The PhanSST global database of Phanerozoic sea surface temperature proxy data.

Paleotemperature proxy data form the cornerstone of paleoclimate research and are integral to understanding the evolution of the Earth system across the Phanerozoic Eon. Here, we present PhanSST, a database containing over 150,000 data points from five proxy systems that can be used to estimate past sea surface temperature. The geochemical data have a near-global spatial distribution and temporally span most of the Phanerozoic. Each proxy value is associated with consistent and queryable metadata fields, including information about the location, age, and taxonomy of the organism from which the data derive. To promote transparency and reproducibility, we include all available published data, regardless of interpreted preservation state or vital effects. However, we also provide expert-assigned diagenetic assessments, ecological and environmental flags, and other proxy-specific fields, which facilitate informed and responsible reuse of the database. The data are quality control checked and the foraminiferal taxonomy has been updated. PhanSST will serve as a valuable resource to the paleoclimate community and has myriad applications, including evolutionary, geochemical, diagenetic, and proxy calibration studies.

Where are all the psychologists? A review of factors impacting the underrepresentation of psychology in work with serious mental illness.

Over the last few decades, clinical psychologists have played a key role in the development of empirically-validated psychosocial interventions for those with serious mental illness (SMI). However, in contrast to these substantial contributions, clinical psychologists in the United States are grossly underrepresented in treatment provision with this population (Roe, Yanos, & Lysaker, 2006; Rollins & Bond, 2001). This review aims to highlight various factors contributing to the establishment and perpetuation of this underrepresentation. First, we highlight systemic factors (e.g., the emergence of managed care) through an examination of the evolving role of the clinical psychologist. Next, we review training-based factors (e.g., limitations to SMI specific training) through a review of training in clinical psychology. Through an examination of training factors, the role of mental health stigma amongst clinicians toward individuals with SMI is identified as a potential perpetuating factor of this underrepresentation. Factors associated with clinician stigma are then reviewed and the relationship between clinical training and clinician stigma is considered. Lastly, important future directions to further investigate and address this underrepresentation are suggested - namely, investigating factors (training and individual) that may impact clinical psychology doctoral students' attitudes toward those with SMI.

Correlates and moderators of stigma resistance among people with severe mental illness.

Research on factors associated with stigma resistance among people with severe mental illness remains relatively scant. This study aimed to (1) replicate previous findings linking stigma resistance with variables associated with recovery; (2) explore associations between stigma resistance and coping strategies and psychiatric symptoms; (3) compare these associations among individuals with different levels of self-stigma; and (4) examine whether race, age and education moderate these relationships. Analyses of a sample (n = 353) and sub-sample (n = 177) of persons with severe mental illness examined associations between stigma resistance and self-stigma, functional and clinical outcomes, and the moderating impact of age, race, and education on these relationships. Stigma resistance was significantly negatively associated with self-stigma and positively associated with social functioning, self-esteem, problem-centered coping, and symptoms of hostility-excitement, but not other types of symptoms. Race significantly moderated the relationship between stigma resistance and self-stigma, age significantly moderated the relationships between hopelessness and both stigma resistance and self-stigma, and education significantly moderated the relationship between stigma resistance and social functioning. Findings suggest that social circumstances impact the benefit of stigma resistance in complex ways; future work should aim to understand how these experiences impact stigma resistance to inform intervention development.

Development and Validation of a Scale Assessing Mental Health Clinicians' Experiences of Associative Stigma.

OBJECTIVE: Mental health professionals who work with people with serious mental illnesses are believed to experience associative stigma. Evidence suggests that associative stigma could play an important role in the erosion of empathy among professionals; however, no validated measure of the construct currently exists. This study examined the convergent and discriminant validity and factor structure of a new scale assessing the associative stigma experiences of clinicians working with people with serious mental illnesses. METHODS: A total of 473 clinicians were recruited from professional associations in the United States and participated in an online study. Participants completed the Clinician Associative Stigma Scale (CASS) and measures of burnout, quality of care, expectations about recovery, and self-efficacy. RESULTS: Associative stigma experiences were commonly endorsed; eight items on the 18-item scale were endorsed as being experienced "sometimes" or "often" by over 50% of the sample. The new measure demonstrated a logical four-factor structure: "negative stereotypes about professional effectiveness," "discomfort with disclosure," "negative stereotypes about people with mental illness," and "stereotypes about professionals' mental health." The measure had good internal consistency. It was significantly related to measures of burnout and quality of care, but it was not related to measures of self-efficacy or expectations about recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that the CASS is internally consistent and shows evidence of convergent validity and that associative stigma is commonly experienced by mental health professionals who work with people with serious mental illnesses.

Measuring Cognition in Bipolar Disorder with Psychosis Using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery.

Given the substantial overlap in cognitive dysfunction between bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), we examined the utility of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)-developed for use in SZ-for the measurement of cognition in patients with BD with psychosis (BDP) and its association with community functioning. The MCCB, Multnomah Community Ability Scale, and measures of clinical symptoms were administered to participants with BDP (n=56), SZ (n=37), and healthy controls (HC) (n=57). Groups were compared on clinical and cognitive measures; linear regressions examined associations between MCCB and community functioning. BDP and SZ groups performed significantly worse than HC on most neurocognitive domains; BDP and HC did not differ on Social Cognition. Patients with BDP performed better than patients with SZ on most cognitive measures, although groups only differed on social cognition, working memory, verbal memory, and the composite after controlling for clinical variables. MCCB was not associated with community functioning. The MCCB is an appropriate measure of neurocognition in BDP but does not appear to capture social cognitive deficits in this population. The addition of appropriate social cognitive measures is recommended.