RESUMO
A highly efficient method for the direct construction of amide bonds via a selective cleavage of C-H and C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds in indole structures using an iodine-promoted approach was developed. Mechanistic studies indicated the formation of superoxide radicals obtained from molecular oxygen activation as a key intermediate step, which provided a precursor for subsequent oxidative ring-opening and intermolecular cyclization. A broad range of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones and tryptanthrins were synthesized in moderate to good yields under mild and environmentally benign conditions.
RESUMO
The healthy gut is achieved and maintained through a balanced relationship between the mucosal immune system, microbial communities resident in the lumen, and the intestinal epithelium. The intestinal epithelium plays an exceptionally important role in harmonizing the interaction between the host immunity and the luminal residents, as this selectively permeable barrier separates but also allows interchange between the 2 environments. Interleukin (IL)-10 has been well established to play an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis by imparting diverse effects on a variety of cell types in this relationship. In the intestine, the source and the target of IL-10 include leukocytes and epithelial cells. Given that both the epithelium and IL-10 are essential players in supporting homeostasis, we discuss the relationship between these 2 factors, focusing on epithelial sources of IL-10 and the effects of IL-10 on the intestinal epithelium. Insight into this relationship reveals an important aspect of the innate immune function of intestinal epithelial cells.
Assuntos
Homeostase , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores , Gerenciamento Clínico , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imunomodulação , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/etiologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/metabolismo , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Proteoma , Receptores de Interleucina-10/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisAssuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/complicações , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Diabetes Insípido Neurogênico/etiologia , Germinoma/complicações , Germinoma/diagnóstico , Hipopituitarismo/etiologia , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pinealoma/diagnóstico , Pinealoma/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma coexisting with differentiated thyroid carcinoma is rare. There have been only four previously reported cases; three were treated with thyroidectomy followed by pituitary resection and one was treated with thyroidectomy alone. METHODS: We hereby report the fifth case, in which a patient presented with a TSH/growth-hormone-secreting pituitary macroadenoma coexisting with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). RESULTS: She underwent biochemical testing, ophthalmologic examination, thyroid ultrasonography, Tc-99m-pertechnetate thyroid scan, whole-body positron emission tomography, (111)In-octreotide scan, thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy, octreotide treatment, total thyroidectomy, recombinant human TSH radioactive iodine remnant ablation, and continued treatment with octreotide and levothyroxine after thyroidectomy. She has remained asymptomatic for 24 months without biochemical or radiological evidence of pituitary hormone oversecretion, pituitary adenoma enlargement, and PTC recurrence. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first case of a TSH/growth-hormone-secreting pituitary macroadenoma coexisting with PTC being successfully treated with octreotide and levothyroxine after thyroidectomy and recombinant human TSH-stimulated radioactive iodine remnant ablation.
