Bioinspired and biomimetic micro- and nanostructures in biomedicine.

Bioinspired and biomimetic micro- and nanostructures have a high significance in the field of biomedicine. In this review, the possible applications of these micro- and nanostructures that come across in our daily life and inspired by nature itself are presented. Also, the biomimetic and bioinspired systems related to micro- and nanostructures in biomedicine are also described. The role of bioinspired and biomimetic micro- and nanostructures in therapeutics, especially in anti-inflammatory and wound healing, development of bioinspired medical devices, tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene delivery, pressure sensors, and bioprinting are discussed. The biomimetic and bioinspired systems using carbon-based nanostructures, polymer nanocomposites, hybrid scaffolds, polymer networks,and protein nanostructures are also reviewed. The advantage of these bioinspired and biomimetic structures is derived from their high biocompatibility when compared to the synthetically derived micro-/nanostructures. By developing deeper knowledge and overcoming the associated challenges, these micro- and nanostructures present a promising solution for many unresolved problems in biomedicine.

Advanced biosensors for glucose and insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder lasting for the lifetime of a person. Glucose and insulin are the main indicators in the monitoring and control of this disease. Most often, various laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and control of diabetes. Among them, the estimation of blood glucose concentration is one of the main diagnostic criteria. Proper control of the blood glucose level can delay, and to a greater extent, prevent complications. Thus, blood glucose monitoring is a requisite tool in the management of diabetes mellitus. Insulin plays a major role in glucose metabolism and its determination is of great value in the diagnosis and control of diabetes. An uncountable number of biosensors have been developed based on various mechanisms which will make sure a continuous glucose as well as insulin monitoring. Biosensors became the most sophisticated tool for the detection of glucose and insulin and they are of different types. Enzymatic, non-enzymatic, electrochemical, optical, non-invasive, and continuous monitoring biosensors are discussed in this review. In recent years, there is progress towards the development of nanobiosensors using various nanomaterials. Here, we have reviewed the fabrication, modification, and recent approaches associated with insulin and glucose biosensors for the treatment of diabetes.

Advanced biomedical applications of carbon nanotube.

With advances in nanotechnology, the applications of nanomaterial are developing widely and greatly. The characteristic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them the most selective candidate for various multi-functional applications. The greater surface area of the CNTs in addition to the capability to manipulate the surfaces and dimensions has provided greater potential for this nanomaterial. The CNTs possess greater potential for applications in biomedicine due to their vital electrical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The unique properties of CNT are exploited for numerous applications in the biomedical field. They are useful in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. They form novel carrier systems which are also capable of site-specific delivery of therapeutic agents. In addition, CNTs are of potential application in biosensing. Many recently reported advanced systems of CNT could be exploited for their immense potential in biomedicine in the future.