Re-vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in allogeneic HSCT patients: Repeated primary vaccine doses increase seroconversion rates.

Patients with haematological malignancies often exhibit reduced antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus vaccines, especially those who have undergone allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Limited data exist on vaccine efficacy in this group. In a retrospective analysis of 75 post-HSCT patients, we assessed serologic responses to one to four doses of Pfizer-BioNTech (PB), AstraZeneca (AZ) or Moderna (MU) vaccines within 2 years post-transplant. Seroconversion rates were 50.7%, 78%, 79% and 83% after the first to fourth doses respectively. The median time from allograft to first re-vaccination was 145 days (range 79-700). Failure to respond to the first vaccine dose was linked to acute GVHD (p = 0.042) and rituximab treatment within 12 months (p = 0.019). A trend was observed with chronic GVHD and seroconversion failure after the second (p = 0.07) and third (p = 0.09) doses. Patients vaccinated before HSCT showed better antibody responses post-transplant (p = 0.019). Coronavirus disease 2019 incidence was 16%, with 17% hospitalized and one death (8%). Despite low initial seroconversion rates post-HSCT, antibody responses improved after the second dose. Early full re-vaccination and boosters post-HSCT are recommended to reduce mortality. Rituximab use and active GVHD were identified as risk factors, warranting further investigation.

Real-world use of venetoclax in the treatment of paediatric and teenage/young adult haematological malignancies.

Early-phase trials of venetoclax in children and teenagers/young adults with leukaemia have yielded promising results, but there remains a paucity of real-world data. To address this, we report a cohort of 41 children treated with venetoclax for a range of haematological malignancies, demonstrating complete remission in 43.6%, with most achieving minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity. Venetoclax was particularly effective as a bridge to transplant, with bridging successful in 75% of patients. Patients with MRD <1% at initiation of venetoclax were more likely to achieve MRD negativity (81.8% vs. 34.5%, p = 0.007) and had improved overall survival (54.5% vs. 17.9%, p = 0.004).

Using electrodermal activity to estimate fear learning differences in anxiety: A multiverse analysis.

Meta-analyses indicate differences in Pavlovian fear responses between anxious and non-anxious individuals using electrodermal activity (EDA). Recent research, however, has cast doubt on whether these effects are robust to different analytic choices. Using the multiverse approach conceived by Steegen et al. (2016), we surveyed analytic choices typically implemented in clinical fear conditioning research by conducting 1240 analyses reflecting different choice permutations. Only 1.45% of our analyses produced theoretically congruent statistically significant effects, and the strength and direction of the estimated effects varied substantially across EDA processing methods. We conclude that EDA-estimated fear learning differences are vulnerable to researcher degrees of freedom and make recommendations regarding which analytical choices should be approached with a high degree of caution.

Higher survival following transplantation with a mismatched unrelated donor with posttransplant cyclophosphamide-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis than with double unit umbilical cord blood in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission: A study from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

The best donor option for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients lacking an HLA-matched donor has remained intensively debated. We herein report the results of a large retrospective registry study comparing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) outcomes between double-unit umbilical cord blood transplantation (dCBT, n = 209) versus 9/10 HLA-matched unrelated donor (UD) with posttransplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy)-based graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis (UD 9/10, n = 270) in patients with AML in first complete remission (CR1). Inclusion criteria consisted of adult patient, AML in CR1 at transplantation, either peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) from UD 9/10 with PTCy as GVHD prophylaxis or dCBT without PTCy, transplantation between 2013 and 2021, and no in vivo T-cell depletion. The 180-day cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD was 29% in UD 9/10 versus 44% in dCBT recipients (p = .001). After adjustment for covariates, dCBT recipients had a higher non-relapse mortality (HR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.23-4.48; p = .01), comparable relapse incidence (HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.67-1.86; p = .66), lower leukemia-free survival (HR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.01-2.23; p = .047), and lower overall survival (HR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.08-2.55; p = .02) compared with patients receiving UD 9/10 HCT. In summary, our results suggest that transplantation outcomes are better with UD 9/10 with PTCy-based GVHD prophylaxis than with dCBT for AML patients in CR1. These data might support the use of UD 9/10 with PTCy-based GVHD prophylaxis over dCBT in AML patients lacking an HLA-matched donor.

Facilitating choice when engaging young people with disabilities: reflections from co-researcher training.

BACKGROUND: A collaborative approach is critical in inclusive research and should incorporate taking time to build relationships with co-researchers based on trust and shared understanding. Involvement can often be seen as tokenistic and in order to avoid this, it is important to provide opportunities for people to exercise choice throughout the research process. MAIN BODY: The current paper outlines learnings from a co-researcher training process for young people with disabilities to identify the ways in which meaningful choice can be facilitated with this group. While conducting training of co-researchers in topics such as research methods, we were continuously led by the group with regards to the directions that the sessions took and promoted problem solving with the group to accommodate the unique needs of all members. The overall aim of a wider project was to develop research capacity in a group of young people with disabilities through co-researcher training and this paper will report on learnings from this work with regards to how we sought to provide opportunities for the co-researchers to exercise choice within research projects. Feedback from the group of young people highlighted the variety of needs and expectations that must be accommodated in such a process and therefore, allowing them to dictate the extent and manner of their engagement is key. Young people with disabilities are a heterogeneous group and therefore, some methodologies and ways of working required adaptation in order to facilitate meaningful choice and engagement for all. CONCLUSION: Providing meaningful opportunities for demonstrating their choices, in relation to elements of research projects, is a critical component of facilitating a rights-based approach when conducting co-research and requires researchers to cede some level of control over the research process to co-researchers. This can be difficult to achieve in practice and researchers must continuously reflect on their own practice and be willing to change and adapt throughout the process.

It is very important that all members of society can be part of research teams so that researchers can develop projects that will provide good outcomes, however, not all people with disabilities have opportunities to take part in research projects. This project supported a group of young people with disabilities to develop research skills through a set of workshops and this paper describes what the researchers learned from these workshops. This paper will help researchers to understand how best to capture the voices of this population for future research. Young people with disabilities are all different and must be supported to give their opinion in the way that suits them best. Researchers must always think about the ways that they work and change how they work if it is not good for supporting young people with disabilities to work with them on research projects.

Improved outcome of COVID-19 over time in patients treated with CAR T-cell therapy: Update of the European COVID-19 multicenter study on behalf of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Infectious Diseases Working Party (IDWP) and the European Hematology Association (EHA) Lymphoma Group.

COVID-19 has been associated with high mortality in patients treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for hematologic malignancies. Here, we investigated whether the outcome has improved over time with the primary objective of assessing COVID-19-attributable mortality in the Omicron period of 2022 compared to previous years. Data for this multicenter study were collected using the MED-A and COVID-19 report forms developed by the EBMT. One-hundred-eighty patients were included in the analysis, 39 diagnosed in 2020, 35 in 2021 and 106 in 2022. The median age was 58.9 years (min-max: 5.2-78.4). There was a successive decrease in COVID-19-related mortality over time (2020: 43.6%, 2021: 22.9%, 2022: 7.5%) and in multivariate analysis year of infection was the strongest predictor of survival (p = 0.0001). Comparing 2022 with 2020-2021, significantly fewer patients had lower respiratory symptoms (21.7% vs 37.8%, p = 0.01), needed oxygen support (25.5% vs 43.2%, p = 0.01), or were admitted to ICU (5.7% vs 33.8%, p = 0.0001). Although COVID-19-related mortality has decreased over time, CAR T-cell recipients remain at higher risk for complications than the general population. Consequently, vigilant monitoring for COVID-19 in patients undergoing B-cell-targeting CAR T-cell treatment is continuously recommended ensuring optimal prevention of infection and advanced state-of-the art treatment when needed.

Alternative donor transplantation for severe aplastic anemia: a comparative study of the SAAWP EBMT.

ABSTRACT: Selecting the most suitable alternative donor becomes challenging in severe aplastic anemia (SAA) when a matched sibling donor (MSD) is unavailable. We compared outcomes in patients with SAA undergoing stem cell transplantation (SCT) from matched unrelated donors (MUD) (n = 1106), mismatched unrelated donors (MMUD) (n = 340), and haploidentical donors (Haplo) (n = 206) registered in the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation database (2012-2021). For Haplo SCT, only those receiving posttransplant cyclophosphamide for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis were included. Median age was 20 years, and the median time from diagnosis to transplantation 8.7 months. Compared with MUD, MMUD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-5.6) and Haplo (HR, 5.15; 95% CI, 2.5-10.58) showed significantly higher risks of primary graft failure. MUD had lower rates of acute GVHD compared with MMUD and Haplo (grade 2-4: 13%, 22%, and 19%, respectively; P < .001; grade 3-4: 5%, 9%, and 7%, respectively; P = .028). The 3-year nonrelapse mortality rate was 14% for MUD, 19% for MMUD, and 27% for Haplo (P < .001), whereas overall survival and GVHD and relapse-free survival (GRFS) rates were 81% and 73% for MUD, 74% and 65% for MMUD, and 63% and 54% for Haplo, respectively (P < .001). In addition to donor type, multivariable analysis identified other factors associated with GRFS such as patient age, performance status, and interval between diagnosis and transplantation. For patients with SAA lacking an MSD, our findings support MUDs as the preferable alternative donor option. However, selecting between an MMUD and Haplo donor remains uncertain and requires further exploration.

Intention-to-treat outcomes utilising a stringent event definition in children and young people treated with tisagenlecleucel for r/r ALL through a national access scheme.

CAR T-cell therapy has transformed relapsed/refractory (r/r) B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) management and outcomes, but following CAR T infusion, interventions are often needed. In a UK multicentre study, we retrospectively evaluated tisagenlecleucel outcomes in all eligible patients, analysing overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) with standard and stringent definitions, the latter including measurable residual disease (MRD) emergence and further anti-leukaemic therapy. Both intention-to-treat and infused cohorts were considered. We collected data on feasibility of delivery, manufacture, toxicity, cause of therapy failure and followed patients until death from any cause. Of 142 eligible patients, 125 received tisagenlecleucel, 115/125 (92%) achieved complete remission (CR/CRi). Severe cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity occurred in 16/123 (13%) and 10/123 (8.1%), procedural mortality was 3/126 (2.4%). The 2-year intent to treat OS and EFS were 65.2% (95%CI 57.2-74.2%) and 46.5% (95%CI 37.6-57.6%), 2-year intent to treat stringent EFS was 35.6% (95%CI 28.1-44.9%). Median OS was not reached. Sixty-two responding patients experienced CAR T failure by the stringent event definition. Post failure, 1-year OS and standard EFS were 61.2% (95%CI 49.3-75.8) and 55.3% (95%CI 43.6-70.2). Investigation of CAR T-cell therapy for B-ALL delivered on a country-wide basis, including following patients beyond therapy failure, provides clinicians with robust outcome measures. Previously, outcomes post CAR T-cell therapy failure were under-reported. Our data show that patients can be successfully salvaged in this context with good short-term survival.

Practice guideline: Preparation for CAR T-cell therapy in children and young adults with B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

The objective of this guideline, prepared by the ALL subgroup of the Advanced Cell Therapy Sub-Committee of BSBMTCT (British Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation), is to provide healthcare professionals with practical guidance on the preparation of children and young adults with B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia from the point of referral to that of admission for CAR T-cell treatment. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) nomenclature was used to evaluate the levels of evidence and to assess the strength of recommendations. The GRADE criteria can be found at http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org.

Comparison of fludarabine/melphalan (FluMel) with fludarabine/melphalan/BCNU or thiotepa (FBM/FTM) in patients with AML in first complete remission undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation - a registry study on behalf of the EBMT Acute Leukemia Working Party.

Conditioning protocols for patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) are being developed continuously to improve their anti-leukemic efficacy and reduce their toxicity. In this study, we compared the conditioning protocol of fludarabine with melphalan 140 mg/m2 (FluMel) with conditioning protocols based on this same backbone but with an additional alkylating agent i.e., either fludarabine/BCNU (also known as carmustine)/melphalan (FBM), or fludarabine/thiotepa/melphalan (FTM) 110 mg/m2. We included 1272 adult patients (FluMel, n = 1002; FBM/FTM, n = 270) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with intermediate/poor cytogenetic risk in first complete remission (CR) from the registry of the EBMT Acute Leukemia Working Party. Despite patients in the FBM/FTM group were older (64.1 years vs. 59.8 years, p < 0.001) and had a worse Karnofsky performance score (KPS < 90, 33% vs. 24%, p = 0.003), they showed a better overall survival (OS) (2 y OS: 68.3% vs. 58.1%, p = 0.02) and less non-relapse mortality (NRM) (2 y NRM: 15.8% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.009) compared to patients treated with FluMel. No significant differences were observed in relapse incidence (RI) (2 y RI: 24.9% vs. 23.7%, p = 0.62). In conclusion, the addition of a second alkylating agent (BCNU/carmustine or thiotepa) to FluMel as FBM/FTM conditioning, improves OS in AML patients in first CR with intermediate/poor risk cytogenetics after allo-HCT.

Outreach nurses critical for delivery of HIV care to women in western Victoria.

Women living with HIV in regional Victoria face barriers accessing care. We evaluated the care cascade and outreach nurse support required for women attending our service between 2005 and 2020. A total of 33 women attended; 97% (32/33) were on antiretroviral therapy; 67% (22/33) retained in care, 27% (9/33) transferred and 6% (2/33) lost to follow up. Of women retained in care, 95% (21/22) were on antiretroviral therapy and 91% (20/22) had virological suppression. A total of 91% (30/33) required outreach nurse care (median care episodes 100/woman; IQR 44-179) - most frequently (87%; 26/30) liaising with pharmacies and prescribers. Outreach nurses are critical in achieving UNAIDS targets for women in western Victoria.

Methods of Recruitment for Surgical and Perioperative Randomized Controlled Trials: A Rapid Review.

Due to the complex nature of surgical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), reaching target recruitment can be challenging. The primary objective was to report on characteristics of successful pilot surgical and perioperative RCTs and the methodological strategies implemented to optimize recruitment. The secondary objective was to provide recommendations for successful recruitment strategies for future surgical RCTs. Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and Web of Science (via Ovid) databases were searched from 2012 to 2022. This review included surgical and perioperative pilot studies that met their recruitment targets. Study and recruitment characteristics were summarized, and potential relationships between study design and recruitment rate were assessed. Optimized recruitment strategies were extracted when reported. Of 4156 total articles identified, 255 underwent full-text screening, and 52 articles were included. Of the included pilot studies, 21% (n = 11) did not indicate a target sample size or recruitment rate. Recruitment methods were minimally reported in pilot studies for perioperative or surgical RCTs. Strategies to optimize recruitment included internal iterative evaluations of the recorded recruitment appointments and staged introduction of the study. Recruitment rate was not associated with invasiveness of intervention or burden of participation. Patient involvement is absent from current reports on methodological design and offers valuable opportunity to optimize recruitment. Recruitment strategies in perioperative and surgical RCTs can be optimized with iterative qualitative evaluation of the recruitment methods with input from the interdisciplinary research team.

Factors that affect GP referral of a child with intellectual disability for a mild illness: A discrete choice experiment.

BACKGROUND: General practitioners (GP) report multiple challenges when treating individuals with intellectual disabilities which may influence referral rates. The study aimed to establish factors that influence GP's decision-making when referring a child with intellectual disabilities to the emergency department. METHOD: Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are increasingly used in health research to further understand complex decision making. A DCE was designed to assess the relative importance of factors that may influence a GP's (N = 157) decision to refer. RESULTS: A random parameters model indicated that perceived limited parental capacity to manage an illness was the most important factor in the decision to refer a child to the ED, followed by a repeat visit, a referral request from the parent, and a Friday afternoon appointment. CONCLUSION: Understanding the factors that influence referral is important for service improvement and to strengthen primary care provision for this population and their families.

Parent's preferences for unscheduled paediatric healthcare: A discrete choice experiment.

BACKGROUND: Unscheduled healthcare is a key component of healthcare delivery and makes up a significant proportion of healthcare access, with children being particularly high users of unscheduled healthcare. Understanding the relative importance of factors that influence this behaviour and decision-making is fundamental to ensuring the system is best designed to meet the needs of users and foster appropriate cost-effective usage of health system resources. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify the parent's preferences for unscheduled healthcare for a common mild childhood illness. DESIGN: A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was developed to identify the preferences of parents accessing unscheduled healthcare for their children. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected from parents in Ireland (N = 458) to elicit preferences across five attributes: timeliness, appointment type, healthcare professional attended, telephone guidance before attending and cost. RESULTS: Using a random parameters logit model, all attributes were statistically significant, cost (ß = -5.064, 95% confidence interval, CI [-5.60, -4.53]), same-day (ß = 1.386, 95% CI [1.19, 1.58]) or next-day access (ß = 0.857, 95% CI [0.73, 0.98]), coupled with care by their own general practitioner (ß = 0.748, 95% CI [0.61, 0.89]), identified as the strongest preferences of parents accessing unscheduled healthcare for their children. DISCUSSION: The results have implications for policy development and implementation initiatives that seek to improve unscheduled health services as understanding how parents use these services can maximise their effectiveness. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The development of the DCE included a qualitative research component to ensure that the content accurately reflected parents experiences when seeking healthcare. Before data collection, a pilot test was carried out with the target population to gather their views on the survey.

Exploring the psychological impact of contact tracing work on staff during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Contact tracing is a key control measure in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. While quantitative research has been conducted on the psychological impact of the pandemic on other frontline healthcare workers, none has explored the impact on contact tracing staff. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted using two repeated measures with contact tracing staff employed in Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic using two-tailed independent samples t tests and exploratory linear mixed models. RESULTS: The study sample included 137 contact tracers in March 2021 (T1) and 218 in September 2021 (T3). There was an increase from T1 to T3 in burnout related exhaustion (p < 0·001), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom scores (p < 0·001), mental distress (p < 0·01), perceived stress (p < 0·001) and tension and pressure (p < 0·001). In those aged 18-30, there was an increase in exhaustion related burnout (p < 0·01), PTSD symptoms (p < 0·05), and tension and pressure scores (p < 0·05). Additionally, participants with a background in healthcare showed an increase in PTSD symptom scores by T3 (p < 0·001), reaching mean scores equivalent to those of participants who did not have a background in healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: Contact tracing staff working during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced an increase in adverse psychological outcomes. These findings highlight a need for further research on psychological supports required by contact tracing staff with differing demographic profiles.

The role of contextual factors in decision-making by General Practitioners on paediatric referral to the Emergency Department in Ireland: A Discrete Choice Experiment.

A General Practitioner's (GP) decision to refer a patient to the emergency department (ED) requires consideration of a multitude of factors, and significant variation in GP referral patterns to secondary care has been recorded. This study examines the contextual factors that influence GPs when referring a paediatric patient with potentially self-limiting clinical symptoms to the ED. Utilizing a discrete choice experiment, survey data was collected from GPs in Ireland (n = 142) to elicit factors influencing this decision across five attributes: time/day of visit, repeat presentation, parents' capacity to cope, parent requesting a referral, and access to a paediatric outpatient clinic/day unit. Using mixed logit models, all attributes were statistically significant, with repeat presentation and parents lacking the capacity to cope identified as the strongest contextual factors leading to the decision to refer to the ED. There has been limited exploration of this decision-making process and this study uses a robust design to identify and rank contextual attributes. Enhanced awareness of contextual factors on referral decision-making is crucial to understanding patterns of paediatric unscheduled healthcare and to planning services that respond to parent's and children's needs, whilst allowing GPs to make decisions in the best interest of the child.

The influence of the BDNF Val66Met genotype on emotional recognition memory in post-traumatic stress disorder.

Dysregulated consolidation of emotional memories is a core feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) influences synaptic plasticity and emotional memory consolidation. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has been associated with PTSD risk and memory deficits respectively, although findings have been inconsistent, potentially due to a failure to control for important confounds such as sex, ethnicity, and the timing/extent of previous trauma experiences. Furthermore, very little research has examined the impact of BDNF genotypes on emotional memory in PTSD populations. This study investigated the interaction effects of Val66Met and PTSD symptomatology in an emotional recognition memory task in 234 participants divided into healthy control (n = 85), trauma exposed (TE: n = 105) and PTSD (n = 44) groups. Key findings revealed impaired negative recognition memory in PTSD compared to control and TE groups and in participants with the Val/Met compared to the Val/Val genotype. There was a group × genotype interaction showing no Met effect in the TE group despite significant effects in PTSD and controls. Results suggest that people previously exposed to trauma who do not develop PTSD may be protected from the BDNF Met effect, however more research is needed to replicate findings and to explore the epigenetic and neural processes involved.