C2 Synchondrosal Injuries: A Case Report and Anatomic Review.

Developmental succession in the pediatric patient requires special consideration in post-traumatic assessment. An understanding of the sequential development of this region and common patterns of injury can provide an accurate initial assessment before proceeding to further management and prognostic evaluation. Primarily, this article focuses on the synchondrosal development of C2 and its role in the craniocervical junction, as well as its common patterns of injury. This article presents two sample cases and offers a review of treatment options with added prognostic factors.

Acute pelvic pain: A pictorial review with magnetic resonance imaging.

Acute uterine emergencies constitute both obstetric and gynecologic conditions. The superior image resolution, superior soft-tissue characterization, and lack of ionizing radiation make magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) preferable over ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography (CT) in investigating uterine emergencies. Although USG is the first-line imaging modality and is easily accessible, it has limitations. USG is an operator dependent and limited by patient factors such as obesity and muscle atrophy. CT is limited by its risk of teratogenicity in pregnant females, poor tissue differentiation, and radiation effect. The non-specific findings on CT may lead to misinterpretation of the pathology. MRI overcomes all these limitations and is emerging as the most crucial imaging modality in the emergency room (ER). The evolving 3D MR sequences further reduce the acquisition times, expanding its ER role. Although MRI is not the first-line imaging modality, it is a problem-solving tool when the ultrasound and CT are inconclusive. This pictorial review discusses the various MRI techniques used in uterine imaging and the appearances of distinct etiologies of uterine emergencies across different MRI sequences.

Midbrain Ischemic Strokes Presenting as Isolated Internuclear Opthalmoplegia.

Stroke can present with unique neurologic symptoms, which can be used to help determine the location of the stroke. Internuclear ophthalmoparesis (INO), also known as internuclearophthalmoplegia, is a distinct gaze abnormality with impaired horizontal eye movements with compromised adduction of the affected eye, and abduction nystagmus of the contralateral eye. Infarcts involving the medial longitudinal fasciculus in either the pons or midbrain can result in INO. We present two cases of midbrain ischemic stroke, which presented as isolated INO. The midbrain has a unique and intricate vascular supply including branches from the basilar, superior cerebellar, posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, anterior choroidal, and posterior choroidal arteries, which is reviewed. Infarcts involving the paramedian midbrain, which is supplied by short circumferential arteries and penetrating branches arising from the posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery, can result in INO.

MRI Virtual Biopsy of T2 Hyperintense Breast Lesions.

A wide variety of benign and malignant breast processes may generate hyperintense signal at T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI has been traditionally used in the pre-treatment planning of breast cancer, in assessing treatment response and detecting recurrence. In this comprehensive review, we describe and illustrate the MRI features of a few common and uncommon T2 hyperintense breast lesions, with an emphasis on MRI features that help to characterize lesions based on morphological features, specific appearances on T1-and T2-weighted imaging, and enhancement characteristics on the dynamic post-contrast phase that are either diagnostic or aid in narrowing the differential diagnosis.

Candida Parapsilosis associated rice bodies in the extensor compartment of the wrist--an emerging finding.

Candida parapsilosis has been considered an emerging pathogen with increasing incidence reported in the literature. As a normal commensal of human skin, it is likely that Candida species could gain access to soft tissues of the hand and wrist by direct inoculation, resulting in an infectious tenosynovitis. With the increased prevalence of intravenous drug use (IVDU), users are at increasing risk for musculoskeletal infections including soft tissue abscesses, cellulitis, tenosynovitis, and septic arthritis. Chronic tenosynovitis, with rice body formation in particular, is a comparatively rare musculoskeletal infection. Knowledge of this entity, the related pathogens, imaging findings, and the treatment plan is important not only to the treating clinician, but also to radiologists as the physiological and anatomic consequences can be detrimental to patient recovery.