Impact of different storage conditions with combined use of ethylene blocker on 'Shalimar' apple variety.

This research investigates the impact of storage conditions on the quality and preservation of 'Shalimar' apples, a relatively new cultivar known for its resistance to apple scab and powdery mildew. The study explores the efficacy of different storage techniques such as regular atmosphere (RA), controlled atmosphere (CA), and dynamic controlled atmosphere with CO2 Monitoring (DCA-CD), as well as the integration of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at different storage temperatures (1 °C and 3 °C). Various fruit quality parameters were monitored under different storage conditions, including firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, background color, respiration, ethylene production, and volatile compounds. The results indicate that the controlled atmosphere (CA) at 1 °C emerges as an efficient method for long-term storage. However, it is noted that CA storage may impact the apple aroma, emphasizing the need for a balance between preservation and consumer acceptability. On the other hand, DCA-CD at variable temperatures (approximately 2.5 °C) offers a promising approach for maintaining fruit quality and a higher concentration of volatile compounds. Integrating 1-MCP enhances firmness, but its impact varies across storage conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) provides insights into the relationships between storage conditions, fruit quality, and volatile compounds. This study contributes valuable insights into optimizing storage strategies for 'Shalimar' apples, addressing sustainability and quality preservation in apple production.

Superficial scald development in 'Granny Smith' and 'Nicoter' apples: The role of key volatile compounds when fruit are stored under dynamic controlled atmosphere.

A positive correlation of α-farnesene and its oxidation metabolites with superficial scald is commonly reported in apples stored in air or controlled atmosphere (CA) systems, where O2 levels are above the lower oxygen limit (LOL) tolerated by the fruit. Nevertheless, the LOL can be monitored by the dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) techniques and to provide different physiological responses. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate key volatile metabolites from 'Granny Smith' and 'Nicoter' ('Kanzi®') apples stored under dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) monitored by respiratory quotient (RQ), i. e. at extremely low oxygen partial pressures (ELO) and correlate their emissions with the incidence of superficial scald (SS). The volatile compounds (VCs) were isolated by solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography. For the first time, higher concentrations of α-farnesene and its oxidation metabolites (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol) were negatively correlated with SS in DCA-RQ. This is likely due to the higher levels of ethanol in fruit stored under this condition having an inhibitory effect on SS incidence even when α-farnesene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol accumulate. Additionally, SS is more correlated to internal ethylene concentration (IEC) than α-farnesene accumulation and their metabolites, even when fruit were stored under ELO, where ethylene action is reduced.

Apple fruit recovery from anoxia under controlled atmosphere storage.

This study investigated the dynamic changes in the anaerobic metabolism end products (ethanol, acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate) of different apple cultivars during 84-days of regular air (RA) and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage after 0-, 3-, 7- and 14-days of anoxia. Increasing the length of exposure to anoxia increased the anaerobic metabolites concentrations (AMC) in all cultivars. Fruit could recover from anoxia, and the AMC dissipated after 84-days of storage under both storage systems when the duration of anoxia was <7-days. The rate of metabolite dissipation following 14-days of anoxia differed among cultivars and storage systems. The reduction in AMC was faster under CA than RA-storage for 'Golden Delicious' and 'Jonagold' fruit, while the opposite trend was observed for 'Kanzi'. These results indicate that storage under CA post anoxia maintains better fruit quality during 84-days of storage than RA and effectively reduces the AMC.

Water Influx through the Wetted Surface of a Sweet Cherry Fruit: Evidence for an Associated Solute Efflux.

Sweet cherries are susceptible to rain-cracking. The fruit skin is permeable to water, but also to solutes. The objectives of this study were to (1) establish whether a solute efflux occurs when a sweet cherry fruit is incubated in water; (2) identify the solutes involved; (3) identify the mechanism(s) of efflux; and (4) quantify any changes in solute efflux occurring during development and storage. Solute efflux was gravimetrically measured in wetted fruit as the increasing dry mass of the bathing solution, and anthocyanin efflux was measured spectrophotometrically. Solute and anthocyanin effluxes from a wetted fruit and water influx increased with time. All fluxes were higher for the cracked than for the non-cracked fruit. The effluxes of osmolytes and anthocyanins were positively correlated. Solute efflux depended on the stage of development and on the cultivar. In 'Regina', the solute efflux was lowest during stage II (25 days after full bloom (DAFB)), highest for mid-stage III (55 DAFB), and slightly lower at maturity (77 DAFB). In contrast with 'Regina', solute efflux in 'Burlat' increased continuously towards maturity, being 4.8-fold higher than in 'Regina'. Results showed that solute efflux occurred from wetted fruit. The gravimetrically determined water uptake represents a net mass change-the result of an influx minus a solute efflux.

Influence of respiratory quotient dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA - RQ) and ethanol application on softening of Braeburn apples.

The effect of a respiratory quotient dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA - RQ), which induces ethanol production through low oxygen storage, and ethanol application on softening of Braeburn apples stored at different temperatures was investigated. DCA - RQ storage was associated with the activation of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and greater anaerobic metabolism in comparison with DCA - CF (chlorophyll fluorescence) and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. Greater anaerobic metabolism resulted in lower ethylene production, ACC oxidase activity, membrane permeability, -galactosidase activity and, therefore, less softening after long-term storage. Ethanol application after CA storage decreased ethylene biosynthesis, respiration rate and membrane permeability. Storage at 3 °C resulted in the lowest soluble solids and acidity, but not softening. In conclusion, Braeburn apples could be stored at 3 °C under DCA - RQ1.5. Additionally, ethanol produced by the fruit, or applied externally, had a significant effect on inhibiting softening during and after storage.

Dynamic controlled atmosphere: Impact of elevated storage temperature on anaerobic metabolism and quality of 'Nicoter' apples.

The aim of the study was to evaluate an elevated (3.0 °C) and low (1.0 °C) storage temperature combined with dynamic controlled atmosphere monitored by respiratory quotient (DCA-RQ) and chlorophyll fluorescence (DCA-CF) on anaerobic metabolism, physiological storage disorders and overall quality of 'Nicoter' ('Kanzi®') apples after 5.5 and 8.0 months of storage plus 7d shelf-life. Fruit stored under DCA-RQ 2.0 accumulated the highest amounts of anaerobic metabolites (acetaldehyde, ethanol and ethyl acetate), regardless of storage temperature and timing of storage outturn evaluation, but it did not result in higher electrolyte leakage. Flesh breakdown, core breakdown and cavity formation were reduced at 3 °C. Storage at 3 °C combined with DCA maintained higher flesh firmness after 8.0 months storage plus 7d shelf-life. 'Nicoter' apples can be stored at 3 °C using a DCA system, based either on CF or on RQ, to save electrical energy.

Changes in polyphenols and expression levels of related genes in 'Duke' blueberries stored under high CO2 levels.

Blueberries are highly perishable fruits, and consequently, storage under high CO2 and low O2 levels is recommended to preserve the highly appreciated polyphenols. However, high CO2 levels might be detrimental for certain cultivars. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of storage conditions on various quality parameters, including polyphenol composition in 'Duke' berries. Results show that storage under 18 kPa CO2, coupled with 3 kPa O2, resulted in accelerated softening of berries, which was accompanied by lower levels compared to other conditions of hexosides and arabinosides of malvidin, petunidin, cyanidine, and delphinidin. However, this storage condition had no negative impact on chlorogenic acid levels. Expression data of key polyphenol-biosynthesis genes showed higher expression levels of all investigated genes at harvest time compared to all storage conditions. Of particular importance is the expression level of chalcone synthase (VcCHS), which is severely affected by storage at 18 kPa CO2.

Correlation between changes in polyphenol composition of peels and incidence of CO2 skin burning of 'Cameo' apples as influenced by controlled atmosphere storage.

'Cameo' apples stored under high CO2 levels suffer from "skin burning". Accordingly, this study is aimed to correlate the incidence of skin burning with different polyphenols. After harvest, apples were sorted into bad- and good-colored fruit and further stored under either high (3%) or low (0.7%) CO2 level. At frequent intervals, fruit were assessed for incidence of skin burning and relative concentrations of various polyphenols. Results clearly show that bad-colored apples stored under high CO2 level had the highest incidence percentage. Concerning the polyphenol profile, good-colored and healthy apples had significantly higher concentrations of certain polyphenols, including cyanidin-3-galactoside and rutin. However, bad-colored and injured apples had significantly higher concentrations of another set of polyphenols, including phloridzin, epicatechin, and (epi)catechin→(epi)catechin isomers. Taking into account that quercetins and cyanidins account for more than 80% of antioxidants, it is logical to assume that these polyphenols might give protection to good-colored apples against skin burning.

Previsão de bitter pit em maçãs por meio da infiltração de Mg2+ e da aplicação de ethephon nos frutos / Prediction of bitter pit in apples through Mg2+ infiltration and ethephon application on fruits

Estudou-se o efeito da infiltração de magnésio e cálcio no desenvolvimento de sintomas de bitter pit de maçãs 'Gala'. Examinou-se, também, a eficiência da infiltração de magnésio e da aceleração da maturação de maçãs 'Royal Gala' como métodos de previsão da ocorrência de bitter pit após o armazenamento. No primeiro experimento, maçãs 'Gala' foram infiltradas com MgCl2; CaCl2 ou MgCl2 mais CaCl2. No segundo experimento, maçãs 'Royal Gala' foram infiltradas com MgCl2; ou imersas em solução contendo ethephon por cinco minutos. Como controle, frutos de cada cultivar foram armazenados em atmosfera controlada por seis meses mais 18 dias a 20°C. Frutos infiltrados com MgCl2 apresentaram significativo acréscimo na incidência e severidade de bitter pit, proporcional à concentração de MgCl2 na solução. Frutos infiltrados com CaCl2 não apresentaram sintomas de bitter pit. A aceleração da maturação de maçãs 'Royal Gala' na colheita foi efetiva na previsão de bitter pit após o armazenamento.

The effect of magnesium and calcium infiltration on bitter pit symptoms development in Gala apples was studied. It was also examined the efficiency of magnesium infiltration and the ripening hastening of Royal Gala apples as a predictive methods of bitter pit occurrence after storage. In the first experiment, Gala apples were infiltrated with MgCl2; CaCl2; or MgCl2 plus CaCl2. In the second experiment Royal Gala apples were infiltrated with MgCl2; or immersed into solution containing ethephon during five minutes. As a control a sample of each cultivar was stored in controlled atmosphere during 6 months plus eighteen days at 20°C. Fruits infiltrated with MgCl2 showed increased incidence and severity of bitter pit proportional to the MgCl2 concentration in the solution. Infiltration with CaCl2 prevents bitter pit-like symptoms. The ripening hastening of Royal Gala apples at harvest was effective on the bitter pit prediction after storage.

Métodos para predição de bitter pit em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Braeburn' / Methods for bitter pit prediction in Fuji and Braeburn apples

Experimentos foram conduzidos com objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de métodos para predição da ocorrênciade bitter pit em maçãs ‘Fuji’ e ‘Braeburn’ em duas épocas de amostragem. Os frutos, provenientes de seis pomares distintos, três para cada cultivar, foram coletados antecipadamente (20 dias em relação à colheita) e na data prevista para a colheita comercial. Os métodos de predição utilizados foram: a) infiltração dos frutos com solução 0,10M MgCl2 mais 0,01% Tween-20 e 0,4M de sorbitol; b) imersão dos frutos em solução com 2500nL L-1 de ethephon mais 0,01% Tween-20. Os frutos foram armazenados em atmosfera controlada (AC) por cinco meses mais 12 dias, a 20°C, simulando a incidência real debitter pit em armazenamento comercial. Cada tratamento foi constituído por quatro repetições de 25 frutos. A incidência e severidade de bitter pit, prevista por ambos os métodos foisemelhante à ocorrência real de bitter pit após o armazenamento em atmosfera controlada para cada uma das cultivares utilizadas, quando os frutos foram amostrados antecipadamente em relação à colheita comercial. Na avaliação realizada com frutos amostrados na colheita comercial, nenhum dos métodos foi capaz de prever a incidência de bitter pit após o armazenamento de maneira confiável. Para ambas as cultivares, a infiltração com magnésio e a imersão dos frutos em ethephon só são eficientes na prediçãoda incidência de bitter pit em frutos coletados 20 dias antes da colheita comercial.

Experiments were carried out with objective to evaluate the efficiency of methods for bitter pit prediction in ‘Fuji’ and ‘Braeburn’ apples sampled at two harvest dates. Fruits from 6 orchards, three for each cultivar, were sampledearlier (20 days before harvest) and at commercial harvest date. The prediction methods assessed were: infiltration ofapples with 0.10M MgCl2 solution containing 0.01% Tween-20 and 0.4M sorbitol; and immersion of fruits in 2.500nL L-1 ethephon solution plus 0.01% Tween-20. Four replications of25 fruits of each orchard were stored on controlled atmosphere (CA) during five months plus 12 days at 20°C in order to assess the real bitter pit occurrence. Both methods showed incidence and severity similar to real bitter pit occurrence after storage for both cultivars sampled 20 days before harvest. On the other hand, none method was able to predict the incidence of bitter pit after CA storage for fruits sampled at commercial harvest.The magnesium infiltration and immersion of fruits on ethephon only are efficient to predict bitter pit incidence on fruits when sampled 20 days before commercial harvest.

Manutenção da qualidade pós-colheita de maçãs 'Royal Gala' e 'Galaxy' sob armazenamento em atmosfera controlada / Postharvest quality maintenance of 'Royal Gala' and 'Galaxy' apples stored under controlled atmosphere

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de condições de atmosfera controlada na conservação de maçãs 'Royal Gala' e 'Galaxy'. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e unidade experimental composta por 25 frutos. Os tratamentos utilizados se originaram da combinação de duas culivares ('Royal Gala' e 'Galaxy') e sete diferentes condições de armazenamento, que foram: [1] Armazenamento refrigerado (AR); [2] 1,0kPa O2 + 2,0kPa CO2; [3] 1,0kPa O2 + 2,5kPa CO2; [4] 1,0kPa O2 + 3,0kPa CO2; [5] 0,8kPa O2 + 2,5kPa CO2; [6] 1,2kPa O2 + 2,5kPa CO2 e [7] 1,0kPa O2 + 2,5 kPa CO2. A temperatura nos tratamentos 1 ao 6 foi de +0,5°C e no tratamento 7, -0,5°C As avaliações foram realizadas após oito meses de armazenamento mais sete dias de exposição a 20°C. A maçã 'Galaxy' apresentou menor porcentagem de podridões e polpa farinácea e maior firmeza de polpa em relação à 'Royal Gala', não apresentando interação nestes parâmetros com as condições de armazenamento. A 'Galaxy' apresentou a menor porcentagem de frutos com degenerescência senescente e maior acidez titulável quando comparada com a 'Royal Gala', ocorrendo interação destes parâmetros com as condições de armazenamento. A melhor condição de armazenamento para a cultivar 'Royal Gala' foi de 1,0kPa O2 + 2,5kPa CO2 e para a 'Galaxy' foi de 0,8 a 1,0kPa O2 e 2,5kPa CO2, porém a 'Galaxy' pode ser armazenada por um período maior, pois, apresentou potencial de armazenamento superior a 'Royal Gala'.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of controlled atmosphere conditions in the conservation of 'Royal Gala' and 'Galaxy' apples. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates and the experimental unit composed by 25 fruits. Treatments were originated from the combination of two cultivars (Royal Gala and Galaxy) and seven storage conditions, that were: [1] Cold storage (CS); [2] controlled atmosphere (CA) 1.0kPa O2 + 2.0kPa CO2; [3] 1.0kPa O2 + 2.5kPa CO2; [4] 1.0kPa O2 + 3.0kPa CO2; [5] 0.8kPa O2 + 2.5kPa CO2; [6] 1.2kPa O2 + 2.5kPa CO2 and [7] 1.0kPa O2 + 2.5kPa CO2. The storage temperature in the treatments 1 to 6 were +0.5°C and treatment 7, -0.5°C. Fruit quality was evaluated after 8 months of storage and 7 days at 20°C. 'Galaxy' apple showed lower decay percentage, less mealy fruits and higher firmness in relation to 'Royal Gala' apples and there was no interaction between these parameters and storage conditions. 'Galaxy' apples showed lower percentage of internal breakdown and higher titratable acidity when compared with 'Royal Gala' apples. The best CA storage condition for 'Royal Gala' apples was 1.0kPa O2 + 2.5kPa CO2 and for 'Galaxy' apples, 0.8 to 1.0kPa O2 and 2.5kPa CO2. 'Galaxy' apple can be stored during a larger period, because it presents a superior storage potential in relation to 'Royal Gala' apples.

Condições de atmosfera controlada para o armazenamento de maçãs 'Royal Gala' de diferentes tamanhos / Controlled atmosphere-storage conditions for 'Royal Gala' apples of different sizes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de condições de atmosfera controlada sobre a conservação da qualidade de maçãs 'Royal Gala' de tamanho pequeno (5-6cm de diâmetro) e grande (8-9cm de diâmetro). Os frutos foram armazenados durante oito meses em atmosfera controlada, seguido de sete dias a 20°C. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que a condição de atmosfera controlada com 1,5kPa de O2 + 3,0kPa de CO2 permitiu melhor conservação dos frutos pequenos, por permitir menor ocorrência de degenerescência interna e elevados valores de acidez titulável. Em relação aos frutos grandes, a condição de atmosfera controlada com 1,0kPa de O2 + 3,0kPa de CO2 foi a mais adequada, pois permitiu uma maior firmeza de polpa e elevados valores de acidez titulável. Os frutos pequenos mantiveram a cor de fundo da epiderme mais verde e apresentaram menores incidências de podridões em relação aos frutos grandes.

Armazenamento de maçã 'gala' em atmosfera controlada com remoção de etileno / Storage of 'gala' apple in controlled atmosphere with removal of ethylene

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de etileno na câmara sobre a manutençäo da qualidade da maçä cv. Gala, durante o armazenamento em AC. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetiçöes e a unidade experimental composta por 50 frutos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: >10æl L-1 (sem absorçäo); < 0,4æl L-1 e < 0,04æl L-1, cujos níveis mais baixos foram obtidos por absorçäo química. Após oito meses de armazenamento, na abertura das câmaras e após sete dias a 20ºC, verificou-se maior firmeza de polpa, maior acidez titulável e menor ocorrência de podridöes e degenerescência senescente nos frutos armazenados com remoçäo do etileno. Quanto aos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, näo houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos, em ambas as avaliaçöes. A coloraçäo da epiderme apresentou-se mais verde nos frutos armazenados sob remoçäo de etileno, após sete dias de exposiçäo dos frutos a 20ºC. A incidência de polpa farinhenta foi menor nos tratamentos com eliminaçäo do etileno, na abertura das câmaras

Conservaçäo de três genótipos de feijäo (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) do grupo carioca em armazenamento refrigerado e em atmosfera controlada / Conservation of three bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) of the group carioca in cold storage and controlled atmosphere

O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito do armazenamento refrigerado (AR) e de atmosfera controlada (AC), sobre a cor do tegumento, germinaçäo, umidade do gräo, ocorrência de pragas e facilidade de cozimento de três genótipos de feijäo do grupo carioca (æCariocaÆ, æPérolaÆ e a linhagem M91-012). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetiçöes, com os seguintes tratamentos: ar em temperatura ambiente (convencional); armazenamento refrigerado a 0ºC (AR); fluxo de N2 1,1 (AC em temperatura ambiente). Após 9 e 19 meses de armazenamento, a cor do tegumento dos três genótipos de feijäo apresentou o mesmo comportamento, sendo que o fluxo de N2 manteve a coloraçäo do tegumento mais clara (L*) e o ar ambiente ocasionou maior escurecimento do tegumento dos gräos. A cv. Carioca armazenada em ar ambiente apresentou a menor germinaçäo aos 9 meses. Já na segunda avaliaçäo (19 meses), verificou-se menor germinaçäo para os três genótipos no armazenamento convencional. A umidade do gräo diminuiu em todos os genótipos em AC. Somente ocorreu dano por insetos no feijäo armazenado em ar ambiente, sendo significativo apenas na cv. Carioca após 9 meses e, após 19 meses, foi significativo para os três genótipos. Os menores tempos de cozimento para o feijäo foram obtidos com o armazenamento em AC e AR a 0°C