Enterovirus 71 Activates Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Dependent PSGL-1 Binding Independent of Productive Infection.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a significant causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, with potential serious neurologic complications or fatal outcomes. The lack of effective treatments for EV71 infection is attributed to its elusive pathogenicity. Our study reveals that human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the main type I IFN-producing cells, selectively express scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), crucial cellular receptors for EV71. Some strains of EV71 can replicate within pDCs and stimulate IFN-α production. The activation of pDCs by EV71 is hindered by Abs to PSGL-1 and soluble PSGL-1, whereas Abs to SCARB2 and soluble SCARB2 have a less pronounced effect. Our data suggest that only strains binding to PSGL-1, more commonly found in severe cases, can replicate in pDCs and induce IFN-α secretion, highlighting the importance of PSGL-1 in these processes. Furthermore, IFN-α secretion by pDCs can be triggered by EV71 or UV-inactivated EV71 virions, indicating that productive infection is not necessary for pDC activation. These findings provide new insights into the interaction between EV71 and pDCs, suggesting that pDC activation could potentially mitigate the severity of EV71-related diseases.

Influence and mechanism of food matrices onto the TBBQ-eliminated performance during in-vitro digestion.

Food matrices greatly impact TBBQ content during digestion, while lacking sufficient research and understanding. This study investigated the influence and mechanism of fried foods on the TBBQ-eliminated performance during in-vitro digestion. The results indicated that TBBQ content varied significantly among food matrices after in-vitro digestion, with the highest in peanuts (38.3%). The correlation analysis revealed that proteins remarkably facilitated TBBQ-eliminations while fats decreased the TBBQ-eliminated rate. The TBBQ-eliminated performance of proteins, protein digestive mixtures, and amino acids uncovered that sulfhydryl groups were crucial reactive groups to eliminate TBBQ, and TBBQ-eliminated rates under intestinal pH (8.0) were faster than gastric pH (1.5). Additionally, fats significantly reduced the protein-triggered TBBQ-eliminations, originating that the oil-water interface increased the interaction difficulty between lipophilic TBBQ and proteins. Thus, this work provided an in-depth understanding of food matrices (especially proteins and fats) in TBBQ eliminations to enlighten the promising TBBQ-risk-reduced strategies with high-protein and low-fat foods.

Formation of adducts during digestion triggered dietary protein for alleviating cytotoxicity of 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone.

2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TBBQ), a degradation product of lipid antioxidant Tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), is a new hazardous compound in foods. This study investigated whether co-ingestion of dietary protein and TBBQ can alleviate the toxicity of TBBQ. The results indicated that soy protein isolate, whey protein isolate, and rice protein significantly reduced the residual amount of TBBQ during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. This result was attributed to the excellent elimination capacity of the released amino acids for TBBQ through formation of adducts. Among 20 amino acids, histidine, lysine, glycine, and cysteine showed better elimination capacity for TBBQ; they can eliminate 92.1%, 89.4%, 86.1%, and almost 100%, respectively, in 5 min at pH 8.0. Further study indicated that amino acids with lower ionization constant exhibited greater TBBQ elimination capacity. In addition, incubation of the cells with 50 µM TBBQ for 12 h decreased the cell viability to 28.95 ± 3.25%; while amino acids intervention was involved in the alleviation of TBBQ cytotoxicity via decreasing ROS. Particularly, cysteine showed 100 times more TBBQ detoxifying capacity than other amino acids. This work could provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of amino acids for detoxifying TBBQ in the food industry.

Health oil preparation from gardenia seeds by aqueous enzymatic extraction combined with puffing pre-treatment and its properties analysis.

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, a representative for "homology of medicine and food", can be used to produce pigment and edible oil. Here, aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) combined with puffing pre-treatment was explored to prepare oil from gardenia seeds. Both wet-heating puffing (WP) at 90 °C and dry-heating puffing (DP) at 1.0 MPa facilitated the release of free oil by AEE, resulting in the highest free oil yields (FOY) of 21.8% and 23.2% within 3 h, much higher than that of un-puffed group. Additionally, active crocin and geniposide were also completely released. The FOY obtained was much higher than mechanical pressing method (10.44%), and close to solvent extraction (25.45%). Microstructure analysis indicated that gardenia seeds expanded by dry-heating puffing (1.0 MPa) had a larger, rougher surface and porous structure than other groups. Overall, AEE coupled with puffing pre-treatment developed is an eco-friendly extraction technology with high efficiency that can be employed to oil preparation. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01319-9.

Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) fruit: a critical review of its functional nutrients, processing methods, health-promoting effects, comprehensive application and future tendencies.

Gardenia fruit (GF) is the mature fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, boasting a rich array of nutrients and phytochemicals. Over time, GF has been extensively utilized in both food and medicinal contexts. In recent years, numerous studies have delved into the chemical constituents of GF and their associated pharmacological activities, encompassing its phytochemical composition and health-promoting properties. This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive summary of GF research, covering nutrient content, extraction technologies, and potential health benefits, offering new avenues for future investigations and highlighting its potential as an innovative food resource. Additionally, the review proposes novel industrial applications for GF, such as utilizing gardenia yellow/red/blue pigments in the food industry and incorporating it with other herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. By addressing current challenges in developing GF-related products, this work provides insights for potential applications in the cosmetics, food, and health products industries. Notably, there is a need for the development of more efficient extraction methods to harness the nutritional components of GF fully. Further research is needed to understand the specific molecular mechanisms underlying its bioactivities. Exploring advanced processing techniques to create innovative GF-derived products will show great promise for the future.

Partial substitution of whey protein concentrate by zein in high-protein nutrition bars: An effective method to reduce hardening during storage.

Whey protein concentrate-based high-protein nutrition bars (WPC-based HPN bars) are prone to hardening during storage, which limits their shelf life. In this study, zein was introduced to partially substitute WPC in the WPC-based HPN bars. The result of storage experiment revealed that the hardening of WPC-based HPN bars was significantly reduced with increasing zein content from 0% to 20% (mass ratio, zein:WPC-based HPN bar). Subsequently, the possible anti-hardening mechanism of zein substitution was studied in detail by determining the change in microstructure, patterns, free sulfhydryl group, color, free amino group, and Fourier transform infrared spectra of WPC-based HPN bars during storage. The results showed that zein substitution significantly blocked protein aggregation by inhibiting cross-linking, the Maillard reaction, and protein secondary structure transformation from α-helix to ß-sheet, which reduced the hardening of WPC-based HPN bars. This work provides insight into the potential utilization of zein substitution to improve the quality and shelf life of WPC-based HPN bars. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In the preparation of whey protein concentrate-based high-protein nutrition bars, the introduction of zein to partially replace WPC can effectively reduce the hardening of WPC-based HPN bars during storage by preventing protein aggregation between WPC macromolecules. Therefore, zein could act as an agent to reduce the hardening of WPC-based HPN bars.

In-depth potential mechanism of combined demulsification pretreatments (isopropanol ultrasonic pretreatments and Ca2+ flow additions) during aqueous enzymatic extractions of Camellia oils.

Emulsification is the practical limitation of aqueous enzymatic extractions of Camellia oils. This study aimed to investigate the influence and demulsification mechanisms of isopropanol ultrasonic pretreatments and Ca2+ additions on aqueous enzymatic extractions of Camellia oils. Combining isopropanol ultrasonic pretreatments with Ca2+ flow additions obtained the highest free oil recovery (78.03 %) and lowest emulsion content (1.5 %). Results indicated that the superior demulsification performance originated from the decrease in emulsion stabilities and formations. First, demulsification pretreatments reduced the oil (14.69 %) and solid (13.21 %) fractions in emulsions to decrease the stability of as-formed emulsions. Meanwhile, isopropanol ultrasonic pretreatments extracted tea saponins (0.38 mg/mL) and polysaccharides (0.23 mg/mL), while Ca2+ combined with protein isolates (5.82 mg/mL), tea saponins (7.48 mg/mL) and polysaccharides (0.78 mg/mL) to form precipitates and reduce emulsion formation. This work could promote the practical application of aqueous enzymatic extractions of Camellia oils and enlighten the rise of advanced demulsification pretreatments.

Comparison of diosgenin-vegetable oils oleogels with various unsaturated fatty acids: Physicochemical properties, in-vitro digestion, and potential mechanism.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of gelation and unsaturated fatty acids on the reduced extent of lipolysis between diosgenin (DSG)-based oleogels and oils with various unsaturated fatty acids. Overall, the lipolysis of oleogels was significantly lower than oils. The highest reduced extent of lipolysis (46.23 %) was obtained in linseed oleogels (LOG) while sesame oleogels possessed the lowest (21.17 %). It was suggested LOG discovered the strong van der Waals force to induce the robust gel strength and tight cross-linked network and then increase the contact difficulty between lipase and oils. Correlation analysis revealed that C18:3n-3 was positively correlated with hardness and G' while C18:2n-6 was negative. Thus, the effect on the reduced extent of lipolysis with abundant C18:3n-3 was most significant while that rich in C18:2n-6 was least. These discoveries provided a deepening insight into DSG-based oleogels with various unsaturated fatty acids to design desirable properties.

Individual variation in and lateral asymmetry of mouse epididymal draining lymph nodes.

PROBLEM: Draining lymph nodes (LNs) are pivotal sites for maintaining tolerance to self-antigens as well as eliciting immune responses to exogenous antigens. The epididymis is a male reproductive organ with a unique local immune environment. Although mice are the most commonly used laboratory animals for immunology research, there are no detailed descriptions of the anatomical location and function of LNs that drain the epididymis. METHOD OF STUDY: Evans blue labeling was utilized to explore lymphatic drainage of the epididymis in eight- to ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. We confirmed the lymphatic drainage of the epididymis in mice using the objective technique of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled cells. RESULTS: By combined Evans blue labeling and fluorescent labeling, we found that 1) the patterns of epididymal LN drainage are highly heterogeneous between individual mice; 2) the leftside LNs participate in drainage more frequently than the right-side LNs; and 3) epididymal lymphatic drainage bypasses both the paraaortic and renal LNs in some mice. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlighted the need to consider the individual variation in and lateral asymmetry of draining LNs when characterizing the regional immunology of the mouse epididymis.

Recognition of cyclic dinucleotides and folates by human SLC19A1.

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are ubiquitous signalling molecules in all domains of life1,2. Mammalian cells produce one CDN, 2'3'-cGAMP, through cyclic GMP-AMP synthase after detecting cytosolic DNA signals3-7. 2'3'-cGAMP, as well as bacterial and synthetic CDN analogues, can act as second messengers to activate stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and elicit broad downstream responses8-21. Extracellular CDNs must traverse the cell membrane to activate STING, a process that is dependent on the solute carrier SLC19A122,23. Moreover, SLC19A1 represents the major transporter for folate nutrients and antifolate therapeutics24,25, thereby placing SLC19A1 as a key factor in multiple physiological and pathological processes. How SLC19A1 recognizes and transports CDNs, folate and antifolate is unclear. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of human SLC19A1 (hSLC19A1) in a substrate-free state and in complexes with multiple CDNs from different sources, a predominant natural folate and a new-generation antifolate drug. The structural and mutagenesis results demonstrate that hSLC19A1 uses unique yet divergent mechanisms to recognize CDN- and folate-type substrates. Two CDN molecules bind within the hSLC19A1 cavity as a compact dual-molecule unit, whereas folate and antifolate bind as a monomer and occupy a distinct pocket of the cavity. Moreover, the structures enable accurate mapping and potential mechanistic interpretation of hSLC19A1 with loss-of-activity and disease-related mutations. Our research provides a framework for understanding the mechanism of SLC19-family transporters and is a foundation for the development of potential therapeutics.

Effect and mechanism of glycerol monostearate dimer (GMS-D) and baking-treatment on the structure, in vitro digestion of gelatinized potato starch-GMS-D.

With the increasing progress of society and in-depth scientific research, dietary regulations, especially sustained glucose releases, are regarded as an effective and significant way to lighten or even cut the emergence of diabetes. In this research, the starch-lipid complex gelatinized potato starch-glycerol monostearate dimer (GPS-GMS-D) was developed to provide a low-glycemic index functional food component for type 2 diabetes. Briefly, the higher complexation index (CI, 71.02%), lower rapidly digestible starch (RDS, 35.57%), and lower estimated glycemic index (eGI, 52.34%) were referred to as GPS-GMS-D. It was assumed that the solid V-type crystal structure, induced with the helix between GMS-D and GPS due to high amylose, high saturation, and low steric hindrance, contributed to the lower digestibility. In addition, baking treatment for 5 min was systematically exerted to improve the flavor of GPS-GMS-D with a relatively high CI (59.98%) and low eGI (54.15%). It was believed that rapid dehydration and close interaction during baking treatment could slow down the decomposition of GPS-GMS-D and conversions of starch fractions. Therefore, these results suggested that the as-developed GPS-GMS-D was a promising low GI functional dietary food component for diabetes mellitus, and a suitable baking post-thermal treatment was successfully proposed to enhance the flavor of GPS-GMS-D. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The higher amylose and solid V-type crystal structure in gelatinized potato starch-glycerol monostearate dimer (GPS-GMS-D) would induce the formation of slowly digestive starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) to suppress enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, the flavor of GPS-GMS-D was enhanced with appropriate and moderate thermal processing (baking), which was likely to improve the quality of life of a person with diabetes. Thus, we believe that GPS-GMS-D is a promising functional food component for diabetes mellitus.

Preparation of novel self-assembled albumin nanoparticles from Camellia seed cake waste for lutein delivery.

The potential utilization value of Camellia seed cake was explored by extracting albumin (CSCA) to develop nanoparticles for lutein delivery. First, thermal property and amphiphilicity of CSCA were evaluated to guide nanoparticle preparation. Next, CSCA nanoparticles modified with chitosan (CS) were prepared through a thermally induced self-assembly method derived by electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction. The optimized nanoparticles were prepared from CSCA:CS at a mass ratio of 2:1 with pH of 4.5, and an incubation temperature and time of 80 ℃ and 10 min, respectively. The nanoparticles had the highest effective loading capacity for lutein at 5.89 ± 0.78%, and the corresponding encapsulation efficiency was 43.82 ± 5.69%. The storage stability of lutein was improved by nanoparticle loading, and the bioaccessibility of lutein in simulated intestinal digestion increased from 26.8 ± 4.4% to 57.3 ± 9.6% after encapsulation into nanoparticles. These findings may facilitate the development of new and sustainable proteins from plant waste for delivery system applications.

Preparation of multiresponsive hydrophilic molecularly imprinted microspheres for rapid separation of gardenia yellow and geniposide from gardenia fruit.

In this work, a robust method for the separation of gardenia yellow and geniposide from gardenia fruit was developed based on a molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) procedure. First, hydrophilic molecularly imprinted microspheres (HMIMs) were prepared using gardenia yellow as the template via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) precipitation polymerization. The resultant HMIMs demonstrated the multiresponsiveness to pH, temperature, and magnetism, achieving controllable uptake and release of gardenia yellow and easy recovery by external magnets. Meanwhile, the HMIMs possessed high adsorption capacity, fast binding kinetics, specific recognition, and reusability. Finally, a MISPE approach using HMIMs as adsorbent was developed for extraction of gardenia yellow and purification of geniposide after optimization of the adsorption and elution conditions. Thus, efficient separation of gardenia yellow and geniposide with relative purities of 99.77 ± 0.05% (94.04 ± 0.10% recovered) and 94.50 ± 0.62% (95.40 ± 0.86% recovered), respectively, was achieved.

Development of composite nanoparticles from gum Arabic and carboxymethylcellulose-modified Stauntonia brachyanthera seed albumin for lutein delivery.

Lutein is a carotenoid with several beneficial functions, but its poor water solubility, chemical instability, and low bioavailability limits its application. To overcome these shortcomings, self-assembly composite nanoparticles from Stauntonia brachyanthera seed albumin (SBSA), gum Arabic (GA), and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were developed for lutein encapsulation. Firstly, SBSA was extracted from seeds and its physicochemical properties were evaluated. Followingly, the nanoparticles were prepared with SBSA through a heat induced self-assembly method which were modified by GA and CMC. The nanoparticles exhibited good storage, pH, and salt stability. Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions were proved to derive the formation of nanoparticles. The maximum effective loading capacity (LC) of the lutein in nanoparticles was 0.92 ± 0.01% with an encapsulation efficiency (EE) at 83.95 ± 0.98%. Heat stability and storage stability of lutein were significantly enhanced after encapsulation into nanoparticles. In addition, the bioaccessibility of lutein increased from 17.50 ± 2.60% to 46.80 ± 4.70% after encapsulation into nanoparticles.

Effect of high pressure homogenization on aggregation, conformation, and interfacial properties of bighead carp myofibrillar protein.

Fish myofibrillar protein is underutilized due to the formation of insoluble aggregates in low salt media. High pressure homogenization (HPH) at 20, 40, and 60 MPa for four passes was applied on bighead carp myofibrillar protein in order to modify its structure and interfacial properties. Changes in aggregation, conformation, solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties of myofibrillar protein were investigated. The aggregates of myofibrillar protein were obviously disrupted by HPH treatment. The size of myofibrillar protein aggregates became smaller and more uniform as the treating pressure increased, accompanied by notable decreases of cross-sectional height and Rq value in AFM image. Furthermore, the conformation of HPH-treated myofibrillar protein was unfolded into a flexible and open structure. α-helix and ß-sheet were converted into ß-turn and random coil. Surface hydrophobicity and zeta potential were strengthened, along with the exposure of sulfhydryl groups onto molecule surface. On the other hand, solubility, emulsifying activity index (EAI) and foaming capacity (FC) of HPH-treated myofibrillar protein were markedly enhanced with the increasing pressure. Especially after HPH treatment at 60 MPa, myofibrillar protein was almost dissolved in low salt media (solubility 91.86%) with 4.92 fold for EAI and 3.52 fold for FC. But there was little variation in emulsifying and foaming stabilities. These results suggested that HPH treatment has interesting potential to induce the dissociation and unfolding of myofibrillar protein in low salt media, therefore improving its interfacial properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Carp myofibrillar protein was treated by high pressure homogenization (HPH). Aggregates of myofibrillar protein were disrupted into smaller size form. Conformation of myofibrillar protein was unfolded into open and loose structure. Emulsifying and foaming capacities of myofibrillar protein were improved. HPH treatment modified the structure and interfacial properties of myofibrillar protein.

Distribution of 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone and its precursor, tert-butylhydroquinone, in typical edible oils and oleaginous foods marketed in Hangzhou City, China.

This study aimed to obtain a reliable evaluation about addition of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and distribution of TBHQ and 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TBBQ) contents in typical edible oils and oleaginous foods marketed in Hangzhou City. Briefly, the probability of labeled with addition of TBHQ in foods decreased from 36.45 ± 2.6% to 28.78 ± 3.7% in the period from 2018 to 2020. In the 135 analyzed samples, TBHQ contents were far less than the maximum legal additive amount, and TBBQ contents ranged from below its limit of quantification (LOQ) to 13.54 ± 1.15 mg/kg. The conversion rate from TBHQ to TBBQ in edible oils was 2.94 ± 1.17%, much lower than that in other food categories. Further research determined that the process method and food composition were the main factors for different conversion rates from TBHQ to TBBQ in various food categories. In addition, oil consumption was found to be the primary source of dietary intake of TBHQ and TBBQ.

Dietary fibers fractionated from gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) husk: structure and in vitro hypoglycemic effect.

BACKGROUND: Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) husk rich in dietary fiber is a byproduct of fructus processing, and commonly discarded as waste. The husk was fractionated by sequential extraction into four fractions: water-soluble fiber (W-SF), acid-soluble fiber (Ac-SF), alkali-soluble fiber (Al-SF) and insoluble residue fiber (IRF). The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in structure and in vitro hypoglycemic effect of these fibers. RESULTS: Monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that the major component might be pectin for W-SF and Ac-SF, xylan as well as pectin for Al-SF and cellulose for IRF. These fibers offered excellent water-holding capacity and swelling capacity, except that IRF was only slightly swellable in water. W-SF exhibited significantly higher capacities to adsorb glucose (2.408 mmol g-1 at a glucose concentration of 200 mmol L-1 ) and inhibit α-amylase activity (29.48-49.45% inhibition rate at a concentration of 4-8 mg mL-1 ), probably caused by the higher viscosity and hydration properties; while Ac-SF, Al-SF and IRF (especially Al-SF) were more effective in retarding the glucose diffusion across a dialysis membrane (34.97-41.67% at 20-30 min), which might be attributed to particle size and specific surface area. All the fibers could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of α-amylase to some degree. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary fiber from gardenia husk, especially W-SF, can be used as a potential hypoglycemic ingredient in diabetic functional foods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

tert-Butyl-p-benzoquinone induces autophagy by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells.

tert-Butyl-p-benzoquinone (TBBQ), a metabolite of tert-butylhydroquinone from food, has cytotoxicity, the underlying mechanism of which is not clear. In this study, the viability of RAW 264.7 cells exposed to TBBQ at concentrations of 0.5-10 µg mL-1 was assayed by MTT. Results suggest that TBBQ decreased the viability in a dose-dependent manner. Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining results indicate the occurrence of autophagy induced by TBBQ, which was manifested by activation of LC3-II concurrent with the increased levels of Beclin1 and reduced levels of p62. Elevated lipid peroxide and decreased SOD activity by TBBQ exposure suggest the overproduction of ROS, which may account for the increase in the genotoxic stress protein p53. Both upregulation of p53 and reduction of Akt levels inhibited mTOR, which activated autophagy. Addition of 3-MA counteracted the impact of TBBQ on ATG proteins and cell viability. All of these results suggest that TBBQ induces autophagy of RAW 264.7 cells principally by inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and they implicate ROS in this regulation.

Chaos Quantum-Behaved Cat Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Its Application in the PV MPPT.

Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) algorithm was put forward in 2006. Despite a faster convergence speed compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, the application of CSO is greatly limited by the drawback of "premature convergence," that is, the possibility of trapping in local optimum when dealing with nonlinear optimization problem with a large number of local extreme values. In order to surmount the shortcomings of CSO, Chaos Quantum-behaved Cat Swarm Optimization (CQCSO) algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, Quantum-behaved Cat Swarm Optimization (QCSO) algorithm improves the accuracy of the CSO algorithm, because it is easy to fall into the local optimum in the later stage. Chaos Quantum-behaved Cat Swarm Optimization (CQCSO) algorithm is proposed by introducing tent map for jumping out of local optimum in this paper. Secondly, CQCSO has been applied in the simulation of five different test functions, showing higher accuracy and less time consumption than CSO and QCSO. Finally, photovoltaic MPPT model and experimental platform are established and global maximum power point tracking control strategy is achieved by CQCSO algorithm, the effectiveness and efficiency of which have been verified by both simulation and experiment.

E2-2, a novel immunohistochemical marker for both human and monkey plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play important roles in initiating and regulating immune responses. pDC infiltration has been documented in multiple pathological lesions including infections, tumors, and autoimmune diseases, and the severity of pDC infiltration correlates with disease progression. However, a specific antibody for identifying pDCs by immunohistochemical staining on paraffin-embedded tissue sections is still lacking. Here, we developed a novel antibody targeted E2-2, a transcription factor preferentially expressed in pDCs. The antibody stains the nuclei of pDCs specifically in immunohistochemical analysis of various tissues from both human and rhesus monkey. This novel antibody will serve as a beneficial tool for pDC-related basic research and clinical investigation.