Political factors and arrangements influencing primary health care financing and resource allocation: A scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Primary health care is a key element in the structuring and coordination of health systems, contributing to overall coverage and performance. PHC financing is therefore central in this context, with variations in sufficiency and regularity depending on the "political dimension" of health systems. Research that systematically examines the political factors and arrangements influencing PHC financing is justified from a global and multidisciplinary perspective. The scoping review proposed here aims to systematically map the evidence on this topic in the current literature, identifying groups, institutions, priorities and gaps in the research. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A scoping review will be conducted following the method proposed by Arksey and O'Malley to answer the following question: What is known from the literature about political factors and arrangements and their influence on and repercussions for primary health care financing and resource allocation models? The review will include peer-reviewed papers in Portuguese, English or Spanish published between 1978 and 2023. Searches will be performed of the following databases: Medline (PubMed), Embase, BVS Salud, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct. The review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. Inclusion and exclusion criteria will be used for literature screening and mapping. Screening and data charting will be conducted by a team of four reviewers. REGISTRATION: This protocol is registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform, available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Q9W3P.

Moral Distress of Nurses Working in Paediatric Healthcare Settings.

This scoping review aims to map the evidence on moral distress of nurses working in paediatric healthcare settings from homecare to hospital. It was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute. International databases were searched according to the specific thesaurus and free search terms. Independent screening and analysis were conducted using Rayyan QCRI. This review considered a total of 54 studies, including quantitative and qualitative studies, systematic reviews, and grey literature; English and Portuguese languages were included. Moral distress is a phenomenon discussed in nursing literature and in the paediatric context but is considered absent from discussion in clinical practice. It is caused by disproportionate care associated with overtreatment. Nurses can present a variety of symptoms, characterising moral distress as a highly subjective experience. The paediatric contexts of practice should promote a healthy ethical climate and work towards a moral community built with peer support, education, communication, leadership, and management involvement. Moral distress is still a complex and challenging multidimensional concept, and the aim should be to promote a culture of prevention of the devastating consequences of moral distress and work towards moral resilience.

Mapping Strategies for Strengthening Safety Culture: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Twenty years after the "To Err Is Human" report, one in ten patients still suffer harm in hospitals in high-income countries, highlighting the need to strengthen the culture of safety in healthcare. This scoping review aims to map patient safety culture strengthening strategies described in the literature. METHOD: This scoping review follows the JBI methodology. It adhered to all scoping review checklist items (PRISMA-ScR) with searches in the Lilacs, MedLine, IBECS, and PubMed databases and on the official websites of Brazilian and North American patient safety organizations. The research took place during the year 2023. RESULTS: In total, 58 studies comprising 52 articles and 6 documents from health organizations were included. Various strategies were identified and grouped into seven categories based on similarity, highlighting the need for a comprehensive organizational approach to improve patient care. The most described strategies were communication (69%), followed by teamwork (58.6%) and active leadership (56.9%). CONCLUSION: The identified strategies can promote the development of a culture in which an organization can achieve patient safety, involving practices and attitudes that reduce risks and errors in healthcare. However, the identification of strategies is limited because it is restricted to certain databases and websites of international organizations and does not cover a broader spectrum of sources. Furthermore, the effectiveness of these strategies in improving patient safety culture has not yet been evaluated.

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of Measurement Instruments: A Practical Guideline for Novice Researchers.

Cross-cultural validation of self-reported measurement instruments for research is a long and complex process, which involves specific risks of bias that could affect the research process and results. Furthermore, it requires researchers to have a wide range of technical knowledge about the translation, adaptation and pre-test aspects, their purposes and options, about the different psychometric properties, and the required evidence for their assessment and knowledge about the quantitative data processing and analysis using statistical software. This article aimed: 1) identify all guidelines and recommendations for translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation within the healthcare sciences; 2) describe the methodological approaches established in these guidelines for conducting translation, adaptation, and cross-cultural validation; and 3) provide a practical guideline featuring various methodological options for novice researchers involved in translating, adapting, and validating measurement instruments. Forty-two guidelines on translation, adaptation, or cross-cultural validation of measurement instruments were obtained from "CINAHL with Full Text" (via EBSCO) and "MEDLINE with Full Text". A content analysis was conducted to identify the similarities and differences in the methodological approaches recommended. Bases on these similarities and differences, we proposed an eight-step guideline that includes: a) forward translation; 2) synthesis of translations; 3) back translation; 4) harmonization; 5) pre-testing; 6) field testing; 7) psychometric validation, and 8) analysis of psychometric properties. It is a practical guideline because it provides extensive and comprehensive information on the methodological approaches available to researchers. This is the first methodological literature review carried out in the healthcare sciences regarding the methodological approaches recommended by existing guidelines.

Cross-Cultural Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Quality of Oncology Nursing Care Scale.

BACKGROUND: Quality assessment in oncology nursing care has been a growing topic in the literature, gaining relevance as oncological nursing care becomes more complex as the science progresses. However, there are no instruments that assess the perception of the quality of oncology nursing care from the point of view of patients for the Portuguese population. Thus, the cross-cultural translation and validation of the Quality of Oncology Nursing Care Scale (QONCS) was performed for the Portuguese context. This instrument allows nurses to assess patients' self-perception of the quality of nursing care provided in an oncological setting. It also allows researchers to compare the results obtained internationally with the application of this scale. METHODS: This is a methodological study, with two distinct phases: the first corresponded to the translation and cultural adaptation of the scale to the Portuguese context, and the second consisted of the psychometric validation of the QONCS, which included factor analysis and the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the instrument. We obtained responses from 402 patients from a Portuguese oncology hospital. RESULTS: The Portuguese version of the Quality of Oncology Nursing Care Scale (QONCS_PT) consists of 34 items inserted into a tetra-factorial model, which explains a total variance of the instrument of 69.8%. A Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 was obtained for the complete instrument. CONCLUSIONS: QONCS_PT has a competent and reliable structure. The scale's validity was assured and can be used in the Portuguese population, as it is useful for direct care provision but also for researchers and managers.

Autoavaliação de soft skills em enfermagem: construção e validação de conteúdo de um instrumento / Autoevaluación de soft skills en enfermería: elaboración y validación de contenido de un instrumento / Self-assessment of soft skills in nursing: construction and content validation of an instrument

Resumo Objetivo Construir e validar um instrumento para autoavaliação de soft skills em liderança autêntica de enfermagem. Métodos Pesquisa metodológica desenvolvida em três etapas: revisão de literatura, elaboração do instrumento intitulado "LEADERSKILLS" e validação de conteúdo do instrumento com experts, usando a Técnica Delphi Online. A primeira etapa foi composta por duas revisões narrativas. A segunda etapa incluiu um teste piloto ao desenvolvimento do instrumento contendo a descrição narrativa das soft skills mais relevantes (relacionadas ao exercício da liderança autêntica do enfermeiro) que foram apresentadas pela revisão narrativa da literatura. A terceira e última etapa incluiu a alteração do instrumento após as considerações realizadas pelos experts. Resultados O painel de experts da primeira rodada foi composto por 13 participantes. Das 17 questões de múltipla escolha avaliadas na primeira rodada, só duas (pertencentes aos componentes conteúdo e linguagem) não obtiveram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) ≥0,85. A primeira questão era sobre a compreensão inadequada do que seriam os títulos e subtítulos do "LEADERSKILLS" e a segunda era sobre clareza e objetividade do instrumento. As principais sugestões dos juízes estavam concentradas nos componentes conteúdo, linguagem e layout. A segunda rodada foi composta pela resposta de cinco experts, sendo possível alcançar o consenso das questões obtendo IVC ≥0,80. Conclusão O instrumento construído para desenvolver soft skills em enfermagem foi considerado válido quanto ao conteúdo, layout, linguagem, motivação e cultura, alcançando avaliação coerente e aplicabilidade ao público-alvo.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar y validar un instrumento para la autoevaluación de soft skills en liderazgo auténtico de enfermería. Métodos Investigación metodológica llevada a cabo en tres etapas: revisión de la literatura, elaboración del instrumento llamado "LEADERSKILLS" y validación del contenido del instrumento con expertos mediante el método Delphi vía internet. La primera etapa estuvo compuesta por dos revisiones narrativas. La segunda etapa incluyó una prueba piloto del desarrollo del instrumento, que contenía la descripción narrativa de las soft skills más relevantes (relacionadas con el ejercicio del liderazgo auténtico del enfermero) y que fueron introducidas por la revisión narrativa de la literatura. La tercera y última etapa incluyó la modificación del instrumento después de las reflexiones realizadas por los expertos. Resultados El panel de expertos de la primera ronda estuvo compuesto por 13 participantes. De las 17 preguntas de selección múltiple evaluadas en la primera ronda, solo dos (pertenecientes a los componentes contenido y lenguaje) no obtuvieron Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC) ≥0,85. La primera pregunta era sobre la comprensión inadecuada de lo que serían los títulos y subtítulos del "LEADERSKILLS" y la segunda era sobre la clareza y objetividad del instrumento. Las principales sugerencias de los jueces estaban centradas en los componentes contenido, lenguaje y diseño. La segunda ronda estuvo compuesta por la respuesta de cinco expertos y fue posible llegar al consenso de las preguntas con un IVC de ≥0,80. Conclusión El instrumento elaborado para desarrollar soft skills en enfermería fue considerado válido respecto al contenido, diseño, lenguaje, motivación y cultura, y logró una evaluación coherente y aplicabilidad en el público destinatario.

Abstract Objective To build and validate an instrument for self-assessment of soft skills in authentic nursing leadership. Methods This methodological research was developed in three stages: literature review, development of the instrument entitled "LEADERSKILLS", and validation of the instrument's content by experts using the Delphi Online Technique. The first stage consisted of two narrative reviews. The second stage included a pilot test for the development of the instrument containing a narrative description of the most relevant soft skills (related to the exercise of authentic leadership by nurses) that were presented by the narrative literature review. The third and final stage included changes to the instrument after considerations made by the experts. Results In the first round, the panel of experts was composed of 13 participants. Of the 17 multiple-choice questions evaluated in the first round, only two (belonging to the content and language components) did not obtain the Content Validity Index (CVI) ≥0.85. The first question was about the inadequate understanding of what the titles and subtitles of "LEADERSKILLS" were, and the second was about the instrument's clarity and objectivity. The judges' main suggestions were concentrated on the content, language, and layout components. The second round consisted of responses from five experts, and reaching a consensus on the questions was possible by obtaining CVI≥0.80. Conclusion The instrument constructed to develop soft skills in nursing was considered valid in terms of content, layout, language, motivation, and culture, achieving coherent assessment and applicability to the target audience.

Instrumentos para la evaluación del riesgo de lesiones por presión en adultos en estado crítico: scoping review / Risk assessment instruments for pressure ulcer in adults in critical situation: a scoping review / Instrumentos para a avaliação do risco de lesões por pressão para adultos em situação crítica: scoping review*

Objetivo: mapear los instrumentos para la evaluación del riesgo de lesiones por presión en adultos en situación crítica en una unidad de terapia intensiva; identificar los indicadores de desempeño de los instrumentos y la apreciación de los usuarios con respecto al uso/limitaciones de los instrumentos. Método: scoping review. Para redactar el estudio se utilizó la extensión Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews. La investigación se realizó mediante la herramienta de búsqueda EBSCOhost en 8 bases de datos, resultando 1846 estudios, de los cuales 22 conforman la muestra. Resultados: se identificaron dos grandes grupos de instrumentos: los generalistas [Braden, Braden (ALB), Emina, Norton-MI, RAPS y Waterlow]; y los específicos (CALCULATE, Cubbin & Jackson, EVARUCI, RAPS-ICU, Song & Choi, Suriaidi y Sanada y el índice COMHON). En cuanto al valor predictivo, EVARUCI y CALCULATE mostraron los mejores resultados de indicadores de desempeño. En cuanto a las apreciaciones/limitaciones señaladas por los usuarios, destaca la escala CALCULATE, seguida de la EVARUCI y la RAPS-ICU, aunque aún necesitan ajustes futuros. Conclusión: el mapeo mostró que las evidencias son suficientes para indicar uno o más instrumentos para la evaluación del riesgo de lesiones por presión en adultos críticos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos.

Objective: to map the instruments for risk assessment of pressure ulcers in adults in critical situation in intensive care units; identify performance indicators of the instrument, and the appreciation of users regarding the instruments' use/limitations. Method: a scoping review. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews in the writing of the study. We carried out the searches in the EBSCOhost search tool for 8 databases, resulting in 1846 studies, of which 22 studies compose the sample. Results: we identified two big instrument groups: generalist [Braden, Braden (ALB), Emina, Norton-MI, RAPS, and Waterlow]; and specific (CALCULATE, Cubbin & Jackson, EVARUCI, RAPS-ICU, Song & Choi, Suriaidi and Sanada, and COMHON index). Regarding the predictive value, EVARUCI and CALCULATE presented better results for performance indicators. Concerning appreciation/limitations indicated by users, we highlight the CALCULATE scale, followed by EVARUCI and RAPS-ICU, although they still need future adjustments. Conclusion: the mapping of the literature showed that the evidence is sufficient to indicate one or more instruments for the risk assessment of pressure ulcers for adults in critical situation in intensive care units.

Objetivo: mapear os instrumentos para avaliação do risco de lesões por pressão nos adultos em situação crítica em unidade de cuidados intensivos; identificar os indicadores de desempenho dos instrumentos e a apreciação dos utilizadores quanto ao uso/às limitações dos instrumentos. Método: scoping review. O Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews foi utilizado para a redação do estudo. A pesquisa foi realizada na ferramenta de busca EBSCOhost em oito bases de dados, resultando em 1846 estudos, dos quais 22 compõem a amostra. Resultados: identificaram-se dois grandes grupos de instrumentos: os genéricos [Braden, Braden (ALB), Emina, Norton-MI, RAPS e Waterlow]; e os específicos (CALCULATE, Cubbin & Jackson, EVARUCI, RAPS-ICU, Song & Choi, Suriaidi e Sanada e o índice de COMHON). Quanto ao valor preditivo, a EVARUCI e a CALCULATE apresentaram os melhores resultados de indicadores de desempenho. Em relação à apreciação/às limitações apontadas pelos utilizadores, destacam-se a escala CALCULATE, seguindo-se da EVARUCI e da RAPS-ICU, embora ainda necessitem de ajustes futuros. Conclusão: o mapeamento mostrou que as evidências são suficientes para indicar um ou mais instrumentos para avaliação do risco de lesões por pressão nos adultos em situação crítica em unidade de cuidados intensivos.

Risk assessment instruments for pressure ulcer in adults in critical situation: a scoping review. / Instrumentos para la evaluación del riesgo de lesiones por presión en adultos en estado crítico: scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: to map the instruments for risk assessment of pressure ulcers in adults in critical situation in intensive care units; identify performance indicators of the instrument, and the appreciation of users regarding the instruments' use/limitations. METHOD: a scoping review. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews in the writing of the study. We carried out the searches in the EBSCOhost search tool for 8 databases, resulting in 1846 studies, of which 22 studies compose the sample. RESULTS: we identified two big instrument groups: generalist [Braden, Braden (ALB), Emina, Norton-MI, RAPS, and Waterlow]; and specific (CALCULATE, Cubbin & Jackson, EVARUCI, RAPS-ICU, Song & Choi, Suriaidi and Sanada, and COMHON index). Regarding the predictive value, EVARUCI and CALCULATE presented better results for performance indicators. Concerning appreciation/limitations indicated by users, we highlight the CALCULATE scale, followed by EVARUCI and RAPS-ICU, although they still need future adjustments. CONCLUSION: the mapping of the literature showed that the evidence is sufficient to indicate one or more instruments for the risk assessment of pressure ulcers for adults in critical situation in intensive care units. (1) The risk assessment instrument must be applied to the patient's specificities. (2) The instruments are divided into two groups: generalist and specific. (3) The EVARUCI and CALCULATE instruments presented better results. (4) The EVARACI presented better results in terms of performance indicators. (5) The CALCULATE highlights itself for being recent scale, appropriate, simple, and easy to use.

The increase of philanthropic entities in the SUS: what does this scenario reveal?

The article analyzes aspects of the change in the legal nature of private healthcare from "for-profit" to "non-profit" entities. It is an exploratory research, supported by the policy analysis framework, focusing on secondary data from the Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (National Registry of Health Facilities - CNES) from 2012 to 2020 and a case study. The results show an increase in these entities in all regions of the country and evidence that they behave like profit-oriented entities. The change in legal nature hides a broader process of implicit commodification of healthcare services, encouraged by state policies and related to exemptions provided by law.

The Primary Nursing Care Model and Inpatients' Nursing-Sensitive Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Quantitative Studies.

BACKGROUND: The delivery of quality, safe, and patient-centered care is foundational for professional practice. The primary nursing model allows nurses to have excellent knowledge about patients and families and to plan and coordinate care from admission to discharge, with better management of health situations. Nurses play a crucial role in improving patients' outcomes, namely those sensitive to nursing care. The knowledge of the relationship between the primary nursing model and the nursing-sensitive outcomes provides new scientific evidence that strengthens the relevance of this nursing care organization model in the inpatients' health outcomes. This systematic review describes the relationship between nurse-sensitive inpatients' outcomes and the primary nursing care model. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted with a narrative synthesis, and the following databases were searched: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Nursing & Allied Health Collection, SciELO Collections, and Cochrane. RESULTS: A total of 22 full texts were assessed, of which five were included in the study according to the selection criteria. The analysis results indicated that the primary nursing care model was related to nursing-sensitive patient safety outcomes. Patients' experience was also considered a nursing-sensitive outcome, namely in the satisfaction with nursing care. CONCLUSION: The negative outcomes are clearly related to the primary nursing care model. There is scarce research that relates primary nursing to positive outcomes, such as patients' functional status and self-care abilities, and more studies are needed.

The increase of philanthropic entities in the SUS: what does this scenario reveal? / O aumento de entidades filantrópicas no SUS: o que esse cenário revela?

ABSTRACT The article analyzes aspects of the change in the legal nature of private healthcare from "for-profit" to "non-profit" entities. It is an exploratory research, supported by the policy analysis framework, focusing on secondary data from the Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (National Registry of Health Facilities - CNES) from 2012 to 2020 and a case study. The results show an increase in these entities in all regions of the country and evidence that they behave like profit-oriented entities. The change in legal nature hides a broader process of implicit commodification of healthcare services, encouraged by state policies and related to exemptions provided by law.

RESUMO O artigo analisa aspectos da mudança da natureza jurídica de instituições privadas de assistência à saúde, de estabelecimentos "com" para "sem" fins lucrativos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, apoiada no referencial de análise de políticas, com foco em dados secundários, provenientes do Sistema de Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (SCNES), de 2012 a 2020, e estudo de caso. Os resultados apresentam aumento dessas entidades em todas as regiões do país e evidências de que se comportam como estabelecimentos com fins lucrativos. A mudança de natureza jurídica oculta um processo mais amplo de mercantilização implícita dos serviços de saúde, incentivado por políticas estatais e relacionado às isenções previstas em lei.

Risk management: implementation of a clinical protocol for the prevention and management of pediatric falls.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of elaboration and implementation of a protocol for the prevention and management of pediatric falls. METHOD: This was an actionresearch developed at a public hospital in Southeast Brazil with 10 members of the multidisciplinary team from the pediatrics, maternity, neonatal intensive care sectors, and the patient safety center. To elaborate the protocol, literature review, three meetings with the group, and two rounds ofonline correction were carried out. Online training was carried out for all professionals and then the use of the protocol was started at the sectors. RESULTS: A pediatric fall prevention protocol was implemented. Educational materials were developed and the Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale was chosen to assess the risk of falling. CONCLUSION: The process was conducted in a collective and participatory way. The protocol and the educational materials guide and standardize behavior based on the best evidence and involve users, family members and professionals in the management of the risk of falling.

Nurse-led care management models for patients with multimorbidity in hospital settings: A scoping review.

AIM: The aim of this scoping review is to map the nurse-led care management models for patients with multimorbidity in hospital settings. BACKGROUND: Patients with multimorbidity in hospital, due their complexity, benefit a nurse-led care management model. This care management model allows for better identification of patients' needs and a person-centred approach. EVALUATION: This review followed the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The search included the international databases Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Nursing & Allied Health Collection and grey literature. A total of 21 articles were included in the final content analysis. KEY ISSUES: Three categories of nurse-led care management models emerged from the data, namely, nurse-led programs, case management and nurse facilitator models. The interventions focused on training, discharge support, follow-up, health promotion and patient-centred care. CONCLUSION: The centrality of the patient is a common characteristic of nurse-led care models, namely, the acquisition of disease self-management skills, preparation for hospital discharge and continuity of care in the community. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nurse-led care management models can empower patients to manage their chronic conditions more effectively. Adapting these care management models in hospital settings will be a challenge for nurse managers. SCOPING REVIEW PROTOCOL: The full protocol used can be accessed at doi:10.11124/jbies-20-00222.

Financiamento e organização da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil: mudanças e tendências nas regras federais do SUS / Financing and organization of care Primary Health in Brazil: changes and trends in the federal rules of the SUS

Este livro é fruto da pesquisa "Mudanças nas regras de transferência de recursos federais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): implicações e desafios para o financiamento e a organização da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Brasil", desenvolvida pela Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, em parceria com a Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Aborda as mudanças nas regras que incidem sobre o financiamento federal da APS, notadamente a partir de 2015, no contexto de ampliação da importância das emendas parlamentares na obtenção de recursos; do congelamento das despesas primárias da União; da possibilidade de conformação e coexistência de equipes e modalidades de prestação da assistência não referenciadas ao modelo da Estratégia de Saúde da Família; e da introdução de requisitos de adesão e critérios alocativos, alterando a composição e os valores transferidos no âmbito da política nacional de saúde. Esse cenário tem repercutido nos repasses de recursos aos estados e municípios brasileiros, intensificando preocupações e desafios para gestores, profissionais e usuários do SUS, dada a centralidade das transferências federais como fonte regular e significativa de receitas da maioria dos municípios, em um contexto de diversidade e desigualdades regionais. É oportuna a sistematização de informações atualizadas para subsidiar políticas em âmbito estadual, regional e municipal, e a atuação tecnicamente embasada de movimentos sociais em defesa do SUS, da ampliação e equidade de seu financiamento. Pretende-se, assim, difundir conhecimentos qualificados sobre o financiamento e a gestão da APS no Brasil, oferecendo elementos teóricos e técnicos para reflexão crítica e tomada de decisão; e apresentando o quadro das alterações nas regras que incidem nas transferências de recursos federais do SUS e suas repercussões para APS, considerando o período entre 2015 e 2021. A obra está organizada em uma introdução, três capítulos e uma seção de considerações finais. O capítulo 1 envolve os principais aspectos da organização da APS e o papel dos gestores do SUS. O segundo aborda o financiamento federal da APS, incluindo a análise de 114 portarias organizadas em uma linha do tempo e uma categorização temática. O terceiro oferece situações-problema do cotidiano da gestão da APS em âmbito municipal, apresentando caminhos frente ao desafios estratégicos. As considerações finais trazem um balanço e os impactos das mudanças nas regras de financiamento federal para o modelo de atenção e gestão da APS. Espera-se que esse material possa apoiar a comunidade acadêmica, gestores e profissionais na compreensão das políticas em curso, das dimensões inerentes ao financiamento federal da saúde e suas relações com a organização da APS em âmbito nacional e loco-regional; e que contribua com o fomento de uma rede de estímulo à adoção e intercâmbio de práticas para o fortalecimento do SUS, tendo como referência uma APS robusta, abrangente e de qualidade. (AU)

This book is the result of the research "Changes in the rules for transferring federal resources from the Unified Health System (SUS): implications and challenges for the financing and organization of Primary Health Care (PHC) in Brazil", developed by the National School of Public Health Sergio Arouca from Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, in partnership with the State University of Londrina. It addresses the changes in the rules that affect the federal funding of PHC, notably from 2015, in the context of increasing the importance of parliamentary amendments in obtaining resources; the freezing of the Union's primary expenditures; the possibility of conformation and coexistence of teams and modalities of assistance delivery not referenced to the Family Health Strategy model; and the introduction of membership requirements and allocation criteria, changing the composition and amounts transferred within the scope of the national health policy. This scenario has had repercussions on the transfer of resources to Brazilian states and municipalities, intensifying concerns and challenges for managers, professionals and users of the SUS, given the centrality of federal transfers as a regular and significant source of revenue for most municipalities, in a context of diversity and regional inequalities. It is opportune to systematize updated information to support policies at the state, regional and municipal levels, and the technically based action of social movements in defense of SUS, expansion and equity of its funding. Thus, it is intended to disseminate qualified knowledge about the financing and management of PHC in Brazil, offering theoretical and technical elements for critical reflection and decision making; and presenting the framework of the changes in the rules that affect the transfers of federal resources from the SUS and their repercussions for PHC, considering the period between 2015 and 2021. The work is organized into an introduction, three chapters and a concluding remarks section. Chapter 1 involves the main aspects of PHC organization and the role of SUS managers. The second addresses the federal funding of PHC, including the analysis of 114 ordinances organized in a timeline and a thematic categorization. The third offers problem-situations of daily PHC management at the municipal level, presenting paths in the face of strategic challenges. The final considerations provide a balance and the impacts of changes in federal funding rules for the PHC care and management model. It is hoped that this material can support the academic community, managers and professionals in understanding the policies in progress, the dimensions inherent to federal health funding and its relations with the organization of PHC at the national and loco-regional levels; and that contributes to the promotion of a network to encourage the adoption and exchange of practices to strengthen the SUS, having as a reference a robust, comprehensive and quality PHC. (AU)

Este libro es resultado de la investigación "Cambios en las reglas de transferencia de recursos federales del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS): implicaciones y desafíos para la financiación y organización de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) en Brasil", desarrollada por la Escuela Nacional de Salud Salud Pública Sergio Arouca de la Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, en colaboración con la Universidad Estadual de Londrina. Aborda los cambios en las reglas que afectan el financiamiento federal de la APS, en particular a partir de 2015, en el contexto de aumentar la importancia de las reformas parlamentarias en la obtención de recursos; la congelación de los gastos primarios de la Unión; la posibilidad de conformación y convivencia de equipos y modalidades de prestación de asistencia no referenciadas al modelo de Estrategia de Salud de la Familia; y la introducción de requisitos de afiliación y criterios de asignación, cambiando la composición y montos transferidos en el ámbito de la política nacional de salud. Este escenario ha repercutido en la transferencia de recursos a los estados y municipios brasileños, intensificando preocupaciones y desafíos para los gestores, profesionales y usuarios del SUS, dada la centralidad de las transferencias federales como fuente regular y significativa de ingresos para la mayoría de los municipios, en una contexto de diversidad y desigualdades regionales. Es oportuno sistematizar información actualizada para apoyar las políticas de los niveles estadual, regional y municipal, y la acción de los movimientos sociales en defensa del SUS, la ampliación y la equidad de su financiación. Así, se pretende difundir conocimiento calificado sobre la financiación y gestión de la APS en Brasil, ofreciendo elementos teóricos y técnicos para la reflexión crítica y la toma de decisiones; y presentar el marco de los cambios en las normas que afectan las transferencias de recursos federales del SUS y sus repercusiones para la APS, considerando el período comprendido entre 2015 y 2021. El trabajo está organizado en una introducción, tres capítulos y una sección de comentarios finales. El Capítulo 1 involucra los principales aspectos de la organización de la APS y el papel de los gestores del SUS. El segundo aborda el financiamiento federal de la APS, incluido el análisis de 114 ordenanzas organizadas en una línea de tiempo y una categorización temática. El tercero ofrece situaciones-problema de la gestión cotidiana de la APS a nivel municipal, presentando caminos frente a desafíos estratégicos. Las consideraciones finales brindan un balance y los impactos de los cambios en las reglas de financiamiento federal para el modelo de atención y gestión de la APS. Se espera que este material pueda apoyar a la comunidad académica, gestores y profesionales en la comprensión de las políticas en marcha, las dimensiones inherentes al financiamiento federal en salud y sus relaciones con la organización de la APS a nivel nacional y regional; y que contribuya a la promoción de una red para incentivar la adopción e intercambio de prácticas para fortalecer el SUS, teniendo como referencia una APS robusta, integral y de calidad. (AU)

Risk management: implementation of a clinical protocol for the prevention and management of pediatric falls / Gestión de riesgos: aplicación de un protocolo clínico para la prevención y gestión de caídas pediátricas / Gestão de riscos: implantação de protocolo clínico de prevenção e manejo de quedas pediátricas

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the process of elaboration and implementation of a protocol for the prevention and management of pediatric falls. Method This was an actionresearch developed at a public hospital in Southeast Brazil with 10 members of the multidisciplinary team from the pediatrics, maternity, neonatal intensive care sectors, and the patient safety center. To elaborate the protocol, literature review, three meetings with the group, and two rounds ofonline correction were carried out. Online training was carried out for all professionals and then the use of the protocol was started at the sectors. Results A pediatric fall prevention protocol was implemented. Educational materials were developed and the Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale was chosen to assess the risk of falling. Conclusion The process was conducted in a collective and participatory way. The protocol and the educational materials guide and standardize behavior based on the best evidence and involve users, family members and professionals in the management of the risk of falling.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el proceso de elaboración e implementación de un protocolo para la prevención y manejo de caídas pediátricas. Método Investigación-acción desarrollada en un hospital público del Sureste de Brasil, con 10 integrantes del equipo multidisciplinario de los sectores de pediatría, maternidad, cuidados intensivos neonatales y centro de seguridad del paciente. Para la elaboración del protocolo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, tres encuentros con el grupo y dos rondas de corrección online. Se realizó capacitación en línea para todos los profesionales y luego se inició el uso del protocolo en los sectores. Resultados Se implementó un protocolo de prevención de caídas pediátricas. Se desarrollaron materiales educativos y se definió la escala Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale para evaluar el riesgo de caídas. Conclusión El proceso se llevó a cabo de manera colectiva y participativa. El protocolo y los materiales educativos guían y estandarizan el comportamiento en base a la mejor evidencia e involucran a los usuarios, familiares y profesionales en el manejo del riesgo de caídas.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o processo de elaboração e implantação de um protocolo de prevenção e manejo de quedas pediátricas. Método Pesquisa-ação desenvolvida em um hospital público do Sudeste do Brasil, com 10 membros da equipe multidisciplinar dos setores de pediatria, maternidade, terapia intensiva neonatal, e do núcleo de segurança do paciente. Para elaborar o protocolo realizou-se revisão de literatura, três encontros com o grupo e duas rodadas de correção online. Foi realizado treinamento online para todos os profissionais e, depois, iniciado o uso do protocolo nos setores. Resultados Implementado protocolo de prevenção de quedas pediátricas. Definiu-se a escala Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale para avaliação do risco e foram elaborados materiais educativos. Conclusão O processo foi realizado de forma coletiva e participativa. O protocolo e os materiais educativos orientam e padronizam as condutas baseadas nas melhores evidências e envolvem usuários, familiares e profissionais na gestão do risco de queda.

Nurse-led care management models for patients with multimorbidity in hospital settings: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this scoping review is to map the nurse-led care management models for patients with multimorbidity in hospital settings. INTRODUCTION: The increase of chronic diseases and the associated multimorbidity create challenges for health care resources and services. Considering their role and skill set, nurses are in a position to lead the transformation of health care for patients with chronic illness. Several nurse-led care management models in the community have been identified in the literature, but little is known about these models in hospital settings. It is necessary to map the existing nurse-led care management models and describe their characteristics, differences, and similarities, and the implications for patients with multimorbidity in a hospital environment. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This scoping review will consider studies focusing on nurse-led care management models for adult patients with multimorbidity in hospital settings, including readmissions, discharges, and visits to emergency services. METHODS: The search will include Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Nursing and Allied Health Collection, and gray literature through OpenGrey. This review will be restricted to studies published in English. A three-step search strategy will be used, and the articles identified in the databases will be organized and the duplicates removed. The titles and abstracts will be analyzed by two independent reviewers. Full texts will be imported into a bibliographic reference management system. The findings will be presented in tables and descriptive summary.

Validation and Psychometric Assessment of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index in the Portuguese Hospital Context.

BACKGROUND: The nursing work environment has an impact on patient safety outcomes and its measurement should be a regular practice. PURPOSE: To assess the reliability and construct validity of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index in the Portuguese context. METHODS: An exploratory factor analysis followed by a confirmatory factor analysis to assess model adjustment quality was performed with a sample of 3,686 nurses. RESULTS: The final solution for the exploratory factor analysis comprised 26 items and five factors (56.6% of the total variance). The confirmatory factor analysis, after refinement, showed a stable factor structure. CONCLUSIONS: The final model showed good construct validity and high reliability, which supports the decision to exclude the items that are not essential to the construct being measured.

A commentary on spiritual leadership and workplace spirituality in nursing management.

AIM: Bring to discussion spiritual leadership and workplace spirituality on a health care system that faces constant challenges and seeks constant adaptations, as a way to guarantee nurses' well-being and quality of care. BACKGROUND: The work environment has shown to have impact on staff well-being. Workplace spirituality relates to sense of belonging, motivation and commitment. A spiritual leadership is fundamental to develop workplace spirituality. EVALUATION: Starting from literature, a reflection on the theme was carried out based on the results of the development of spiritual leadership and workplace spirituality in health care institutions, in professionals and in patients. KEY ISSUES: Nurses have spiritual needs which need to be also addressed in order to promote the sense of identification with the institutions' vision and goals. A relation between spiritual leadership, workplace spirituality and subjective well-being is often found in literature, and this is critical evidence towards new management and leadership dynamics and models in health care institutions that should integrate workplace spirituality. CONCLUSION: Nursing leaders are responsible for workplace spirituality facilitation. Nursing leadership and workplace spirituality seem both an answer and way to the change of health institutions management paradigm, but more studies are needed to inform this change in practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Workplace spirituality must be promoted in all health care institutions, aiming the humanization of care and teams. Nursing leaders must have spiritual competences and must include the promotion of workplace spirituality in daily agenda as a foundational area in management. The health care institutions' managers should consider the best leaders who should facilitate workplace spirituality.