Frequency of breakfast consumption and its associations with food consumption by degree of industrial processing and with indicators of overweight in Brazilian adolescents (EVA-JF Study).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of breakfast consumption and estimate its associations with the consumption of food at different degrees of industrial processing and with overweight indicators in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved a probabilistic sample of 14- to 19-y-old adolescents enrolled in 29 public schools in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeast Brazil (n = 805). The frequency of breakfast consumption was evaluated via a questionnaire (classified into "do not consume", "sometimes consume", and "regularly consume"). The evaluation of food consumption involved two 24-h dietary recalls, the items of which were analyzed according to the NOVA classification system. Overweight indicators (waist circumference, body mass index for age (BMI-for-age), and body fat percentage) were evaluated according to a standard protocol. Linear regression models were performed, first without and then with adjustments for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: We found that 20% of adolescents skipped breakfast, and ∼46% of the caloric intake came from ultra-processed foods. Breakfast omission was associated with a mean increase of 3.02% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-5.53) in energy intake from ultra-processed foods, in addition to a mean increase of 0.28 z-score (95% CI, 0.05- 0.52) of BMI-for-age and of 1.64% (95% CI, 0.21-3.08) in body fat. CONCLUSIONS: We verified that the omission of breakfast was associated with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, as well as a higher BMI-for-age and higher percentage of body fat, reinforcing the importance of actions to encourage the consumption of this meal and the adoption of healthy eating practices in adolescents.

Involvement of Brazilian adolescents in home cooking: An exploratory analysis (EVA-JF Study).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of Brazilian adolescents in home cooking, estimating its associations with sex and socioeconomic status. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved a probabilistic sample of 14- to 19-y-olds enrolled in 29 public schools in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeast Brazil (n = 835). To assess involvement in home cooking, a 12-question questionnaire was used. The content was based on the Brazilian Food Guide, which encourages the acquisition, development, and sharing of culinary skills. Pearson's χ test and Poisson regression models were carried out, without and with adjustments. RESULTS: Most of the adolescents did not usually participate in meal planning (61%), and in the choice/purchase of food and culinary ingredients (67%). Boys were less likely to know how to cook "from scratch", positively self-evaluate their culinary skills, enjoy cooking, wish to learn more about cooking and meal preparation, and to participate frequently in the planning and preparation of meals. Belonging to a lower socioeconomic status represented a greater probability of preparing meals alone for the family. CONCLUSIONS: We verified an alarming prevalence of adolescents with behaviors unaligned with Brazilian Food Guide recommendations; that is, most of them, especially boys, were not involved in home cooking. Adolescence may present a window of opportunity for the development of culinary skills, resulting in long-term benefits for the population's diet quality. Furthermore, to change a historical pattern that overloads women's daily lives, it is necessary to encourage, from an early age, the presence of boys in the kitchen.

Consumer food environment assessment and its association with socioeconomic factors in a midsize city in Brazil / Avaliação do ambiente alimentar do consumidor e suas associações com fatores socioeconômicos em uma cidade brasileira de médio porte

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the consumer food environment and its associations with socioeconomic factors in a midsize Brazilian city. Methods An ecological study that assessed the consumer food environment through audits in a stratified and proportional sample of food stores. The ESAO-S and the ESAO-R instruments were used. Access to healthy food was assessed using the Healthy Food Store Index and the Healthy Meal Restaurant Index. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and the Health Vulnerability Index were obtained from the 2010 Demographic Census. Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM®SPSSNo-Break®No-Break software. Result A total of 280 food stores were assessed. Only 47.1% of food stores for home consumption had fruits, vegetables, or legumes. High availability of ultra-processed food was identified, such as sugar-sweetened beverages (85.0%) and chocolate sandwich cookies (77.8%). The prices of some unprocessed foods and the availability of snacks were different according to socioeconomic characteristics. In food stores for immediate consumption, low availability of healthy options was identified, and, in most of them, natural juices had higher prices than sugar-sweetened beverages (87.1%). The mean Healthy Food Store Index score was 5.1 (SD=3.6), and the Healthy Meal Restaurant Index was 2.4 (SD=1.2). Conclusion These findings allow us to expand the knowledge about the consumer food environment, helping to implement public policies related to food supply.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o ambiente alimentar do consumidor e suas associações com fatores socioeconômicos em uma cidade brasileira de médio porte. Métodos Estudo ecológico, no qual avaliou-se o ambiente alimentar do consumidor por meio de auditorias em uma amostra estratificada e proporcional de estabelecimentos que comercializam alimentos. Utilizaram-se os instrumentos ESAO-S e ESAO-R. O acesso a alimentos saudáveis foi avaliado por meio do Healthy Food Store Index e do Healthy Meal Restaurant Index. As características socioeconômicas, demográficas e o índice de vulnerabilidade da saúde foram obtidos a partir do Censo Demográfico de 2010. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no software IBMNo-Break®No-BreakSPSSNo-Break®No-Break. Resultados Avaliaram-se 280 estabelecimentos, onde apenas 47,1% dos comércios de alimentos para consumo em domicílio possuíam frutas, verduras ou legumes. Foi identificada uma elevada disponibilidade de alimentos ultraprocessados, como refrigerantes (85,0%) e biscoitos (77,8%). Os preços de alguns alimentos in natura e a disponibilidade de salgadinhos foram diferentes segundo as características socioeconômicas. Nos comércios de alimentos para consumo imediato, foi identificada baixa disponibilidade de opções saudáveis e, na maioria deles, os sucos naturais apresentaram preços superiores a refrigerantes (87,1%). A pontuação média do Healthy Food Store Index foi 5,1 (DP=3,6) e do Healthy Meal Restaurant Index de 2,4 (DP=1,2). Conclusão Os resultados permitem ampliar o conhecimento sobre o ambiente alimentar do consumidor, auxiliando na implantação de políticas públicas relacionadas ao abastecimento alimentar.

Fortalecimento das ações de cuidado às pessoas com obesidade no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19: o caso do Brasil / Enhancing care measures for people with obesity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Brazil

Resumo O presente estudo ecológico descritivo objetivou analisar o papel indutor de um incentivo financeiro federal repassado aos municípios brasileiros em 2020, em meio à pandemia de COVID-19, no aumento do número de atendimentos individuais para a condição de obesidade na atenção primária à saúde (APS). Utilizaram-se dados secundários, obtidos no Sistema de Informação em Saúde para a Atenção Básica e no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN). Em 2021, 74,8% dos 5.504 municípios que receberam o incentivo financeiro apresentaram aumento no número de atendimentos individuais para a condição avaliada como obesidade na APS, em relação a 2020. O número de pessoas identificadas com obesidade e o número de atendimentos individuais para esta condição foram maiores em 2021 do que nos demais anos analisados (2017 a 2020). Na comparação de 2021 com 2020 (ano de recebimento do incentivo financeiro), observou-se que o percentual de aumento de atendimentos individuais foi superior ao percentual de aumento de pessoas com obesidade registradas no SISVAN (77,6% vs. 39,1%). Em conclusão, incentivos financeiros federais, canalizados para o fortalecimento do cuidado às pessoas com obesidade no âmbito da APS, figuram como importantes mecanismos de indução de ações em nível local.

Abstract This descriptive ecological study sought to analyze the inductive role of a federal financial incentive passed on to Brazilian municipalities in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in increasing the number of individual consultations for the condition of obesity in primary health care (PHC). Secondary data obtained from the Health Information System for Primary Care and from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) were used. In 2021, 74.8% of the 5,504 municipalities that received the financial incentive, showed an increase in the number of individual obesity consultations in PHC, compared to 2020. The number of people identified with obesity and the number of individual visits for this condition were higher in 2021 than in the other years analyzed (2017 to 2020). Comparing 2021 with 2020 (year of receipt of the financial incentive), it was observed that the percentage of increase in the number of individual consultations for the condition of obesity was higher than the increase in the number of people identified with obesity in the SISVAN (77.6 % vs. 39.1%). In conclusion, federal financial incentives for municipalities, channeled to enhance care for people with obesity within the scope of PHC, are important mechanisms for inducing actions at the local level.

Tradução e adaptação transcultural do Questionário de Escolhas Alimentares para Adolescentes Brasileiros (FCQ-A-BR) / Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Food Choice Questionnaire for Brazilian Adolescents (FCQ-A-BR)

Resumo Introdução Instrumentos que busquem conhecer os motivos que propiciam as escolhas alimentares em adolescentes são inexistentes no Brasil até o momento. O Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) para adolescentes é um questionário de fácil aplicação e que pode ser utilizado não somente em pesquisas, mas também nos serviços de atenção à saúde. Objetivo Descrever as etapas iniciais - validade de face e de conteúdo - do processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural do FCQ para adolescentes da versão em espanhol para o português do Brasil. Método Trata-se de um estudo metodológico de tradução e adaptação transcultural, em conformidade com as normas internacionais para tradução de instrumentos para validação. Foram seguidas quatro etapas: tradução, retradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e dois pré-testes, que foram realizados com adolescentes com idades entre 14 e 19 anos. Resultados Os itens e o título do instrumento foram traduzidos para o português. Alguns itens necessitaram de ajustes para melhor compreensão do público-alvo. O tempo médio de aplicação foi de sete minutos. Um item foi eliminado do questionário e modificou-se a escala de resposta para melhor adequação do instrumento. Conclusão O processo inicial de tradução e adaptação transcultural do Questionário de Escolhas Alimentares para Adolescentes Brasileiros (FCQ-A-BR) atestou as validades de face e conteúdo. No entanto, faz-se necessária a complementação das análises psicométricas, para utilização do instrumento, caso elas se mostrem satisfatórias.

Abstract Background Instruments that seek to find out the reasons that lead to food choices among adolescents are not yet available in Brazil so far. The Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) for adolescents is a simple questionnaire that can be used not only in research, but also in healthcare. Objective To describe the initial steps - face and content validity - of the process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the FCQ for adolescents from the Spanish version into Brazilian Portuguese. Method This is a methodological study of translation and cross-cultural adaptation, in accordance with international standards for translation of instruments for validation. Four steps were followed: translation, back-translation, evaluation by an expert committee and two pre-tests, which were carried out with adolescents aged between 14 and 19 years. Results The items and the instrument title were translated to Portuguese. Some items needed adjustments to better understand the target audience. The average application time was seven minutes. One item was eliminated from the questionnaire and the response scale was modified to better suit the instrument. Conclusion The initial process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Food Choice Questionnaire for Brazilian Adolescents (FCQ-A-BR) attested to the face and content validity. However, it is necessary to complement the psychometric analyses, to use the instrument, if they are satisfactory.

Eating contexts and their associations with socio-demographic factors in Brazilian adolescents (EVA-JF Study).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the eating contexts and estimate their associations with socio-demographic factors in a sample of Brazilian adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. We used an exploratory questionnaire about eating contexts (encompassing regularity of meals, places where they occur and if they take place with attention and in company), which was submitted to cluster analysis. Subsequently, three clusters were identified: cluster 1, 'appropriate eating contexts at breakfast, lunch and dinner'; cluster 2, 'inappropriate eating context at breakfast' and cluster 3, 'inappropriate eating context at dinner'. Multinomial logistic regression models were performed, without and with adjustments, using cluster 1 as reference. SETTING: Twenty-nine public schools of Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeast Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents, 14-19-year-olds (n 835). RESULTS: We observed relevant prevalence of adolescents omitting breakfast (52·9 %) and dinner (39·3 %), and who had the habit of eating sitting/lying on the couch/bed or standing/walking, and in front of screens. Breakfast usually occurred unaccompanied (70·8 %); around half (47·5 %) and little over a third (36·1 %) of the sample also would usually have lunch and dinner unaccompanied, respectively. Furthermore, through multivariate analysis, we found associations of eating contexts clusters with female sex (more likely in clusters 2 and 3), age range 14-15-year-olds (less likely in cluster 2) and higher mother's schooling (more likely in cluster 3). CONCLUSIONS: We verified an alarming prevalence of adolescents with eating contexts unaligned with healthy eating recommendations. Additionally, inappropriate eating contexts at breakfast and/or at dinner were associated with socio-demographic factors (sex, age range and mother's schooling).

Eating contexts at breakfast, lunch, and dinner: Associations with ultra-processed foods consumption and overweight in Brazilian adolescents (EVA-JF Study).

This cross-sectional study estimated associations of eating contexts (including regularity of meals, places where they occur, and if they take place with attention and in company) with food consumption by degree of industrial processing and overweight indicators in a sample of Brazilian adolescents (14-19 years old) enrolled in 29 public schools in Juiz de Fora, MG (n = 805). We used an exploratory questionnaire, which was submitted to cluster analysis. Three clusters were identified: cluster 1 (n = 572), "appropriate eating contexts at breakfast, lunch, and dinner"; cluster 2 (n = 139), "inappropriate eating context at breakfast"; and cluster 3 (n = 94) "inappropriate eating context at dinner". The evaluation of food consumption involved two 24-h dietary recalls, whose items were analyzed according to the NOVA classification system. Linear regression models were performed, using cluster 1 as reference. Clusters 2 and 3 were associated with an increase in the energy fraction from ultra-processed foods [respectively, ß = 2.55% (IC 95%: 0.50; 5.05) and ß = 4.18% (IC 95%: 1.21; 7.14)]; and cluster 2 was associated with a reduction in the energy fraction from unprocessed or minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients [ß = -3.61% (IC 95%: -6.40; -0.82)]. Additionally, clusters 2 and 3 were associated with an increase of body mass index for age [respectively, ß = 0.23 z-score (IC 95%: 0.01; 0.46) and ß = 0.27 z-score (IC 95%: 0.02; 0.54)]; and cluster 2 was associated with an increase of body fat [ß = 1.21% (IC 95%: 0.23; 2.64)]. In conclusion, inappropriate eating contexts at breakfast and dinner were associated with higher ultra-processed food intake, higher body mass index and higher body fat percentage.

Factors associated with non-frequent breakfast consumption in adolescents (EVA-JF Study) / Fatores associados ao consumo não frequente de café da manhã em adolescentes (Estudo EVA-JF)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the association of infrequent breakfast consumption with socioeconomic, behavioral, and individual factors in a sample of Brazilian adolescents from public schools. Methods Cross-sectional study with adolescents aged from 14 to 19 from public schools in Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais. The frequency of consumption of breakfast, snacks, soft drinks, industrialized drinks, the usual food consumption, body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference were evaluated. Other socioeconomic, behavioral, and individual data were obtained through questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis and hierarchical selection of variables were used to verify the associated factors. Results The sample consisted of 805 adolescents; 53.4% reported infrequent breakfast consumption. Through hierarchical logistic regression analysis, it was evidenced that the house occupancy status (OR: 0.618; 95%CI: 0.4410.865; p=0.005) was the distal factor associated with infrequent breakfast consumption; the intermediate factors were the consumption of industrialized beverages (OR: 0.658; 95%CI: 0.486-0.890; p=0.007) and percentage of energy from processed foods (OR: 0.935; 95%CI: 0.907-0.964; p<0.001); and the proximal factors were the male gender (OR: 0.696; 95%CI: 0.520-0.932; p=0.0015) and being nonwhite (OR: 1.529; 95%CI: 1.131-2.069; p=0.006). Conclusion Male adolescents who lived in owned houses, with occasional consumption of industrialized beverages and a higher percentage of energy derived from processed foods, had lower chances of infrequent breakfast consumption, while non-white adolescents had higher chances.

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar as associações do consumo não frequente de café da manhã com fatores socioeconômicos, comportamentais e individuais em uma amostra de adolescentes de escolas públicas. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos matriculados em escolas públicas de Juiz de Fora (MG). Foram avaliadas a frequência de consumo de café da manhã, lanches, refrigerantes e bebidas industrializadas, consumo alimentar usual, IMC, percentual de gordura corporal e perímetro da cintura. Demais dados socioeconômicos, comportamentais e individuais foram obtidos através de questionários. A análise de regressão logística e seleção hierárquica das variáveis foram usadas para verificar fatores associados. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 805 adolescentes e 53,4% deles relataram consumo não frequente de café da manhã. Através da análise de regressão logística hierarquizada, evidenciou-se que a ocupação em domicílio próprio (OR: 0,618; IC95%: 0,441-0,865; p=0,005) foi o fator distal associado ao consumo não frequente de café da manhã, além dos fatores intermediários "consumo não frequente de bebidas industrializadas" (OR: 0,658; IC95%: 0,486-0,890; p=0,007) e "percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos processados" (OR: 0,935; IC95%: 0,907-0,964; p<0,001) e dos fatores proximais "sexo masculino" (OR: 0,696; IC95%: 0,520-0,932; p=0,0015) e "cor da pele não branca" (OR: 1,529; IC95%: 1,131-2,069; p=0,006). Conclusão Adolescentes que residiam em domicílios próprios, com consumo não frequente de bebidas industrializadas, com maior percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos processados e do sexo masculino apresentaram menores chances de consumo não frequente de café da manhã, enquanto, adolescentes com cor da pele não branca apresentaram maiores chances.

Consumption of differently processed food by public school adolescents / Consumo alimentar de adolescentes de escolas públicas segundo grau de processamento industrial dos alimentos

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize food consumption, considering the degree of industrial food processing by public schools' adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study involving adolescents aged 14 to 19 years, of both genders, attending public schools in Juiz de Fora, MG. Food consumption was assessed using two 24-hour dietary recalls. Foods were classified into three groups according to the degree of industrial processing: (1) unprocessed foods or minimally processed foods, culinary ingredients and preparations based on these foods; (2) processed foods; (3) ultra-processed foods. In addition, weight and height information was collected, with subsequent calculation of body mass index/age to assess the individuals' nutritional status according to the gender. Pearson's chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed, adopting a value of p<0.05. Results The sample consisted of 804 adolescents, with a predominance of females (57.5%). In the sample, 29.9% and 26.1%, of girls and boys, respectively, were overweight. There was a difference in the daily consumption of ready-made sweet-tasting foods, being higher in females (26.2%) when compared to males (18.1%), whereas the consumption of soft drinks (one to four times a week) was 47.2% and 55.6% in girls and boys, respectively (p<0.05). Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was observed in females (p=0.02) and processed foods in males (p=0.008). Conclusion There was a high contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of adolescents in public schools; a high prevalence of overweight was observed in both genders.

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o consumo alimentar através do grau de processamento industrial dos alimentos consumidos por adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas. Métodos Estudo transversal com adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos de ambos os sexos matriculados em escolas públicas de Juiz de Fora, MG. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado através de dois recordatórios de 24h. Os alimentos foram classificados em três grupos de acordo com o grau de processamento industrial: (1) alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, ingredientes culinários e preparações a base desses alimentos; (2) alimentos processados; (3) alimentos ultraprocessados. Ademais, foram coletadas informações de peso e altura dos estudantes, com posterior cálculo de índice de massa corporal/idade para avaliação do estado nutricional conforme o sexo. Foram realizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, adotando o valor de p<0,05. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 804 adolescentes, com predomínio do sexo feminino (57,5%). Entre os adolescentes, 29,9% das meninas e 26,1% dos meninos apresentaram excesso de peso. Observou-se diferença no consumo diário de alimentos prontos de sabor doce, sendo maior no sexo feminino (26,2%) quando comparado ao masculino (18,1%), ao passo que o consumo de refrigerantes de uma a quatro vezes na semana foi de 47,2% e 55,6% nas meninas e meninos, respectivamente (p<0,05). Maior consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi observado no sexo feminino (p=0,02) e de alimentos processados no sexo masculino (p=0,008). Conclusão Verificou-se elevada contribuição proveniente do grupo dos alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta dos adolescentes de escolas públicas, com altas prevalências de excesso de peso em ambos os sexos.

Brazilian health professionals' perception about the Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) method for complementary feeding: an exploratory study / Percepções de profissionais de saúde brasileiros acerca da prática do método Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) para alimentação complementar: um estudo exploratório

Abstract Objective: To describe Brazilian health professionals' perception about the Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) method use for complementary feeding. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study including 458 health professionals graduated in Nursing, Speech Therapy, Medicine, Nutrition or Dentistry and working in Pediatrics, being directly or indirectly involved with pediatric nutrition. We used a convenience non-probability sampling. The questionnaire applied to participants addressed demographic characteristics, academic degree, workplace, knowledge about clinical practice and perceptions about the possible advantages of the BLW method. Results: Participants had a mean age of 34.5±8.5 years, 64.6% of them working in Southeast Brazil and 65.3% being nutritionists. Most participants reported being acquainted with the BLW method (82.0%). Regarding clinical practice, 38.3% mentioned having recommended the BLW some times, 37.5% often and 20.5% always. Most participants fully agreed that the BLW method could have advantages for babies, for example, having them more likely to share family meals, facilitating adaptation to food flavors and consistencies, enhancing chewing and favoring the development of motor skills. On the other hand, important disagreements were also expressed regarding the BLW convenience and the possibility to create less concerns or anxiety in parents. Conclusions: The BLW method reported as advantageous, but disagreements were also raised, probably because scientific evidences on the suject are scarse. Further investigation is needed so we can better understand the risks and benefits and health care professionals can feel effectively assisted to offer support and advice to parents and caretakers.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as percepções de profissionais de saúde brasileiros acerca do método baby-led weaning (BLW) para alimentação complementar. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal conduzido com 458 profissionais de saúde graduados em Enfermagem, Fonoaudiologia, Medicina, Nutrição ou Odontologia e que atuavam em pediatria, estando direta ou indiretamente envolvidos com nutrição infantil. A amostragem foi não probabilística, de conveniência. O questionário englobou características demográficas, titulação e local de trabalho dos participantes, além do conhecimento, da prática clínica e das percepções sobre possíveis vantagens do BLW. Resultados: Os profissionais de saúde tinham idade média de 34,5±8,5 anos, 64,6% atuavam no sudeste do Brasil e 65,3% eram nutricionistas. A maioria relatou conhecer o BLW (82,1%). Quanto à prática clínica, 38,3% mencionaram que costumavam recomendar o BLW às vezes, 37,5%, frequentemente, e 20,5%, sempre. Grande parte declarou que concordava totalmente que o método poderia trazer vantagens, tornando os bebês mais propensos a compartilharem refeições em família, facilitando a adaptação aos sabores e às consistências dos alimentos, potencializando a mastigação e favorecendo o desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras, porém manifestaram-se discordâncias importantes em relação à comodidade/conveniência e ao argumento de gerar menos preocupação ou ansiedade para os pais/cuidadores. Conclusões: Em geral, o BLW foi relatado como vantajoso, mas foram evidenciadas discordâncias, que são um provável reflexo da escassez de evidências científicas factuais sobre essa temática. São necessários mais estudos, para a melhor compressão de seus riscos e benefícios. Só assim os profissionais de saúde se sentirão efetivamente respaldados para fornecer suporte ou aconselhamento aos pais/cuidadores.

Brazilian health professionals' perception about the Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) method for complementary feeding: an exploratory study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe Brazilian health professionals' perception about the Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) method use for complementary feeding. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive study including 458 health professionals graduated in Nursing, Speech Therapy, Medicine, Nutrition or Dentistry and working in Pediatrics, being directly or indirectly involved with pediatric nutrition. We used a convenience non-probability sampling. The questionnaire applied to participants addressed demographic characteristics, academic degree, workplace, knowledge about clinical practice and perceptions about the possible advantages of the BLW method. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 34.5±8.5 years, 64.6% of them working in Southeast Brazil and 65.3% being nutritionists. Most participants reported being acquainted with the BLW method (82.0%). Regarding clinical practice, 38.3% mentioned having recommended the BLW some times, 37.5% often and 20.5% always. Most participants fully agreed that the BLW method could have advantages for babies, for example, having them more likely to share family meals, facilitating adaptation to food flavors and consistencies, enhancing chewing and favoring the development of motor skills. On the other hand, important disagreements were also expressed regarding the BLW convenience and the possibility to create less concerns or anxiety in parents. CONCLUSIONS: The BLW method reported as advantageous, but disagreements were also raised, probably because scientific evidences on the suject are scarse. Further investigation is needed so we can better understand the risks and benefits and health care professionals can feel effectively assisted to offer support and advice to parents and caretakers.

Enfoque estratégico-situacional para o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero: um relato de experiência / Strategic-situational planning for a cervical cancer screening: experience port

Objetivo: Descrever a experiência de uso do enfoque estratégico-situacional para o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero em um estudo de coorte. Métodos: A descrição desta experiência é relativa à segunda fase de um estudo de coorte, realizada no período de 2015-2016. A primeira fase da coleta de dados ocorreu em 2010-2012, contemplando 778 mulheres, entre 20 e 59 anos, residentes na área de abrangência de duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBSs). Visando reavaliar as participantes, adotou-se o enfoque estratégico-situacional, concebido por quatro momentos de ação: explicativo (conduziu-se um diagnóstico do serviço das UBSs); normativo (definiram-se os objetivos a serem alcançados e formularam- se intervenções); estratégico (traçaram-se os mecanismos de viabilidade); tático- operacional (executaram-se, monitoraram-se e avaliaram-se as estratégias pré-estabelecidas). Ao final da segunda fase da coorte, após a realização de práticas educativas de promoção da saúde ­ com orientações a respeito da pertinência do teste de Papanicolaou ­ e a eliminação de barreiras de acesso à consulta ginecológica, do total de participantes elegíveis (n = 535), submeteram-se 479 às entrevistas e consultas ginecológicas, ou seja, obteve-se uma taxa de adesão equivalente a 89,5%. Conclusão: Apenas uma pequena parcela das mulheres se mostrou resistente à nova captação. O enfoque estratégico-situacional foi, portanto, elementar para a sistematização do processo de rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero. O reconhecimento de que todos os profissionais do serviço eram atores aptos a contribuir para o planejamento representou o ponto-chave na tomada de decisão e na delimitação de estratégias.

Objective: To describe the experience of the strategic-situational planning for cervical cancer screening in a cohort study. Methods: The description of this experience concerns the second phase of a cohort study, conducted in the period of 2015-2016. The first phase of the study was conducted in 2010-2012, comprising 778 women, aged 20-59, residing in areas covered by two Primary Health Care Units (PHCU). To re-evaluate the participants, we adopted a strategic-situational planning, with four steps: explanatory (conduced a diagnosis of the PHCU service); normative (defined the objectives to be achieved and formulated for interventions); strategy (outlining feasibility mechanisms); and tactical-operational (pre-established tasks were executed, monitored and evaluated). In the end of the second phase of the cohort, after educational practices for health promotion ­ with orientations about the relevance of Papanicolaou test ­ and also after the elimination of access barriers to gynecological appointments, 479 women were evaluated (out of a total of 535 eligible women). Therefore, the rate of adhesion was 89.5%. Conclusion: Just a small proportion of the eligible women was resistant to new uptake. The strategic-situational planning was considered elementary for the systematization of cervical cancer screening process. The recognition of the importance of all health professionals contributed to the planning and represented the key point in making decisions and in the delimitation of strategies.

Avaliação da rotulagem nutricional de biscoitos recheados com apelo infantil / Evaluation of the nutritional labeling of cookies with children's appeal

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente os rótulos de biscoitos recheados com apelo infantil encontrados em redes de supermercados do município de Juiz de Fora/MG. Foi realizado um estudo transversal que investigou as embalagens de biscoitos recheados destinados ao público infantil, especialmente os rótulos nutricionais, por meio de análises qualitativas ­ atendimento da presença das informações obrigatórias exigidas nas resoluções ­ e quantitativas ­ adequação dos valores de energia, carboidrato, proteína, fibras, sódio, gordura total, saturada e trans em relação ao percentual do valor diário recomendado (%VDR) da Ingestão Diária Recomendada (IDR) para crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o software SPSS® versão 21.0. Analisaram-se 16 produtos e constatou-se que 100% da amostra atendeu aos itens obrigatórios que devem estar presentes na rotulagem preconizados pela legislação vigente. Foi observado que a maioria dos produtos ultrapassou o %VDR para crianças em relação a energia, macronutrientes, sódio e fibras. Os biscoitos recheados analisados apresentam alterações quantitativas na rotulagem nutricional em relação aos valores de referência para a população infantil. Reiteramos a necessidade de mudanças na regulamentação da rotulagem nutricional de forma a facilitar a compreensão dos consumidores e sugerimos estudos complementares.

The objective of this study was to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the labels of cookies that appeal to children and that are found in supermarket chains in the city of Juiz de Fora/MG. A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the package of cookies intended for children, especially nutritional labels, by means of qualitative analyzes ­ attendance of the mandatory information required in the resolutions - and quantitative ­ adequacy of energy, carbohydrate and protein values , fiber, sodium, total fat, saturated and trans in relation to the Recommended Daily Intake Percentage (% VDR) for children from 2 to 6 years of age. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS® software version 21.0. A total of 16 products were analyzed and it was verified that 100% of the sample met the mandatory items that must be present in the labeling recommended by current legislation. Regarding energy, macronutrients, sodium and fiber, it was noted that most products exceeded % VDR for children. The cookies analyzed present quantitative changes in nutritional labeling in relation to the reference values for the infant population. We reiterate the need for changes in the regulation of nutrition labeling in order to facilitate consumer understanding and we suggest complementary studies.

TRI-PONDERAL MASS INDEX IS USEFUL FOR SCREENING CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether tri-ponderal mass index and body mass index Z scores are equivalent for screening children and adolescents with insulin resistance. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 296 children and adolescents enrolled at public schools of Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, aged eight to 14 years. The tri-ponderal mass index was calculated as the ratio between weight and height cubed. The body mass index was calculated as the ratio between weight and height squared. Insulin resistance was defined with the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: The HOMA-IR was higher in the 4th quartile of body mass index Z scores and tri-ponderal mass index compared to 1st and 2nd quartiles for both girls and boys. The areas under the age-adjusted receiver operating characteristic curves were similar between the indices for girls (body mass index Z scores=0.756; tri-ponderal mass index=0.763) and boys (body mass index Z scores=0.831; tri-ponderal mass index=0.843). In addition, according to the simple linear regression analyses estimations, both body mass index Z scores and tri-ponderal mass index explained a significant fraction of the homeostatic model assessment variability for girls (body mass index Z scores: R2=0.269; tri-ponderal mass index: R2=0.289; p<0.001) and boys (body mass index Z scores: R2=0.175; tri-ponderal mass index: R2=0.210; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The tri-ponderal mass index and body mass index Z scores were similar to discriminate children and adolescents with insulin resistance. It is noteworthy that the use of tri-ponderal mass index is clearly advantageous, because it can be calculated with no concerns on adjustments for the age, a fact that makes it very applicable in the clinical practice.

Fatores associados ao letramento funcional em saúde de mulheres atendidas pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família / Factors associated with the functional health literacy in women served by the Family Health Strategy

Resumo Introdução O letramento funcional em saúde (LFS) diz respeito à habilidade dos indivíduos em compreender as informações relacionadas à saúde e está relacionado a diversos desfechos de saúde. Objetivo Investigar a associação do LFS com fatores sociodemográficos, apoio social, autoavaliação do estado de saúde e perfil de acesso aos serviços de saúde em mulheres assistidas pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF). Método Estudo transversal, conduzido em 2015-2016, em duas Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde cobertas pela ESF, de um município da região Sudeste do Brasil. A amostra foi composta por 439 mulheres, entre 25 e 64 anos. O LFS foi avaliado por meio do Brief Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (B-TOFHLA). Efetuaram-se cálculos da razão de prevalência (RP). Posteriormente, construiu-se um modelo de regressão de Poisson de variância robusta, sendo admitida significância estatística quando p ≤0,05. Resultados Foi constatado que 53,5% das mulheres apresentaram um baixo LFS, o qual associou-se à idade superior aos 40 anos (RP = 1,18; IC 95%: 1,07-1,31), ao grau de instrução inferior ao ensino médio completo (RP = 1,26; IC 95%: 1,15-1,38), à baixa renda (RP = 1,13; IC 95%: 1,04-1,23) e à autodeclaração da cor parda ou preta (RP= 1,06; IC 95%: 1,01-1,12). Conclusão Os resultados acentuaram a importância do LFS como estratégia para a abordagem de populações com maior vulnerabilidade socioeconômica.

Abstract Background Functional health literacy (FHL) concerns the ability of individuals to understand health-related information, which is related to various health outcomes. Objective Investigate the association between FHL and socio-demographic factors, social support, self-assessment of health status and access to health services in women assisted by the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Method A cross-sectional study, conducted in 2015-2016, in two Primary Health Care Units covered by the FHS of a municipality in the Southeast region of Brazil. The sample consisted of 479 participants, aged between 24 and 64 years. FHL was evaluated by the Brief Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (B-TOFHLA). Prevalence Ratio (PR), with Confidence Interval (CI) of 95%, was performed. Subsequently, a Poisson regression model of robust variance was constructed, and statistical significance was accepted when p≤0.05. Results It was found that 53.5% of the women had a low FHL, which was associated with age over 40 (RP = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07-1.31), low education level (RP = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.15-1.38), low income (RP = 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.23) and self-declaration brown or black skin color (PR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12). Conclusion The results reinforce the importance of FHL use as a strategy for the management of populations with greater socioeconomic vulnerability.

Tri-ponderal mass index is useful for screening children and adolescents with insulin resistance / O índice de massa tri-ponderal é útil na triagem de crianças e adolescentes com resistência à insulina

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate whether tri-ponderal mass index and body mass index Z scores are equivalent for screening children and adolescents with insulin resistance. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 296 children and adolescents enrolled at public schools of Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, aged eight to 14 years. The tri-ponderal mass index was calculated as the ratio between weight and height cubed. The body mass index was calculated as the ratio between weight and height squared. Insulin resistance was defined with the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Results: The HOMA-IR was higher in the 4th quartile of body mass index Z scores and tri-ponderal mass index compared to 1st and 2nd quartiles for both girls and boys. The areas under the age-adjusted receiver operating characteristic curves were similar between the indices for girls (body mass index Z scores=0.756; tri-ponderal mass index=0.763) and boys (body mass index Z scores=0.831; tri-ponderal mass index=0.843). In addition, according to the simple linear regression analyses estimations, both body mass index Z scores and tri-ponderal mass index explained a significant fraction of the homeostatic model assessment variability for girls (body mass index Z scores: R2=0.269; tri-ponderal mass index: R2=0.289; p<0.001) and boys (body mass index Z scores: R2=0.175; tri-ponderal mass index: R2=0.210; p<0.001). Conclusions: The tri-ponderal mass index and body mass index Z scores were similar to discriminate children and adolescents with insulin resistance. It is noteworthy that the use of tri-ponderal mass index is clearly advantageous, because it can be calculated with no concerns on adjustments for the age, a fact that makes it very applicable in the clinical practice.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar se o índice de massa tri-ponderal e os escores-z do índice de massa corporal são equivalentes na triagem de crianças e adolescentes com resistência à insulina. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 296 crianças e adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, com idades entre oito e 14 anos. O índice de massa tri-ponderal foi calculado como a razão entre o peso e a altura ao cubo. O índice de massa corporal foi calculado como a razão entre o peso e a altura ao quadrado. A resistência à insulina foi definida pelo modelo de avaliação da homeostase para resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR). Resultados: O HOMA-IR foi maior no 4º quartil dos escores-z do índice de massa corporal e do índice de massa tri-ponderal, em relação ao 1º e 2º quartis em ambos os sexos. As áreas sob as curvas receiver operating characteristic ajustadas por idade foram semelhantes em meninas (escores-z do índice de massa corporal=0,756; índice de massa tri-ponderal=0,763) e meninos (escores-z do índice de massa corporal=0,831; índice de massa tri-ponderal=0,843). Além disso, de acordo com as estimativas das análises de regressão linear simples, os escores-z do índice de massa corporal e o índice de massa tri-ponderal explicaram uma fração significativa da variabilidade do modelo de avaliação da homeostase para meninas (escores-z do índice de massa corporal: R2=0,269; índice de massa tri-ponderal: R2=0,289; p<0,001) e meninos (escores-z do índice de massa corporal: R2=0,175; índice de massa tri-ponderal: R2=0,210; p<0,001). Conclusões: O índice de massa tri-ponderal e os escores-z do índice de massa corporal foram semelhantes na triagem de crianças e adolescentes com resistência à insulina. É importante ressaltar que o uso do índice de massa tri-ponderal é claramente vantajoso, pois pode ser calculado sem ajustes por idade, fato que o torna muito aplicável à prática clínica.

Waist-to-height ratio is as reliable as biochemical markers to discriminate pediatric insulin resistance / A razão cintura/estatura é tão confiável quanto marcadores bioquímicos para discriminar resistência à insulina

Abstract Objective: Given the importance of incorporating simple and low-cost tools into the pediatric clinical setting to provide screening for insulin resistance, the present study sought to investigate whether waist-to-height ratio is comparable to biochemical markers for the discrimination of insulin resistance in children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved students from nine public schools. In total, 296 children and adolescents of both sexes, aged 8 -14 years, composed the sample. Waist-to-height ratio, triglycerides/glucose index, and triglycerides-to-HDL-C ratio were determined according to standard protocols. Insulin resistance was defined as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance with cut-off point ≥ 3.16. Results: Age, body mass index, frequency of overweight, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, insulin, glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, triglycerides, triglycerides/glucose index, and triglycerides-to-HDL-C were higher among insulin resistant boys and girls. Moderate correlation of all indicators (waist-to-height ratio, triglycerides/glucose index, and triglycerides-to-HDL-C ratio) with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance was observed for both sexes. The areas under the receiver operational characteristic curves ware similar between waist-to-height ratio and biochemical markers. Conclusion: The indicators provided similar discriminatory power for insulin resistance. However, taking into account the cost-benefit ratio, we suggest that waist-to-height ratio may be a useful tool to provide screening for insulin resistance in pediatric populations.

Resumo Objetivo: Considerando a importância de incorporar ferramentas simples e de baixo custo no cenário clínico-pediátrico para a triagem de resistência à insulina, o presente estudo buscou investigar se a razão cintura/estatura é comparável a marcadores bioquímicos na discriminação de resistência à insulina em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Este estudo transversal envolveu estudantes de nove escolas públicas. No total, 296 crianças e adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 8 e 14 anos, compuseram a amostra. A razão cintura/estatura, o índice triglicerídeos/glicose e a razão triglicerídeos/HDL-C foram determinados de acordo com protocolos padrão. A resistência à insulina foi definida por meio do modelo de avaliação homeostática para resistência insulínica, com ponto de corte ≥ 3.16. Resultados: Idade, índice de massa corporal, frequência de excesso de peso, circunferência da cintura, razão cintura/estatura, insulina, glicemia, modelo de avaliação homeostática para resistência insulínica, triglicerídeos, índice triglicerídeos/glicose e razão triglicerídeos/HDL-C foram maiores entre meninos e meninas com resistência à insulina. Também foram observadas, em ambos os sexos, correlações moderadas de todos os indicadores (razão cintura/estatura, índice triglicerídeos/glicose e razão triglicerídeos/HDL-C) com o modelo de avaliação homeostática para resistência à insulina. As áreas sob as curvas ROC foram semelhantes entre a razão cintura/estatura e os marcadores bioquímicos. Conclusão: Os indicadores forneceram poder discriminatório similar para a resistência à insulina. No entanto, levando em conta o custo-benefício, sugerimos que a razão cintura/estatura pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a triagem de resistência à insulina em populações pediátricas.

Ponderal index classifies obesity in children and adolescents more accurately than body mass index z-scores.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare the accuracy of the ponderal index (PI) vs. BMI-for-age z-scores transformed (BMIz) in estimating body fat levels and classifying obesity in children and adolescents from a Brazilian urban population. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 1149 participants (53.2% male), aged 6 to 18 years. Body fat percent (BFP) was obtained by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance. Non-linear regression analysis provided the accuracy of both BMIz and PI in estimating BFP. False positive rate was obtained from the proportion of individuals placed at or above the 95th percentile for BMIz or PI, whereas their BFP was discordantly below the 95th percentile. RESULTS: PI and BMIz appeared with similar stability from childhood to adolescence for both boys and girls. The portion of the variability in BFP explained by BMIz (R2 = 0.74 and R2 = 0.75) was close to the variability in BFP explained by PI (R2 = 0.73 and R2 = 0.75) for boys and girls, respectively. False positive rate was higher for BMIz compared with PI among boys (21.8% vs. 3.9%) and girls (28.5% vs. 17.5%). CONCLUSIONS: PI is a promising index for replacing BMIz in children and adolescents due to its potential to reduce false diagnosis of obesity.

Waist-to-height ratio is as reliable as biochemical markers to discriminate pediatric insulin resistance.

OBJECTIVE: Given the importance of incorporating simple and low-cost tools into the pediatric clinical setting to provide screening for insulin resistance, the present study sought to investigate whether waist-to-height ratio is comparable to biochemical markers for the discrimination of insulin resistance in children and adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved students from nine public schools. In total, 296 children and adolescents of both sexes, aged 8-14 years, composed the sample. Waist-to-height ratio, triglycerides/glucose index, and triglycerides-to-HDL-C ratio were determined according to standard protocols. Insulin resistance was defined as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance with cut-off point ≥ 3.16. RESULTS: Age, body mass index, frequency of overweight, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, insulin, glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, triglycerides, triglycerides/glucose index, and triglycerides-to-HDL-C were higher among insulin resistant boys and girls. Moderate correlation of all indicators (waist-to-height ratio, triglycerides/glucose index, and triglycerides-to-HDL-C ratio) with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance was observed for both sexes. The areas under the receiver operational characteristic curves ware similar between waist-to-height ratio and biochemical markers. CONCLUSION: The indicators provided similar discriminatory power for insulin resistance. However, taking into account the cost-benefit ratio, we suggest that waist-to-height ratio may be a useful tool to provide screening for insulin resistance in pediatric populations.

Adductor Pollicis Muscle Thickness for nutritional assessment: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to systematically review the scientific findings about the efficacy of the measure of the Adductor Pollicis Muscle Thickness for nutritional assessment of individuals in various clinical conditions. METHOD: Systematic review study performed according to the methodology Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). RESULTS: 13 original articles published between 2004 and 2016 were included. The measure was associated/correlated to parameters of nutritional status (such as weight, body mass index and Global Subjective Assessment) and muscle mass markers (such as circumference brachial muscle circumference, brachial muscle area, calf circumference, and muscle mass). All these correlations were weak or moderate. CONCLUSION: The measurement can be used in different populations, being able to estimate nutritional status and muscle mass. However, it is suggested that it be used in a complementary way to the nutritional evaluation, not constituting a single diagnostic/monitoring parameter.