The PERSIAN Cohort: Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Employees.

BACKGROUND: Considering the impact of psychiatric disorders on the productivity of individuals and society's economy, we aimed to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among the employees of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1282 employees of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2019. The required data were collected by trained psychologists using Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). In this process, psychiatric disorders were considered dependent variables, and demographic variables as independent variables. The relationship between independent and dependent variables was assessed using the chi-square test and Binary logistic regression in Stata version 17. RESULTS: The prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among employees was 14.12%, 12.48%, and 3.9%, respectively. The prevalence of GAD in women was significantly higher than men (17.06% vs. 10.02%, P<0.001). The prevalence of GAD was 42.86%, 15.97%, 13.49%, and 16.67 in widowed, single, married, and divorced employees, respectively (P=0.016). The prevalence of MDD in women was significantly higher than men (16.59% vs. 7.64%, P<0.001). The prevalence of MDD was 16.3%, 11.2%, 9.6%, and 8.56% in employees with Bachelor's, Associate, Master's degree, and High school diploma, respectively (P=0.009). CONCLUSION: Considering the relatively high prevalence of GAD and MDD among the employees of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, strengthening counseling centers in the university and encouraging employees to participate in these centers, and examining them in terms of mental health help identify people at risk of mental disorders in time and provide counseling services to these people.

Psychometric Properties of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) in Farsi: Based on DSM-5.

Objectives: The first onset of many psychiatric disorders usually occurs in childhood or adolescence. The structured interview of Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) was developed in response to the need for a standardized and reliable method to assess psychiatric disorders in preschool-age children. This study aimed to translate DSM-5-based PAPA into Farsi and evaluate its face and content validity and reliability. Materials & methods: The procedure was a forward translation of PAPA to Farsi, evaluation for face and content validity, finalization of items within the expert panel, backward translation to English, matching the original PAPA with randomly selected items from the backward translation version, and revision as needed, and finally evaluation for the validity of the changes for localization and cultural considerations. The interviews based on the final Farsi version were performed on thirty parents of children from two to five years old (chosen from Tabriz health centers) to determine the reliability and were repeated at an interval of two weeks. Results:  The mean of CVI=0.91 and Modified Kappa=0.90 were obtained, and reliability with Cronbach's alpha was 0.89. Conclusion:  The Farsi version of the DSM-5-based PAPA diagnostic interview has good face and content validity and reliability.

Psychometric properties of the Persian version of preschool age psychiatric assessment (PAPA) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Based on DSM-5.

Childhood and adolescence psychiatric disorders affect subsequent stages; early diagnosis of these disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is necessary. There is no reliable and valid diagnostic interview for ADHD in Asian Persian or Farsi speaking countries. The DSM 5-based version of the interview was sent to the 14 child and adolescent and general psychiatrists to ensure the validity of the ADHD section of the PAPA interview through an online website. Out of 59 health centers, 15 centers were selected via systematic random sampling. Three hundred children participated in the study. ADHD questions of the PAPA had the power to differentiate, with a sensitivity of 0.92, a specificity of 0.01. It had positive diagnostic value = 95.83 %, negative diagnostic value = 98.91 %, negative correlation ratio = 0.12, overall diagnostic accuracy = 98.67 % and diagnostic chance ratio = 2085.35. ADHD questions of the PAPA diagnostic interview can diagnose ADHD in preschool as a reliable tool based on DSM-5.

Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

AIMS: Oral diseases can affect various aspects of life in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/oppositional defiant disorder (ADHD/ODD). This study aimed to assess the oral health status and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in ADHD/ODD children. METHODS: Forty ADHD/ODD and 80 control children aged 3-7 years old were included in the study. Gingival index (GI), dmft score, and the pediatric oral health-related quality of life (POQL) questionnaire were used to determine the oral health status and OHRQOL, respectively. RESULTS: The mean dmft and GI were significantly higher in the ADHD/ODD group than the control group (P = .002 and P = .001). In the ADHD/ODD children, the total score of OHRQOL and the mean scores of the emotional, physical, role, and social domains were lower than that in the control group (P = .0004, P = .027, P = .002, P = .014, and P = .043, respectively). Poisson's regression showed that there was a significant relationship between OHRQOL and dmft scores (P-value < .001). However, the association between GI and OHRQOL scores was not significant. CONCLUSION: Higher dmft and GI scores were found in children with ADHD/ODD than the control children. A lower POQL score was detected in ADHD/ODD patients, which translates to a better level of OHRQOL.

The effect of inferior oblique muscle weakening on horizontal alignment.

PURPOSE: To determine the postoperative horizontal alignment changes following different inferior oblique (IO) weakening procedures on cases with IO overaction (IOOA). METHODS: A total of 40 patients undergoing IO weakening surgery participated in this prospective interventional case series. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed on all patients. The grade of IOOA was assessed based on the muscle function in the gaze of elevation in adduction. All study subjects were operated on by one of the IO weakening procedures including recession, myectomy, or anteriorization, and all were followed up for at least three months after the surgery. Postoperative change of the horizontal alignment in primary position was the main outcome measure. RESULTS: Our findings showed that all types of IO weakening surgeries improved the postoperative muscle function, hypertopia, and V-pattern significantly (P = 0.001). Generally, IO weakening surgeries had no effect on the postoperative horizontal alignment, and mean exoshift of 0.44 ± 6.2 prism diopters (PD) was observed in all study subjects, specifically. It was found that 70% of cases had no postoperative horizontal changes, 15% showed improvement toward orthophoria, and 15% shifted away from orthophoria. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, no horizontal alignment change would be expected in the majority of cases undergoing weakening procedures of overacted IO. Most of our cases did not show any change while a few of them presented eso- or exoshift less than 5 pd which can be clinically ignored.