Prolonged display or rapid internalization of the IgG-binding protein ZZ anchored to the surface of cells using the diphtheria toxin T domain.

We have shown previously that the diphtheria toxin transmembrane domain (T) may function as a membrane anchor for soluble proteins fused at its C-terminus. Binding to membranes is triggered by acidic pH. Here, we further characterized this anchoring device. Soluble proteins may be fused at the N-terminus of the T domain or at both extremities, without modifying its membrane binding properties. This allows one to choose the orientation of the protein to be attached to the membrane. Maximum binding to the cell surface is reached within 1 h. Anchoring occurs on cells previously treated with proteinase K, suggesting that T interacts with the lipid phase of the membrane without the help of cell surface proteins. Binding does not permeabilize cells or affect cell viability, despite the fact that it permeabilizes liposomes and alters their structure. When attached to L929 fibroblasts, the proteins are not internalized and remain displayed at their surface for more than 24 h. When bound to K562 myeloid cells, the molecules are internalized and degraded. Thus, depending on the cell type, soluble proteins may be anchored to the surface of cells by the T domain for an extended time or directed towards an internalization pathway.

[Anchoring cytokines to cancer cells using diphtheria toxin: better than immunotherapy by gene transfer?]. / Ancrer des cytokines aux cellules cancéreuses à l'aide de la toxine diphtérique: mieux que l'immunothérapie par transfert de gène?

Many cytokines are able to stimulate the antitumor immune response. However, in order to avoid the toxic effects due to systemic injection, it is necessary to concentrate the cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. Current methods, based on the transfer of cytokine genes into tumor cells, still suffer drawbacks. We describe an alternative approach using recombinant cytokines genetically conjugated to a membrane anchor derived from diphtheria toxin. Interleukin-2 anchored to lymphoma and melanoma cells remained displayed on their surface and were not internalized. Injection of these cell preparations to mice led to an immune response able to prevent or slow tumor growth following tumor challenge.

[Cardiogenetics in the year 2000]. / La cardiogénétique en l'an 2000.

This review article presents the up-to-date of knowledge progression during the past decade in the genetics of cardiopathies. The cardiopathies presented here have all a mendelian type of inheritance but this list is not exhaustive.

Anchoring antibodies to membranes using a diphtheria toxin T domain-ZZ fusion protein as a pH sensitive membrane anchor.

We have constructed a fusion protein, T-ZZ, in which the IgG-Fc binding protein ZZ was fused to the C-terminus of the diphtheria toxin transmembrane domain (T domain). While soluble at neutral pH, T-ZZ retained the capacity of the T domain to bind to phospholipid membranes at acidic pH. Once anchored to the membrane, the ZZ part of the protein was capable of binding mouse monoclonal or rabbit polyclonal IgG. Our results show that the T-ZZ protein can function as a pH sensitive membrane anchor for the linkage of IgG to the membrane of lipid vesicles, adherent and non-adherent cells.

The diphtheria toxin transmembrane domain as a pH sensitive membrane anchor for human interleukin-2 and murine interleukin-3.

We have constructed two fusion proteins T-hIL-2 and T-mIL-3 in which human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) or murine interleukin-3 (mIL-3) are fused to the C-terminus of the diphtheria toxin transmembrane domain (T domain). Two additional fusion proteins, T-(Gly4-Ser)2-hIL-2 and T-(Gly4-Ser)2-mIL-3, were derived by introduction of the (Gly4-Ser)2 spacer between the T domain and cytokine components. Recognition of the hIL-2 receptor or the mIL-3 receptor by the corresponding recombinant proteins was demonstrated by their capacity to stimulate cytokine-dependent cell lines. All proteins retained the capacity of the T domain to insert into phospholipid membranes at acidic pH. Finally, anchoring of both cytokines to the membrane of lipid vesicles or living cells was assessed by specific antibody recognition. Our results show that the T domain fused to the N-terminus of a given protein can function as a pH sensitive membrane anchor for that protein.