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Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a Gram-positive bacterium and the main culprit behind zoonotic outbreaks, posing a serious threat to public health. The prevalent strains in China are mainly of sequence types (ST) 1 and 7, with few cases of human infections caused by other sequence type being reported. This study presents the first isolation of a ST25 strain from the blood of a septicemic patient. A 57-year-old febrile patient was admitted to a hospital in Hainan of China, diagnosed as septicemia and hepatic dysfunction. A strain of S. suis was isolated from blood culture and confirmed to be serotype 2 and ST25 through 16S rRNA sequencing and whole-genome sequencing, and its genome was further analyzed for gene functions and presence of drug resistance genes. The full-length genome of strain HN28 spans 2,280,124 bp and encodes a total of 2291 proteins. Genes annotated in COG, GO, KEGG, CAZy, and PHl databases accounted for 75.38 %, 69.14 %, 55.35 %, 4.58 %, and 11.87 % of the total predicted proteins, respectively. Virulence factor analysis revealed the presence of seven putative virulence genes in strain HN28. Analysis using the CARD database identified 51 resistance genes in HN28, alongside abundant exocytosis systems. These findings underscore the occurrence of S. suis infections in humans caused by less common ST, emphasizing the need for enhanced epidemiological investigations and monitoring of S. suis infections in the human population.
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Dental calculus severely affects the oral health of humans and animal pets. Calculus deposition affects the gingival appearance and causes inflammation. Failure to remove dental calculus from the dentition results in oral diseases such as periodontitis. Apart from adversely affecting oral health, some systemic diseases are closely related to dental calculus deposition. Hence, identifying the mechanisms of dental calculus formation helps protect oral and systemic health. A plethora of biological and physicochemical factors contribute to the physiological equilibrium in the oral cavity. Bacteria are an important part of the equation. Calculus formation commences when the bacterial equilibrium is broken. Bacteria accumulate locally and form biofilms on the tooth surface. The bacteria promote increases in local calcium and phosphorus concentrations, which triggers biomineralization and the development of dental calculus. Current treatments only help to relieve the symptoms caused by calculus deposition. These symptoms are prone to relapse if calculus removal is not under control. There is a need for a treatment regime that combines short-term and long-term goals in addressing calculus formation. The present review introduces the mechanisms of dental calculus formation, influencing factors, and the relationship between dental calculus and several systemic diseases. This is followed by the presentation of a conceptual solution for improving existing treatment strategies and minimizing recurrence.
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Biofilmes , Cálculos Dentários , Cálculos Dentários/microbiologia , Cálculos Dentários/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Animais , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bactérias/classificação , Saúde Bucal , Boca/microbiologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Fósforo/metabolismoRESUMO
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Antibody development efforts mainly revolve around HCV envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2), which mediates host cell entry by interacting with several cell surface receptors, including CD81. We still have limited knowledge about the structural ensembles and the dynamic behavior of both the CD81 binding sites and the glycans on E2. Here, multiple microsecond-long, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, as well as a Markov state model (MSM), were performed to provide an atomistic perspective on the dynamic nature of E2 and its glycans. End-to-end accessibility analyses outline a complete overview of the vulnerabilities of the glycan shield of E2, which may be exploited in therapeutic efforts. Additionally, the Markov state model built from the simulation maps four metastable states for AS412 and three metastable states for the front layer in CD81 binding sites, while binding with HEPC3 would induce a conformation selection for both of them. Overall, this work presents hitherto unseen functional and structural insights into E2 and its glycan coat, providing a new theoretical foundation to control the conformational plasticity of E2 that could be harnessed for vaccine development.
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Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Polissacarídeos , Conformação Proteica , Proteínas do Envelope Viral , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/química , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Hepacivirus/química , Cadeias de Markov , Humanos , Sítios de LigaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyze the occlusal contact characteristics of the food-impacted teeth using a new digital technique. METHODS: A 3D occlusal analysis method was developed for studying the occlusal contact characteristics of teeth affected by food impaction. In this self-controlled study, food-impacted molars from 20 participants constituted the experimental group. The corresponding healthy teeth on the opposite side served as the control group. Variables such as occlusal force (OF), occlusal contact area (OCA), and the number and distribution of occlusal contact points (OCN) in the mesio-distal directions were measured and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There was no statistical significant difference in the values of OF, OCA and OCN between the food-impacted molars and the healthy control molars (P > 0.05). However, paired T-tests indicated significant difference in the proportion of mesial OF, OCA, and OCN in the second molars of the experimental group (0.22, 0.28 and 0.28, respectively) and the control group (0.66, 0.63, and 0.63 respectively) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The abnormal distribution of occlusal contacts in the second molar, primarily characterized by excessive occlusal contact in the distal direction may contribute to the occurrence of food impaction. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The present study identified variations in the distribution of occlusal contacts and occlusal component force in food-impacted teeth. These findings can assist dentists in making more targeted occlusal adjustments, or applying other treatment modalities, to effectively address food impaction.
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Força de Mordida , Alimentos , Dente Molar , Dente Impactado , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Dente Impactado/diagnóstico por imagem , Oclusão Dentária , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodosRESUMO
Heterotopic ossification (HO), the pathological formation of bone within soft tissues such as tendon and muscle, is a notable complication resulting from severe injury. While soft tissue injury is necessary for HO development, the specific molecular pathology responsible for trauma-induced HO remains a mystery. The previous study detected abnormal autophagy function in the early stages of tendon HO. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether autophagy governs the process of HO generation. Here, trauma-induced tendon HO model is used to investigate the relationship between autophagy and tendon calcification. In the early stages of tenotomy, it is observed that autophagic flux is significantly impaired and that blocking autophagic flux promoted the development of more rampant calcification. Moreover, Gt(ROSA)26sor transgenic mouse model experiments disclosed lysosomal acid dysfunction as chief reason behind impaired autophagic flux. Stimulating V-ATPase activity reinstated both lysosomal acid functioning and autophagic flux, thereby reversing tendon HO. This present study demonstrates that autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction triggers HO in the stages of tendon injury, with potential therapeutic targeting implications for HO.
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Autofagia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Lisossomos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Ossificação Heterotópica , Tendões , Ossificação Heterotópica/metabolismo , Ossificação Heterotópica/genética , Ossificação Heterotópica/patologia , Animais , Autofagia/fisiologia , Camundongos , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Tendões/metabolismo , Tendões/patologia , Tendões/fisiopatologia , Tenotomia/métodos , Masculino , Traumatismos dos Tendões/fisiopatologia , Traumatismos dos Tendões/metabolismo , Traumatismos dos Tendões/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Heterotopic ossification (HO) comprises the abnormal formation of ectopic bone in extraskeletal soft tissue. The factors that initiate HO remain elusive. Herein, we found that calcified apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) led to increased calcification and stiffness of tendon extracellular matrix (ECM), which initiated M2 macrophage polarization and HO progression. Specifically, single-cell transcriptome analyses of different stages of HO revealed that calcified apoVs were primarily secreted by a PROCR+ fibroblast population. In addition, calcified apoVs enriched calcium by annexin channels, absorbed to collagen I via electrostatic interaction, and aggregated to produce calcifying nodules in the ECM, leading to tendon calcification and stiffening. More importantly, apoV-releasing inhibition or macrophage deletion both successfully reversed HO development. Thus, we are the first to identify calcified apoVs from PROCR+ fibroblasts as the initiating factor of HO, and might serve as the therapeutic target for inhibiting pathological calcification.
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Vesículas Extracelulares , Ossificação Heterotópica , Humanos , Receptor de Proteína C Endotelial , Vesículas Extracelulares/patologia , Ossificação Heterotópica/patologia , Ossificação Heterotópica/terapia , Matriz Extracelular , FibroblastosRESUMO
Bats are important mammal reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. However, due to research limitations involving species, locations, pathogens, or sample types, the full diversity of viruses in bats remains to be discovered. We used next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the mammalian virome and analyze the phylogenetic evolution and diversity of mammalian viruses carried by bats from Haikou City and Tunchang County in Hainan Province, China. We collected 200 pharyngeal swab and anal swab samples from Rhinolophus affinis, combining them into nine pools based on the sample type and collection location. We subjected the samples to next-generation sequencing and conducted bioinformatics analysis. All samples were screened via specific PCR and phylogenetic analysis. The diverse viral reads, closely related to mammals, were assigned into 17 viral families. We discovered many novel bat viruses and identified some closely related to known human/animal pathogens. In the current study, 6 complete genomes and 2 partial genomic sequences of 6 viral families and 8 viral genera have been amplified, among which 5 strains are suggested to be new virus species. These included coronavirus, pestivirus, bastrovirus, bocavirus, papillomavirus, parvovirus, and paramyxovirus. The primary finding is that a SADS-related CoV and a HoBi-like pestivirus identified in R. affinis in Hainan Province could be pathogenic to livestock. This study expands our understanding of bats as a virus reservoir, providing a basis for further research on the transmission of viruses from bats to humans.
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Quirópteros , Genoma Viral , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Filogenia , Viroma , Vírus , Quirópteros/virologia , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Viroma/genética , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/genética , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Biologia Computacional/métodosRESUMO
Dental calculi can cause gingival bleeding and periodontitis, yet the mechanism underlying the formation of such mineral build-ups, and in particular the role of the local microenvironment, are unclear. Here we show that the formation of dental calculi involves bacteria in local mature biofilms converting the DNA in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) from being degradable by the enzyme DNase I to being degradation resistant, promoting the nucleation and growth of apatite. DNase I inhibited NET-induced mineralization in vitro and ex vivo, yet plasma DNases were ineffective at inhibiting ectopic mineralization in the oral cavity in rodents. The topical application of the DNA-intercalating agent chloroquine in rodents fed with a dental calculogenic diet reverted NET DNA to its degradable form, inhibiting the formation of calculi. Our findings may motivate therapeutic strategies for the reduction of the prevalence of the deposition of bacteria-driven calculi in the oral cavity.
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Brain-derived extracellular vesicles participate in interorgan communication after traumatic brain injury by transporting pathogens to initiate secondary injury. Inflammasome-related proteins encapsulated in brain-derived extracellular vesicles can cross the bloodâbrain barrier to reach distal tissues. These proteins initiate inflammatory dysfunction, such as neurogenic heterotopic ossification. This recurrent condition is highly debilitating to patients because of its relatively unknown pathogenesis and the lack of effective prophylactic intervention strategies. Accordingly, a rat model of neurogenic heterotopic ossification induced by combined traumatic brain injury and achillotenotomy was developed to address these two issues. Histological examination of the injured tendon revealed the coexistence of ectopic calcification and fibroblast pyroptosis. The relationships among brain-derived extracellular vesicles, fibroblast pyroptosis and ectopic calcification were further investigated in vitro and in vivo. Intravenous injection of the pyroptosis inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk reversed the development of neurogenic heterotopic ossification in vivo. The present work highlights the role of brain-derived extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of neurogenic heterotopic ossification and offers a potential strategy for preventing neurogenic heterotopic ossification after traumatic brain injury. Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are released after traumatic brain injury. These BEVs contain pathogens and participate in interorgan communication to initiate secondary injury in distal tissues. After achillotenotomy, the phagocytosis of BEVs by fibroblasts induces pyroptosis, which is a highly inflammatory form of lytic programmed cell death, in the injured tendon. Fibroblast pyroptosis leads to an increase in calcium and phosphorus concentrations and creates a microenvironment that promotes osteogenesis. Intravenous injection of the pyroptosis inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk suppressed fibroblast pyroptosis and effectively prevented the onset of heterotopic ossification after neuronal injury. The use of a pyroptosis inhibitor represents a potential strategy for the treatment of neurogenic heterotopic ossification.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Vesículas Extracelulares , Ossificação Heterotópica , Humanos , Ratos , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ossificação Heterotópica/etiologia , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/complicações , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismoRESUMO
Calcification of cartilage by hydroxyapatite is a hallmark of osteoarthritis and its deposition strongly correlates with the severity of osteoarthritis. However, no effective strategies are available to date on the prevention of hydroxyapatite deposition within the osteoarthritic cartilage and its role in the pathogenesis of this degenerative condition is still controversial. Therefore, the present work aims at uncovering the pathogenic mechanism of intra-cartilaginous hydroxyapatite in osteoarthritis and developing feasible strategies to counter its detrimental effects. With the use of in vitro and in vivo models of osteoarthritis, hydroxyapatite crystallites deposited in the cartilage are found to be phagocytized by resident chondrocytes and processed by the lysosomes of those cells. This results in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and release of cathepsin B (CTSB) into the cytosol. The cytosolic CTSB, in turn, activates NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes and subsequently instigates chondrocyte pyroptosis. Inhibition of LMP and CTSB in vivo are effective in managing the progression of osteoarthritis. The present work provides a conceptual therapeutic solution for the prevention of osteoarthritis via alleviation of lysosomal destabilization.
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Enamel repair is crucial for restoring tooth function and halting dental caries. However, contemporary research often overlooks the retention of organic residues within the repair layer, which hinders the growth of dense crystals and compromises the properties of the repaired enamel. During the maturation of natural enamel, the organic matrix undergoes enzymatic processing to facilitate further crystal growth, resulting in a highly mineralized tissue. Inspired by this process, a biomimetic self-maturation mineralization system is developed, comprising ribonucleic acid-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (RNA-ACP) and ribonuclease (RNase). The RNA-ACP induces initial mineralization in the form of epitaxial crystal growth, while the RNase present in saliva automatically triggers a biomimetic self-maturation process. The mechanistic study further indicates that RNA degradation prompts conformational rearrangement of the RNA-ACP, effectively excluding the organic matter introduced earlier. This exclusion process promotes lateral crystal growth, resulting in the generation of denser enamel-like apatite crystals that are devoid of organic residues. This strategy of eliminating organic residues from enamel crystals enhances the mechanical and physiochemical properties of the repaired enamel. The present study introduces a conceptual biomimetic mineralization strategy for effective enamel repair in clinical practice and offers potential insights into the mechanisms of biomineral formation.
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Biomimética , Fosfatos de Cálcio , Cárie Dentária , Humanos , RNA , Ribonucleases , Esmalte DentárioRESUMO
Ticks act as vectors and hosts of numerous arboviruses. Examples of medically important arboviruses include the tick-borne encephalitis virus, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Recently, some novel arboviruses have been identified in blood specimens of patients with unexplained fever and a history of tick bites in Inner Mongolia. Consequently, tick-borne viruses are a major focus of infectious disease research. However, the spectrum of tick-borne viruses in subtropical areas of China has yet to be sufficiently characterized. In this study, we collected 855 ticks from canine and bovine hosts in four locations in Hainan Province. The ticks were combined into 18 pools according to genus and location. Viral RNA-sequence libraries were subjected to transcriptome sequencing analysis. Molecular clues from metagenomic analyses were used to classify sequence reads into virus species, genera, or families. The diverse viral reads closely associated with mammals were assigned to 12 viral families and important tick-borne viruses, such as Jingmen, Beiji nairovirus, and Colorado tick fever. Our virome and phylogenetic analyses of the arbovirus strains provide basic data for preventing and controlling human infectious diseases caused by tick-borne viruses in the subtropical areas of China.
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Arbovírus , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos , Carrapatos , Animais , Humanos , Bovinos , Cães , Arbovírus/genética , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Genômica , China , MamíferosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The benefits of professional dental treatment for oral diseases have been widely investigated. However, it is unclear whether professional dental treatment provides additional benefits for improving general health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2004 and 2011 to 2018 cycles. A total of 36,174 participants were included and followed-up for mortality until December 31, 2019. Dental visit behavior was defined as the time interval of last dental visit (TIDV, < 0.5 year, 0.5-1 year, 1-2 years, 2-5 years, and > 5 years) and the main reasons of the last dental visit (treatment, examination, and other reasons). The Cox proportional risk model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Compared with participants with time interval of less than 0.5 year, the multivariate-adjusted HRs and 95%CI for participants with time interval of more than 5 years were 1.45 (1.31, 1.61) for all-cause mortality (P trend < 0.0001), 1.49 (1.23, 1.80) for cardiovascular diseases mortality (P trend = 0.0009) and 1.53 (1.29, 1.81) for cancer mortality (P trend = 0.013). Compared with dental visit for examination, participants who had their dental visit for treatment had higher risk for mortality. For participants with dental visit for examination, TIDV of less than 1 year showed lower risk for mortality, whereas TIDV of less than 0.5 year is recommend for population with dental visit for treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Poor dental visit behavior is associated with an increased risk of mortality. Further well-designed studies are needed to confirm the association between professional dental visit and mortality. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study highlights the potential benefits of regular dental visits in maintaining general health.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Humanos , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Estudos Longitudinais , Estudos de Coortes , Modelos de Riscos ProporcionaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To explore the role of fibrocytes in the recurrence and calcification of fibrous epulides. METHODS: Different subtypes of fibrous epulides and normal gingival tissue specimens were first collected for histological and immunofluorescence analyses to see if fibrocytes were present and whether they differentiated into myofibroblasts and osteoblasts upon stimulated by transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1). Electron microscopy and elemental analysis were used to characterize the extracellular microenvironment in different subtypes of fibrous epulides. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were subsequently isolated from in vitro models to mimic the microenvironment in fibrous epulides to identify whether TGF-ß1 as well as the calcium and phosphorus ion concentration in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a fibrous epulis trigger fibrocyte differentiation. RESULTS: Fibrous epulides contain fibrocytes that accumulate in the local inflammatory environment and have the ability to differentiate into myofibroblasts or osteoblasts. TGF-ß1 promotes fibrocytes differentiation into myofibroblasts in a concentration-dependent manner, while TGF-ß1 stimulates the fibrocytes to differentiate into osteoblasts when combined with a high calcium and phosphorus environment. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed fibrocytes play an important role in the fibrogenesis and osteogenesis in fibrous epulis, and might serve as a therapeutic target for the inhibition of recurrence of fibrous epulides.
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On October 23, 2020, a 69-year-old Chinese female patient was admitted to Yuncheng Hospital due to a history of postmenopausal bleeding and lower abdominal pain for 5 months. The HPV test and pathology results indicated the presence of independent HPV in primary serous carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The genetic testing identified variants of uncertain significance (PAX8 p.Tyr 410 Ter and TP53 p.Asn 247 Ile), microsatellite instability stable (MSI-S), tumor mutational burden (TMB) 7.33Muts/Mb, and an elevated tumor neoantigen burden. Before undergoing radical hysterectomy treatment, the patient exhibited a positive response to three cycles of intravenous docetaxel (100 mg/3 h) and carboplatin (450 mg/1 h). Following the surgery, she received an additional three cycles of docetaxel (100 mg/3 h) and carboplatin (500 mg/1 h), accompanied by 25 cycles of radiation therapy (DT 46Gy/2Gy/23f). Concurrently, cisplatin (450 mg/1 h) was administered. As of now, the patient has achieved 20 months of disease-free survival.
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The risk of emerging infectious diseases (EID) is increasing globally. More than 60% of EIDs worldwide are caused by animal-borne pathogens. This study aimed to characterize the virome, analyze the phylogenetic evolution, and determine the diversity of rodent-borne viruses in Hainan Province, China. We collected 682 anal and throat samples from rodents, combined them into 28 pools according to their species and location, and processed them for next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The diverse viral contigs closely related to mammals were assigned to 22 viral families. Molecular clues of the important rodent-borne viruses were further identified by polymerase chain reaction for phylogenetic analysis and annotation of genetic characteristics such as arenavirus, coronavirus, astrovirus, pestivirus, parvovirus, and papillomavirus. We identified pestivirus and bocavirus in Leopoldoms edwardsi from Huangjinjiaoling, and bocavirus in Rattus andamanensis from the national nature reserves of Bangxi with low amino acid identity to known pathogens are proposed as the novel species, and their rodent hosts have not been previously reported to carry these viruses. These results expand our knowledge of viral classification and host range and suggest that there are highly diverse, undiscovered viruses that have evolved independently in their unique wildlife hosts in inaccessible areas.
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Infecções por Parvoviridae , Vírus de RNA , Vírus , Humanos , Animais , Ratos , Roedores , Filogenia , Vírus/genética , Vírus de RNA/genética , ChinaRESUMO
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease characterized by abnormal neurovascularization at the osteochondral junctions, the regulatory mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. In the present study, a murine osteoarthritic model with augmented neurovascularization at the osteochondral junction is used to examine this under-evaluated facet of degenerative joint dysfunction. Increased extracellular RNA (exRNA) content is identified in neurovascularized osteoarthritic joints. It is found that the amount of exRNA is positively correlated with the extent of neurovascularization and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In vitro binding assay and molecular docking demonstrate that synthetic RNAs bind to VEGF via electrostatic interactions. The RNA-VEGF complex promotes the migration and function of endothelial progenitor cells and trigeminal ganglion cells. The use of VEGF and VEGFR2 inhibitors significantly inhibits the amplification of the RNA-VEGF complex. Disruption of the RNA-VEGF complex by RNase and polyethyleneimine reduces its in vitro activities, as well as prevents excessive neurovascularization and osteochondral deterioration in vivo. The results of the present study suggest that exRNAs may be potential targets for regulating nerve and blood vessel ingrowth under physiological and pathological joint conditions.
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Osteoartrite , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular , Camundongos , Animais , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Osteoartrite/metabolismo , RNA/genéticaRESUMO
In the digital workflow of complete denture fabrication, one solution for producing computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing dentures has been to mill the denture teeth and base separately and then bond them together. The correct bonding of the denture teeth and base is important to reproduce the designed occlusion in the definitive prosthesis. A novel technique is described to assist in the accurate positioning of denture teeth on the denture base by constructing auxiliary positioning slots on the denture base and auxiliary positioning posts on the denture teeth. The technique can assist in accurately assembling CAD-CAM milled complete dentures and may shorten chairside time by reducing clinical occlusal adjustment.
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BACKGROUND: Wild rats have the potential to hold zoonotic infectious agents that can spread to humans and cause disease. AIM: To better understand the composition of gut bacterial communities in rats is essential for preventing and treating such diseases. As a tropical island located in the south of China, Hainan province has abundant rat species. Here, we examined the gut bacterial composition in wild adult rats from Hainan province. METHODS: Fresh fecal samples were collected from 162 wild adult rats, including three species (Rattus norvegicus, Leopoldamys edwardsi, and Rattus losea), from nine regions of Hainan province between 2017-2018. RESULTS: We analyzed the composition of gut microbiota using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We identified 4903 bacterial operational taxonomic units (30 phyla, 175 families, and 498 genera), which vary between samples of different rat species in various habitats at various times of the year. In general, Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla, followed by Bacteroidetes (15.55%), Proteobacteria (6.13%), and Actinobacteria (4.02%). The genus Lactobacillus (20.08%), unidentified_Clostridiales (5.16%), Romboutsia (4.33%), unidentified_Ruminococcaceae (3.83%), Bacteroides (3.66%), Helicobacter (2.40%) and Streptococcus (2.37%) were dominant. CONCLUSION: The composition and abundance of the gut microbial communities varied between rat species and locations. This work provides fundamental information to identify microbial communities useful for disease control in Hainan province.