Innovations in 3D ovarian and follicle engineering for fertility preservation and restoration.

In-vitro maturation (IVM) is the process of cultivating early-stage follicles from the primordial to the antral stage and facilitating the maturation of oocytes outside the body within a supportive environment. This intricate procedure requires the careful coordination of various factors to replicate the natural ovarian conditions. Advanced techniques for IVM are designed to mimic the natural ovarian environment and enhance the development of follicles. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems provide a more biologically relevant setting for follicle growth compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Traditional culture systems, often fail to support the complex process of follicle development effectively. However, modern engineered reproductive tissues and culture systems are making it possible to create increasingly physiological in-vitro models of folliculogenesis. These innovative methods are enabling researchers and clinicians to better replicate the dynamic and supportive environment of the ovary, thereby improving the outcomes of IVM offering new hope for fertility preservation and treatment. This paper focuses on the routine 3D culture, and innovative 3D culture of ovary and follicles, including a tissue engineering scaffolds, microfluidic (dynamic) culture system, organ-on-chip models, EVATAR system, from a clinical perspective to determine the most effective approach for achieving in-vitro maturation of follicles. These techniques provide critical support for ovarian function in various ovarian-associated disorders, including primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), premature ovarian failure (POF), ovarian cancer, and age-related infertility.

Incorporating bioactive glass nanoparticles in silk fibroin/bacterial nanocellulose composite scaffolds improves their biological and osteogenic properties for bone tissue engineering applications.

Blend polymers composed of natural polymers are a ubiquitous biomaterial class due to their suitable mechanical and biological characterization. In the present study, composite scaffolds based on bacterial cellulose (BC)/silk fibroin (SF) with bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNPs) were developed to enhance osteogenesis in human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results of BGNPs indicated a spherical morphology and size ranging from 15 to 30 nm. The presence of BC and BGNPs reduced the pore diameter of SF scaffolds to about 210 ± 10 µm and 205 ± 10 µm, respectively, while increasing their compressive strength and compressive modulus. FTIR analyses proved the presence of BGNPs, BC and SF in the scaffolds. Flow cytometry data confirmed the surface markers for hASCs. The results also showed that BC and BGNPs addition to BC/SF scaffolds decreased degradation and swelling rate. The gene expression (Runx2, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) studies signified the osteogenic potential of BGNPs in BC/SF scaffolds on hASCs. Eventually, the increased cell adhesion, viability and differentiation in the BC/SF and BC/SF/BGNPs composite scaffolds drawn from MTT, SEM, Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase activity confirmed that these scaffolds promise to serve as a therapeutic candidate for bone defects.

Association of Trophectoderm mRNAs and MicroRNAs with Chromosomal Aneuploidy of Embryo.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs can serve as indicators of the chromosomal state of an embryo, with different profiles observed in euploid and aneuploid blastocysts. Examining the levels of miRNAs associated with aneuploidy and euploidy, as well as mRNAs related to implantation, can aid in predicting blastocyst chromosomal normality and improving assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes. This study analyzed chromosomal abnormality of 25 blastocysts using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and also the expression of genes ERBB4, SELL, ITGB3, and ITGAV, as well as miRNAs, miR-339, miR-27b, miR-661, miR-30c, miR-191, miR-345, miR-142, miR-141, miR-20a, and miR-372. We found that 17 out of 25 embryos were aneuploid. Moreover, results revealed lower expression levels of miR-30c and miR-372 in aneuploid embryos compared to euploid ones, while ITGAV and ITGB3 showed significantly higher expression in aneuploid embryos. These findings suggest that miR-372, miR-30c, ITGAV, and ITGB3 expression in trophectoderm cells can serve as biomarkers for assessing embryo health.

Green Synthesized Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Reinforce Osteogenesis Properties of Bacterial Cellulose Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications: An In Vitro Assessment.

OBJECTIVE: The use of biocompatible scaffolds with appropriate characteristics to treat large bone defects has attracted significant attention. The main objective of the current study is to fabricate a 3D nanocomposite structure that contains green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) and bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibres, as a bioscaffold for bone regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, Camellia sinensis extract was used as the green method to synthesize MgONPs. The synthesized hydrogels were evaluated for their porosity, morphology, degradation rate, mechanical features, cell attachment, and cytocompatibility. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and alizarin red staining. RESULTS: MgONPs significantly increased both mechanical strength (P=0.009) and porosity (P=0.01) of the BC hydrogels. Human MG-63 osteoblast proliferation significantly increased in the MgONP-BC group compared to the pure BC group (P=0.003). Expression rates of both the ALP (P=0.001) and osteocalcin (OCN) genes were significantly enhanced in cells seeded on the MgONP-incorporated BC. MG-63 cells had significantly greater calcium deposition and ALP activity (P=0.002) on the MgONP-BC scaffold compared to the BC at day 21. CONCLUSION: The MgONP-BC scaffold can promote the osteogenic activity of osteoblast-like cells, which indicates its therapeutic potential for bone tissue regeneration.

microRNAs in the blastocoel fluid as accessible indicators of chromosomal normality.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) derived from the pre-implantation blastocoel fluid (BF) have attracted interest as accessible biomarkers indicative of embryonic health in ongoing IVF cycles. Therefore, we investigated expression levels of some aneuploidy-associated miRNAs and implantation-related mRNAs as predictive markers for embryo chromosomal normality. In this study, the BF of 25 blastocysts that had been checked for aneuploidy (aneuploid=17 and euploid=8) was aspirated and the expression of 10 miRNAs (miR-20a, miR-30c, miR-661, miR-372, miR-142, miR-191, miR-345, miR-339, miR-141, and miR-27b) and four genes (ERBB4, SELL, ITGB3, ITGAV) were evaluated using real time-PCR. Results showed that the levels of miR-661 and miR-20a were significantly higher in the BF of the aneuploid embryos compared to the euploid group (p = 0.0017 and 0.004, respectively). A comparison of the mRNA levels between the aneuploid and euploid groups also demonstrated a significant difference in ITGAV (p = 0.013) and SELL (p = 0.0317) levels. In the euploid group, a negative correlation was found between ITGB3 and miR-30c (r = -0.71, p = 0.08), and in the aneuploid group, a positive correlation was found between ERBB4 and miR-345 (r = 0.71, p = 0.02). It can be suggested that miR-20a, miR-661, and ITGAV levels of BF could be used as less-invasive biomarkers to evaluate embryonic health. Moreover, aneuploidy-related miRNA levels were associated with levels of genes involved in embryo implantation.

Role of endometrial microRNAs in repeated implantation failure (mini-review).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play various roles in the implantation and pregnancy process. Abnormal regulation of miRNAs leads to reproductive disorders such as repeated implantation failure (RIF). During the window of implantation, different miRNAs are released from the endometrium, which can potentially reflect the status of the endometrium for in vitro fertilization (IVF). The focus of this review is to determine whether endometrial miRNAs may be utilized as noninvasive biomarkers to predict the ability of endometrium to implant and provide live birth during IVF cycles. The levels of certain miRNAs in the endometrium have been linked to implantation potential and pregnancy outcomes in previous studies. Endometrial miRNAs could be employed as non-invasive biomarkers in the assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycle to determine the optimal time for implantation. Few human studies have evaluated the association between ART outcomes and endometrial miRNAs in RIF patients. This review may pave the way for more miRNA transcriptomic studies on human endometrium and introduce a specific miRNA profile as a multivariable prediction model for choosing the optimal time in the IVF cycle.

Role of miRNAs in preimplantation embryo development and their potential as embryo selection biomarkers.

CONTEXT: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play different roles in oocyte fertilisation, degradation of maternal transcripts, embryo development, and implantation. During in vitro fertilisation (IVF), different miRNAs are released from embryos into the spent culture media (SCM) that can potentially reflect the status of the embryo. AIMS: This study is the assessment of miRNAs, which secreted in SCM during the IVF cycles can be used as noninvasive biomarkers to predict an embryo's ability to form a blastocyst, implant, and give live birth. METHODS: Systematic literature search was conducted to review all recent studies about miRNAs as potential non-invasive biomarkers for selecting the best embryos in the assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycle. KEY RESULTS: Studies have shown that levels of some miRNAs in the SCM have an association with the implantation potential and pregnancy outcome of the embryo. CONCLUSIONS: Embryo-secreted miRNAs can be used as potential non-invasive biomarkers for selecting the best embryos in the ART cycle. Unfortunately, few human studies evaluated the association between ART outcomes and miRNAs in SCM. IMPLICATIONS: This review can pave the way for further miRNAs transcriptomic studies on human embryo culture media and introducing a specific miRNA profile as a multivariable prediction model for embryo selection in IVF cycles.

The effect of dexamethasone on uterine receptivity, mediated by the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway, and the implantation window: An experimental study.

Background: The role of glucocorticoids in implantation has been demonstrated. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone on endometrial receptivity. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 BALB/c female mice aged eight wk old weighing approximately 25.0 ± 1.4 gr were used. The mice were divided into four groups (n = 10/each) of control, dexamethasone (100 µg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (PP242) (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), and dexamethasone and PP242. The endometrial epithelium of the mouse was separated to measure messenger RNA expression of heart and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 (HAND2), Msh homeobox 1 (Msx-1), heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), microRNA (miRNA) Let-7a, miRNA-145 and miRNA-451, using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Also, protein expression of mammalian mTOR and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein1 (4E-BP1) was measured using western blot. Results: The results revealed that the expression of Msx-1, HAND2, HB-EGF, miRNA-451, and miRNA-Let-7a was significantly decreased in the endometrium in the dexamethasone group compared to the control, while the expression of miRNA-145 in the endometrium was up-regulated. Additionally, the administration of PP242, known as an inhibitor of mTOR, was associated with significantly reduced expression of Msx-1, HAND2, HB-EGF, miRNA-451, and miRNA-Let-7a, while PP242 induced messenger RNA expression of miRNA-145. Conclusion: It appears that dexamethasone can diminish uterine receptivity during the implantation period, at least to some extent, through the alteration of particular genes that impact endometrial receptivity. Furthermore, the mTOR pathway seemingly showed an essential role in endometrial receptivity.

Review of ovarian tissue cryopreservation techniques for fertility preservation.

Ovarian failure and ovarian malfunction are among major fertility problems in women of reproductive age (18-35 years). It is known that various diseases, such as ovarian cancer and premature ovarian failure, besides certain treatments, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy of other organs, can affect the normal process of folliculogenesis and cause infertility. In recent years, various procedures have been proposed for the treatment of infertility. One of the newest methods is the use of cryopreservation ovarian fragments after cancer treatment. According to some studies, this method yields very satisfactory results. Although ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) is an accepted technique of fertility preservation, the relative efficacy of cryopreservation protocols remains controversial. Considering the controversies about these methods and their results, in this study, we aimed to compare different techniques of ovarian cryopreservation and investigate their advantages and disadvantages. Reviewing the published articles may be possible to identify appropriate strategies and improve infertility treatment in these patients.

miR223-3p, HAND2, and LIF expression regulated by calcitonin in the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway during the implantation window in the endometrium of mice.

PROBLEM: Approximately one-third of infertility cases are related to the female partner, and implantation failure is the primary reason for female infertility. The current research was established to assess the impact of calcitonin on endometrial receptivity. METHODS OF STUDY: 64 female BALB/c mice were assigned to 2 groups as follows: mice with regular ovarian cycle and mice with stimulated ovarian cycle. The two groups were further divided into four subgroups as follows: control (Ctrl), calcitonin (CT), pp242, and CT + pp242 groups. Calcitonin and pp242 were injected on days 3, 4, and 5 of pregnancy. On day 5 of gestation, all of the animals were sacrificed, and their uterine was removed for the morphological analysis, as well as the expression assessment genes and proteins. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that ovarian stimulation increased the rate of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and mTOR proteins, and resulted in the upregulation of miR-223-3p. The administration of calcitonin also elevated the expression levels of LIF and HAND2 gene in both regular ovarian and ovarian-stimulated cycles. In ovarian-stimulated groups, the administration of calcitonin led to a decrease in the expression of miR-223-3p. Calcitonin administration also markedly increased the phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and ERK1/2 in the regular ovarian cycle. CONCLUSION: It seems that calcitonin is capable of enhancing the endometrial receptivity of the uterine, thereby the overexpression of HAND2 and LIF and downregulation of miR-223-3p through the ERK1/2-mTOR signaling pathway.

The Effect of Preincubation Time and Myo-inositol Supplementation on the Quality of Mouse MII Oocytes.

BACKGROUND: It is demonstrated that optimal preincubation time improves oocyte quality, fertilization potential and developmental rate. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of preincubation time in the simple and myo-inositol supplemented medium on the oocyte quality regarding oxidative stress and mitochondrial alteration. METHODS: Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) retrieved from superovulated NMRI mice were divided in groups of 0, 4 and 8 hr preincubation time in the simple and 20 mmol/L myo-inositol supplemented media. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (H2O2), glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP content, and mitochondrial amount were measured and analyzed in experimental groups. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis were respectively used for parametric and nonparametric variables. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. RESULTS: In comparison to control group, variables including ROS, GSH, mitochondrial amount, fertilization and developmental rates were significantly changed after 4 hr of preincubation in the simple medium, while MMP decreased following 8 hr of preincubation in the simple medium (p˂0.001). Preincubation of oocytes up to 8 hr in the simple medium could not decrease ATP content. For both 4 and 8 hr preincubation times, myo-inositole could decrease H2O2 and increase GSH and MMP levels and consequently could improve fertilization rate compared to oocytes preincubated in the simple culture. CONCLUSION: It seems that 4 hr or more preincubation time can decrease the oocyte quality and lead to reduced oocyte fertilization and developmental potential. Howevere, myo-inositol may prevent oocyte quality reduction and improve fertilization potential in comparision to the equivalent simple groups.

Administration of dexamethasone disrupts endometrial receptivity by alteration of expression of miRNA 223, 200a, LIF, Muc1, SGK1, and ENaC via the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway.

Successful implantation of embryos requires endometrial receptivity. Glucocorticoids are one of the factors influencing the implantation window. In this study, 40 female BALB/c mice were used to study the impacts of dexamethasone administration on endometrial receptivity markers during implantation window. The mice mated and were randomly divided into four groups: control (vehicle), dexamethasone (100 µg/kg, IP), PP242 (30 mg/kg, IP), and dexamethasone + PP242 (Dex + PP242). On the Day 4th and 5th of gestation, mice received their respective treatments and were killed on the 5th day. To assess the expression of Muc1, leukemia inflammatory inhibitor (LIF), serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1), epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), miRNA 200a, and miRNA 223-3p in the endometrium real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed. Furthermore, using Western blot analysis protein expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) were evaluated. Periodic Acid-Schiff staining was used to examine the histomorphological changes of the uterus. According to the results dexamethasone declined the expression of LIF, whereas upregulated expression of Muc1, SGK1, ENaC mRNA, miRNA 200a, and miRNA 223-3p in the endometrium. In addition, PP242, an mTOR inhibitor, induced mRNA expression of Muc1, miRNA200a, and miRNa223-3p whereas it declined the expression of LIF. Moreover, activity of the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway in the endometrial cells was deterred by dexamethasone and PP242. Nonstop epithelium proliferation and elevated surface glycoproteins layer on epithelium of dexamethasone and/or PP242-received groups were divulged through histochemical analysis. According to the above mentioned results, uterine receptivity during implantation period was declined by dexamethasone, at least in part, through modulation of involved genes in endometrial receptivity and inhibition of the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway.

The effect of fludrocortisone on the uterine receptivity partially mediated by ERK1/2-mTOR pathway.

Implantation of embryos needs endometrial receptivity. Mineralocorticoids is one of the causes influencing the implantation window. This study targeted to evaluation fludrocortisone different properties on endometrial receptivity. The objective of this study was to assess whether treatment with fludrocortisone could impact the expression of diverse genes and proteins that are involved in uterine receptivity in mice. In this study, 40 female adult BALB/c mice were used. The samples were allocated to four groups of ten. Control group (C) received: vehicle; fludrocortisone group (FCA): received 1.5 mg/kg fludrocortisone; PP242 group (PP242): received 30 mg/kg PP242; fludrocortisone+PP242 group (FCA+PP242): received fludrocortisone and PP242. Mice were killed on window implantation day after mating and confirmed pregnancy. The endometrial epithelium of mouse was collected to assess mRNA expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), mucin-1 (MUC1), heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), (Msx.1), miRNA Let-7a, and miRNA 223-3p as well as protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in the uterine using real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. In comparison with the control group, fludrocortisone administration upregulated the expression of LIF, HB-EGF, Msx.1, miRNA Let-7a, ERK1/2, and mTOR in the epithelial endometrium. The PP242-treated group demonstrated a significant rise in the expression of MUC1, miRNA 223-3p and a remarkable decline in ERK1/2 and p-4E-BP1 levels in comparison with the control group. Combination therapy of (FCA+PP242) resulted in a remarkable rise in LIF, Msx-1, HB-EGF, ERK1/2, and mTOR levels, in comparison with the PP242 group. Furthermore, combination therapy of (FCA+PP242) downregulated the expression of MUC1 in comparison with the PP242-treated group. According to the results, fludrocortisone affected uterine receptivity possibly by means of modulating the expression of genes involved in the uterine receptivity and activation of the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway.

Calcitonin administration improves endometrial receptivity via regulation of LIF, Muc-1 and microRNA Let-7a in mice.

Calcitonin (CT) is one of the factors affecting the embryo implantation, but its effects on the implantation window have not been fully investigated. The current study investigated the effects of CT on the endometrium receptivity by morphological study and evaluation of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), mucin 1 (Muc-1), and microRNA (miRNA) Let-7a in the ovarian stimulation and the normal ovarian cycle. Then the mechanism of the CT effects through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was studied by using PP242. A total of 64 BALB/c mice were divided into the normal ovarian cycle and ovarian stimulation groups. Each group consisted of four subgroups: control, calcitonin, PP242, and calcitonin+PP242. CT and PP242 were injected on the fourth of pregnancy into the mice and 24 hr later all the mice were killed. The uterine tissue samples were used for morphological analysis, and endometrial cells were mechanically isolated for evaluation of gene and protein expression. The results showed that ovarian stimulation induced mTOR phosphorylation as well as increased expression of the Let-7a miRNA. In addition, CT injection increased the expression of LIF and miRNA Let-7a in ovarian stimulation similar to that in normal ovarian cycles. However, injection of PP242 reduced expression of miRNA Let-7a and increased Muc-1 expression in ovarian stimulation group. In conclusion, the administration of CT improved endometrial receptivity in mice. This phenomenon occurred by upregulation of LIF, miRNA Let-7a and downregulation of Muc-1 via mTOR signaling pathway.

Assessing the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in infertile male patients in Tabriz, northwest Iran.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is an infrequent, but one of the most successful bacteria that associated with infertility and are able to spermatozoa immobilization and agglutination. OBJECTIVE: The aim of present study was to determine the frequency of S. aureus in semen obtained from infertile male patients in northwest Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seminal fluids of 100 infertile men were evaluated. Standard semen examination was done according to World Health Organization guidelines. After isolation and identification of S. aureus isolates according to reference methods, determination of susceptibility against important antibiotics and polymerase chain reaction were performed to identify mecA and tst genes. RESULTS: Data obtained from the present study shows that 16% of infertile male patients were colonized by S. aureus. Ten (62.5%) of the individuals had abnormal seminal fluid sperm motility and morphology and three (18.8%) of them had an abnormal seminal fluid density, whereas after washing with albumin-saline declined to 5 (31.3%), 4 (25%) and 1 (6.3%), respectively. The antibiogram results showed that, except penicillin, other antibiotics have high activity on isolates. Regarding polymerase chain reaction results, mecA sequences were detected in 3 (18.7%) strains, whilst the tst gene encoding TSST-1 was not detected in any of clinical strains. CONCLUSION: It would appear that the S. aureus may be an additional negative factor worsening sperm quality and affecting male fertility. Therefore, it demands that all the patients attending in infertility treatment facilities be investigated thoroughly.

Upregulation of HB-EGF, Msx.1, and miRNA Let-7a by administration of calcitonin through mTOR and ERK1/2 pathways during a window of implantation in mice.

BACKGROUND: Successful implantation of embryos requires endometrial receptivity. Calcitonin is one of the factors influencing the implantation window. This study aimed to evaluate calcitonin effects on endometrial receptivity. To this end, the effects of calcitonin on the implantation window in the ovarian stimulation and the normal ovarian cycle were investigated by the morphological study of the endometrium as well as the expression of MSX.1, HB-EGF, and micro-RNA (miRNA) Let-7a; then the mechanisms of calcitonin effects were studied through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 64 Bulb/c mice were divided into two groups: Normal ovarian cycle and ovarian stimulation. Each group consisted of four subgroups: Ctrl, CT, PP242, and CT + PP242. Calcitonin and PP242 were injected on the fourth day of pregnancy and 24 hr later all the mice were killed. Uterine tissue samples were used for morphological analysis and the endometrial epithelial and the stromal cells were isolated from myometrium for evaluation of gene and protein expression. RESULTS: Ovarian stimulation increased the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and ERK1/2 and the expression of miRNA Let-7a. Calcitonin injection increased the expression of HB-EGF, Msx.1, and miRNA Let-7a in a normal ovarian cycle and in ovarian-stimulated mice. It also increased eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in normal ovarian cycles. CONCLUSION: Calcitonin improved the receptivity of the uterine endometrium by upregulation of the HB-EGF, Msx.1, and miRNA Let-7a likely through mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

The Frequency of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Endocervix of Infertile Women in Northwest Iran.

BACKGROUND: Infertility is one of the major social issues. Due to the asymptomatic cervical infection associated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the majority of patients remain undiagnosed. The present study intended to assess the frequency of S. aureus isolated from infertile women's endocervix in northwest Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a descriptive cross sectional study, specimens were randomly collected during vagina examination using a sterile speculum and swabbing. After performance of antibiotic susceptibility testing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). RESULTS: About 26 (26%) and 9 (9%) women's urogenital tracts were colonized by S. aureus and Candida spp., respectively, of which three (11.5%) patients were infected with fungi and S. aureus, simultaneously. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed high activity of vancomycin and co-trimoxazole on isolates. Regarding PCR results, mecA sequences were detected in 7 (26.9%) strains, whilst the tst gene encoding TSST-1 was not detected in any of clinical strains. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of S. aureus was very high in infertile women. Therefore, it demands all patients undergoing infertility treatment to be investigated thoroughly for this type of infection.

Induction and determination of apoptotic and necrotic cell death by cadmium chloride in testis tissue of mouse.

BACKGROUND: Cadmium chloride which is potentially toxic is currently used in industry. The toxic effects of cadmium on testes have been reported to range from apoptosis to necrosis, with different effects on fertility. This research aimed to study the effect of different doses of cadmium on testicular tissues at acute stage by light and electron microscopy. METHODS: Cadmium chloride was injected into mature Balb/c mice intraperitoneally in 7 doses. Five mice were studied in each group. After 48 hr, the testes were extracted and prepared for light microscopy. Then two concentrations (15 and 25 µM/kg) of them were selected for electron microscopic study based on histological changes. The cellular changes of luminal epithelium of seminiferous tubules were studied under an electron microscope. Histological and ultrastructural changes were reported. RESULTS: The absence of sperm in the tubules was observed at 20 µM/kg concentration. At 25 µM/kg, histological destruction and epithelial damages were observed. Histological changes were not remarkable at 5 and 10 µM/kg. However, ultrastructural changes of seminiferous tubules at 20 µM/kg included spermatogonial cell death. At 25 µM/kg, vacuolation of Sertoli cells and death of spermatids as well as spermatocytes were observed. Cell death in the tubules was limited to germ cells. However, Sertoli cells exhibited architectural alterations without any cell death. CONCLUSION: Both apoptosis and necrosis occurred in testicular tissue by exposure to cadmium in a concentration-dependent manner. Gonadal cells were sensitive to cadmium administration. Supportive cells such as Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules did not exhibit sensitivity to cadmium.

Melatonin improves development of early mouse embryos impaired by actinomycin-D and TNF-α.

BACKGROUND: Melatonin, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and an antioxidant, has been shown that can inhibit apoptosis. Administration of melatonin may improve embryo development in assisted reproductive technology (ART). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of melatonin in inhibition of spontaneous and induced apoptosis by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alph (TNF-α) and actinomycin-D during preimplantation development of mouse embryos. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female BALB/c mice were superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), then allowed to mate with male mice. The resultant 2-cell embryos were divided into six groups as follows: control (group I), melatonin (group II), actinomycin-D (group III), actinomycin-D + melatonin (group IV), TNF-α (group V), and TNF-α + melatonin (group VI). We recorded the numbers and developmental rates of the 4-cell, 8-cell, morula and blastocyst embryos. Blastocysts were stained with acridine orange in order to assess for the embryo quality. RESULTS: The group IV showed a significantly higher developmental rate of blastocysts compared to group III (p<0.05). The number of dead blastomers was significantly decreased in group IV in comparison to group III (p<0.05). Both V and VI groups had a lower developmental rate and lesser quality of blastocysts compared with group I. There was no significant difference in the developmental rate of blastocysts from group II compared to group I (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Supplementation of embryo culture media with melatonin can improve the quality and developmental rate of embryos. Melatonin can prevent cell death that was induced by TNF- α and actinomycine-D.

A new anatomical and surgical landmark in internal abdominal oblique muscle: fat triangle.

PURPOSE: To determine the anatomical landmark within the internal oblique muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective study, the abdominal wall was examined for internal oblique muscle land marks in 900 patients undergoing laparatomy. RESULTS: There was a fat line at anterior superior iliac spine level to access the underlying layers and then to the abdominal cavity. CONCLUSION: A fat triangle within the internal oblique muscle provides a suitable region of surgical incision at the lower part of the abdominal wall.