals.

Self-perceived need for dental care.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate the self-perceived need for dental care among medical professionals and general public. SETTING AND DESIGN: (1) To determine the perceived oral health status. (2) To evaluate the results in understanding the perception of oral health. (3) To determine the patients attitude toward dentist. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 537 patients who came for their regular checkup and treatment. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The statistical analysis of this study was based on Chi-square test evaluation. The study was performed among in 537 participants. The participants included from age group of both <30 and >30. The study was made in the form of questionnaires enquiring how they would perceive their personal dental care and their attitude towards dentist. RESULTS: Self-perceived questionnaires in evaluating general public in age group of <30 and >30 shows, that people in age group more than 30 has good oral hygiene maintenance, whereas attitude toward dentist and attending dental problems were more among group less than 30 of age. CONCLUSIONS: I conclude that there must be more awareness created by public health dentist among people about various dental problems, their complications and the treatment needs. Hence, that people be aware of their dental problem at the small stage and get cured. By conducting varies Public Health Programs and camp they became very free to contact their dentist for their varies dental problems and people attitude about dentist and toward dentist completely changes.

A comparative study to evaluate the osteoblastic cell behavior of two nano coated titanium surfaces with NAFION stabilized the membrane.

AIM: The aim of the study was to comparatively analyze the in vitro cell adhesion between nano coated titanium dioxide, and calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) coated titanium samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nano coated titanium dioxide, and calcium HA were coated onto the titanium samples by drop casting with NAFION membrane and cell culture was done by seeding human osteoblastic sarcoma cells on the coated samples. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was marked cell adhesion seen in the samples coated by titanium dioxide nano particles and more cells spreading as compared to calcium HA nano particles.

Primary failure of eruption- a case report with cone beam computerized tomographic imaging.

Tooth eruption is an intricate and complex process which can fail to occur due to several reasons. Failure of tooth eruption in the absence of any systemic condition or any obstruction in the eruptive pathway can be attributed to lack of inherent eruptive potential of the tooth, termed as Primary Failure of Eruption (PFE). This is a rare condition and usually has a genetic etiology. Here we report a rare case in which there is Primary Failure of Eruption in the mandibular right quadrant. There is also mechanical failure of eruption of maxillary right canine and supernumerary teeth palatal to the maxillary central incisors. This association of supernumerary teeth and mechanical failure of eruption along with primary failure of eruption has not been reported so far. Proper diagnosis is very important in cases of Primary Failure of Eruption. There are several diagnostic criteria to identify these cases. Since these cases do not respond to orthodontic force, early diagnosis is of essential importance.

The effect of post-core and ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of post reinforcement, post type and ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty central incisor teeth were selected and grouped into six groups, viz. A, B, C, D, E, and F, each consisting of 10 specimens. Group A specimens were not subjected to any restorative treatment. Group B specimens were endodontically treated and crowned. Specimens of groups C and D were restored with custom cast post and core. Specimens of groups E and F were treated with prefabricated titanium post and composite core. Specimens of groups C and E were restored with porcelain-fused metal (PFM) crown having 2 mm ferrule. Specimens of groups D and F were restored with PFM crown having no ferrule. All the specimens were subjected to load (newton, N) on the lingual surface at a 135 degree angle to the long axis with a universal testing machine until it fractured. The fracture load and mode of fracture of each specimen were noted. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey honestly significant difference procedure was employed to identify the significant difference among the groups at 5% level (P < 0.05). RESULTS: There were significant differences among the six groups studied (P < 0.0001). The highest fracture strength was recorded with specimen of group C (1376.7 N). There were significant differences between groups A and D versus groups B, E, and F. There were no significant differences between groups B, E, and F. Cervical root fracture was the predominant mode of failure in all the groups except group A. CONCLUSION: The results showed that endodontically treated teeth restored with custom cast post core were as strong as the untreated group. Teeth restored with custom cast post core were better resistant to fracture than teeth restored with prefabricated titanium post and composite core. Ferrule is more important in custom cast post core than in prefabricated post and composite core.

Clinical assessment of primary stability of endosseous implants placed in the incisor region, using resonance frequency analysis methodology: an in vivo study.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of immediate loading on the primary stability of endosseous implants placed in the anterior incisor region by mapping the stability, using resonance frequency analysis, over a period of time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of eight implants (Zimmer Screw-Vent) were placed in four patients. The Osstell resonance frequency analyzer was used to determine the primary stability at baseline (day 1), 15 th day, 30 th day, 60 th day, and 90 th day for each of the eight implants. Analysis of data was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science; version 4.0.1). RESULTS: All implants showed adequate initial stability at baseline with an ISQ > 50. Implant nos. 1, 3, 4, 7, and 8 showed a high initial stability at baseline (ISQ > 65), following which a decrease in the stability was recorded during the 15 th day, 30 th day, and 60 th day. By the 90 th day, the stability values were nearly equivalent to those obtained at baseline. The highest mean stability value was recorded on the day of implant placement. The lowest mean stability recording was obtained on the 30 th day after implant osteotomy. By the 90 th day, the mean stability value was nearly equivalent to that obtained at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that immediate loading of implants placed in the maxillary and mandibular incisor region does not seem to have an adverse effect on the osseointegration of implants, which achieved a high primary stability. The use of the resonance frequency analyzer as a tool to monitor the variation in the stability of the implants over a period of time has been validated.