Validation of Sequential ROX-Index Score Beyond 12 Hours in Predicting Treatment Failure and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients Receiving Oxygen via High-Flow Nasal Cannula.

Background: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an oxygen delivery method shown to reduce the risk of intubation and mortality in patients with type 1 respiratory failure. The ROX-index score can predict HFNC failure. This study aims to evaluate sequential ROX-index assessments as predictors of HFNC failure and mortality. Methods: Prospective observational single-center study including all adult patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR placed under HFNC from 1st November 2020 to 31st May 2021, and patients with hemodynamic instability or unable to tolerate HFNC were excluded. The primary endpoint was successful HFNC de-escalation. Results: In univariate analysis, HFNC de-escalation was associated with younger age (59.2 ± 14 vs. 67.7 ± 10.5 and p < 0.001), lower levels of serum lactate (1.1 vs. 1.5 and p=0.013), and higher ROX-index at 12 hrs (5.09 vs. 4.13 and p < 0.001). ROC curve analysis of ROX-index at 12 hrs yielded a c-statistic of 71.2% (95% CI 61.6-80.9 and p < 0.001). ROX-index at 12 hrs and age retained significance in multivariate analysis. Using an optimal cutoff point of 4.43, we calculated a sensitivity of 64.5% and specificity of 69.6%. In univariate survival analysis, older age (68.8 ± 9.7 vs. 58.9 ± 13.9 and p < 0.001), greater creatinine values (0.96 vs. 0.84 and p=0.022), greater SOFA score (p=0.039), and a lower 12 hrs ROX-index (4.22 vs. 4.95 and p=0.02) were associated with hospital mortality. The SOFA score and age retained significance in multivariate survival analysis. Conclusion: ROX-index is proven to be a valuable and easy-to-use tool for clinicians in the assessment of COVID-19 patients under HFNC.

Ant mandibles as staples in the era of Greek patriot Ioannis Makriyannis (1797-1864).

The use of ant mandibles as surgical clips was documented by the ancient Indian physicians Susruta and Charaka as early as 1000 BC and continued in some world areas into the early 1900s. According to the memoirs of the Greek revolutionary general Ioannis Makriyannis, this technique was also applied in the battlefields of the Greek Revolution for Independence between 1821 and 1832.